Air quality directives in EU legislation

Transcription

1 Serdecznie witam! Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 1

2 Air quality directives in EU legislation Dr. Meinolf Drüeke State Agency for Environment, Nature Protection, and Geology Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 2

3 Contents Progression in legislation Framework and Daughter Directives Aspects of the Air Quality Framework Directive Margins of tolerance Agglomerations and zones Upper and Lower Assessment Thresholds Assessment of Air Quality Latest Developments Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 3

4 Why Air Quality Control? a) the past 1970s and 1980s: high pollution loads in Europe "classical air pollutants" SO 2 from combustion processes dust/particulates from combustion/industry private heating "forest decline", "acid rain". Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 4

5 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 5

6 Vegetation damages caused by ozone bioindicator Tobacco BelW3, source: A. Klumpp Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 6

7 Why Air Quality Control? b) today Ozone (car) traffic fine particulate matter (diesel soot) hydrocarbons (benzene) heavy metals. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 7

8 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 8

9 Old Legislation 1/2 Air pollution: one of Europe s main political concerns since the late 1970s directives from the late 1970s and 1980s (classical pollutants) sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, lead and ozone. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 9

10 Old Legislation 2/2 80/779/EEC on air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates, as last amended by 89/427/EEC 82/884/EEC on a limit value for lead in the air 85/203/EEC on air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide, as last amended by 85/580/EEC 92/72/EC for ozone those are repealed by Daughter Directives. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 10

11 Contents Progression in legislation Framework and Daughter Directives Aspects of the Air Quality Framework Directive Margins of tolerance Agglomerations and zones Upper and Lower Assessment Thresholds Assessment of Air Quality Latest Developments Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 11

12 New Legislation Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62/EC ("FWD") "Daughter" Directives (entry into force): /30/EC relating to SO 2, NO, NOx, Pb, and PM (July 2001) /69/EC relating to CO and Benzene (Dec. 2002) /03/EC relating to Ozone (Sept. 2003) /107/EC: Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Nickel, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (Feb. 2005). Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 12

13 Topics of the FWD 1/4 aim: to develop an overall strategy through the setting of long-term air quality objectives revision of previously existing legislation introduction of new air quality standards for previously unregulated air pollutants roadmap for the development of daughter directives on a range of pollutants. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 13

14 Topics of the FWD 2/4 Prevention or abatement of adverse effects on human health and the total environment Availability of information regarding air quality Preservation of good air quality or improvement when/where necessary. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 14

15 Topics of the FWD 3/4 setting limit values considered to be achievable in the target year temporary margins of tolerance during the period between the coming into force of the Directive and the attainment date for the limit value. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 15

16 Margin of tolerance - MoT e.g. NO 2 (annual mean, µg/m³) EXCEEDANCE! Plan/Programme! margin of tolerance limit value: : 40 µg/m³ entry into force attainment date Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 16

17 Topics of the FWD 4/4 alert thresholds, and list details to be supplied to the public if an alert threshold is exceeded criteria and techniques for measurement and other techniques for assessing ambient air quality, particularly modelling upper and lower assessment thresholds for the determination of these assessment requirements, applicable in agglomerations or zones. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 17

18 Contents Progression in legislation Framework and Daughter Directives Aspects of the Air Quality Framework Directive Margins of tolerance Agglomerations and zones Upper and Lower Assessment Thresholds Assessment of Air Quality Latest Developments Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 18

19 Zones and agglomerations FWD requires MS to assess limit and alert values throughout their territory Territory is to be delineated into zones and agglomerations Agglomeration: zone with a population concentration > 250,000 inhabitants or a high population density MS are required to review the classification at least every five years, or earlier if necessary. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 19

20 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 20

21 Borders of zones Agglomerations Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 21

22 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 22

23 Greece Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 23

24 NO O Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 24

25 Zones for protection of ecosystems/vegetation Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Saxony Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 25

26 source: Andrzej JAGUSIEWICZ JRC-INFO DAY, Kraków, 27 th May 2004 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 26

27 PM10 in Poland Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 27

28 Contents Progression in legislation Framework and Daughter Directives Aspects of the Air Quality Framework Directive Margins of tolerance Agglomerations and zones Upper and Lower Assessment Thresholds Assessment of Air Quality Latest Developments Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 28

29 Upper and lower assessment thresholds FWD provides two levels of pollution Upper and Lower Assessment Threshold (e.g. NO 2 annual mean UAT: 80 %, LAT: 65 % of the limit value) determine how much assessment is needed in the agglomerations and zones are set out in the Annexes of the Daughter Directives Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 29

30 Upper and lower assessment thresholds (UAT, LAT) 1/2 Maximum pollution in zone or agglomeration 1. greater than UAT Assessment requirements High quality measurement mandatory; may be supplemented by information from other sources, eg modelling 2. between UAT and LAT Measurement mandatory, but fewer measurements may be needed, or less intensive methods may be used, provided measurement data are supplemented by reliable information from other sources. 3. less than LAT a. In agglomerations only for pollutants for which an alert threshold has been set b. In non-agglomeration zones for all pollutants and in all types of zones for pollutants without alert threshold At least one measuring site required per agglomeration, combined with modelling, objective estimation, indicative measurements. Modelling, objective estimation, and indicative measurements sufficient. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 30

31 Upper and lower assessment thresholds (UAT, LAT) 2/2 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 31

32 Required actions depending on the level of pollution 1/2 pollutant(s) higher than LV + MOT list of zones and agglomerations COM. list and details of occurrences, levels, etc 9 months after the end of each year COM. Prepare/implement plan or programme, (available to the public) to ensure LV is met by Directives attainment date. Send plans to COM within 2 years after the end of the year in which levels observed. Inform EC every 3 years of plan s progress. pollutant(s) between LV and LV + MOT Draw up list and send details to COM no later than 9 months after the end of each year. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 32

33 Required actions depending on the level of pollution 2/2 more than one pollutant higher than LV Provide integrated plan or programme. Levels exceed, likely to exceed, LV + MOT, or alert threshold following significant pollution originating in other Member State Consult with other MS to find solution. Level of pollutants below LV Draw up a list and maintain levels below limit values. Send list to COM no later than 9 months after the end of each year. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 33

34 Member states' obligations Assigning zones and agglomerations Measuring and/or Modelling AQ harmonised assessment and structured reporting on air quality throughout the territory exceedances of limit value and margins of tolerance reasons thereof draft Plans and Programmes and report to Commission. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 34

35 Contents Progression in legislation Framework and Daughter Directives Aspects of the Air Quality Framework Directive Margins of tolerance Agglomerations and zones Upper and Lower Assessment Thresholds Assessment of Air Quality Latest Developments Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 35

36 How is air quality assessed? AQ varies in time and space: Measuring: relatively reliable, but point wise in space Modelling: territory covering, but uncertainty often poorly specified; allows prognostic analysis, needs input data! Combination of measuring and modelling: relatively undeveloped All three under the AQ directives! Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 36

37 Source: Lutz, 2003 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 37

38 Germany: Percentage of new Diesel passenger cars per year 2004: 44 % 2005: 42,5 % total share: 22 % (10 out of 46 million cars) sources: BMU 2004, KBA 2006 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 38

39 PM-episode Feb/Mar 2003 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 39

40 Mistakes Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 40

41 Mistakes Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 41

42 Mistakes (my all time favourite) Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 42

43 Bad luck Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 43

44 Contents Progression in legislation Framework and Daughter Directives Aspects of the Air Quality Framework Directive Margins of tolerance Agglomerations and zones Upper and Lower Assessment Thresholds Assessment of Air Quality Latest Developments Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 44

45 Evaluation according 1st daughter directive Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 45 COM(2004)845 final, SEC(2004) 1713

46 Streamlining and revision of air quality legislation now: Framework Directive, four daughter directives and the Exchange of Information Decision developed and adopted over the last ten years implementation experience of the Member States today seen appropriate to review this regulatory framework. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 46

47 Latest developments 21 September 2005: COM published Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution COM (2005) 446, 17 pages Proposal for a directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe COM (2005) 447, 65 pages plus Working paper "Impact Assessment of the Thematic Strategy and the Directive" SEC (2005) 1133, 169 pages Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 47

48 General aims of the revision Improve consistency and transparency by making one single directive and aligning the definitions and obligations; Clarify ambiguous provisions and repeal those which have become obsolete Review the current obligations and simplify them as far as possible Reform and modernise what did not work well enough Update limit values according to the latest science. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 48

49 source: SEC (2005) 1133, 21 Sept Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 49

50 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 50 source: SEC (2005) 1133, 21 Sept. 2005

51 Proposed amendments 1/3 combination of framework and daughter directives 1-3 into one single new directive harmonising of regulations and terms clarification on where limit and target values apply general provision on natural contributions would be included, taking into account that Member States can effectively tackle only the man-made pollution Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 51

52 Proposed amendments 2/3 Postponement of attainment deadlines for five years in certain zones/aggl., but MS must establish plans and programmes no "stage 2" values for PM10 in 2010 (Annex III of 1999/30 directive: "Indicative limit values to be reviewed in the light of further information on health and environmental effects, technical feasibility and experience in the application of Stage 1 limit values in the Member States.") But new: PM2.5 "Average Exposure Indicator" "Exposure Reduction Target" "Concentration Cap" Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 52

53 + + + new: PM measurements in urban background locations 3-calendar year running annual mean over all sampling points of each Member state AEI: "Average Exposure Indicator" "Exposure Reduction Target": Reduce the AEI of 2010 (= Ø 2008, 2009, 2010) by 20 % until 2020 "Concentration Cap": 25 µg/m³ to be met througout the territory by 2010 (20 % margin of tolerance, reduced to zero until 2015) Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 53

54 Proposed amendments 3/3 Problems with transboundary air pollution: "Member states shall co-operate and draw up joint activities (joint action plans in neighbouring zones)" "mutual information of competent authorities in order to faciliate public information" "Member states shall pursue co-operation with third countries, particularly accession countries"... (siting and number of measuring stations, reporting, technical stuff, etc.) Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 54

55 Most recent discussions 1/5 EU main players (and important dates): EU Commission (September 2005) ENVI (Parliamentary Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety) (session 21 June 2006) EU Council (ministers of environment) (meeting 27 June 2006) European Parliament (first reading - 26 September 2006) EU Council ("Common Position" - June 2007) Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 55

56 Most recent discussions 2/5 ENVI committee position (21 June 2006) proposals: tightening the PM10 annual mean limit value from 40 to 30 µg/m³ (Jan 2010) tightening the proposed annual mean limit/target value for PM2.5 from 25 to 20 µg/m³ but: possibility to postpone compliance with the limit values from one to two times 5 years each rise number of allowed exceedance days of the PM10 daily mean from 35 to 55 Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 56

57 Most recent discussions 3/5 EU council position (27 June 2006) maintaining actual limit values PM2.5: introducing a target value (2010), which becomes a limit value 2015 posteponement of compliance: only one time for 5 years "action plans" only when "alarm values" are being exceeded (SO 2, NO 2, Ozone) measures for complying with limit values only by means of clean air plan (no longer action plans). Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 57

58 Most recent discussions 4/5 Evaluation (personal opinion) ENVI position: not well-balanced tightening on one side weakening on the other side Council position: more practicable maintains health aspect practicable better solution for PM problem Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 58

59 Most recent discussions 5/5 European parliament - first reading: approval with amendments (26 Sept. 2006) Political agreement by Council (23 Oct 2006) Adoption of Common Position (30 March 2007, adopted 25 June 2007, Polish objections regarding PM10) nd reading in EP (Sept. 2007?)...??? Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 59

60 "Common Position" (COM EP) Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 60

61 Other (future) fields of activity Review of the National Emissions Ceilings (NEC) Directive: including PM Modification of vehicle emissions limits (passenger cars EURO 5; later heavy duty cars EURO VI) Emissions from small scale combustion plant (revision of IPPC directive) VOC emissions from refuelling of passenger cars Air emissions from ships in European sea regions (problems in harbours!) Ammonia emissions from agriculture Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 61

62 Possible consequences for the member states National legislation Monitoring network Quality assurance and -control Modelling Reporting (public and EU) Evaluation and assessment Abatement strategies. Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 62

63 Air quality directives in EU legislation Dr. Meinolf Drüeke Dziękuję Państwu za uwagę! Dr. Meinolf Drüeke: Air Quality directives in EU legislation" 63