Texas Soil Observation Network: TxSON Linking Soil Moisture to Water Resources in the Texas Hill Country. Todd Caldwell
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1 Texas Soil Observation Network: TxSON Linking Soil Moisture to Water Resources in the Texas Hill Country Todd Caldwell Michael Young and Bridget Scanlon CAHMDA/DAFOH 10 September 2014, Austin, TX
2 Soil Moisture and the Drought in Texas I. How is drought linked to water resources? II. III. IV. Where does soil moisture fit into the picture? At what scale is soil moisture operational? How are can we validate these products? V. How can stakeholders use soil moisture? We cannot have drought without socio-economic impact. Otherwise, it s just desert 2011: ~$8 billion in losses from the agricultural sector
3 Droughts are defined differently by impact Meteorological drought Significant negative departure from normal precipitation Shortage of precipitation (or moisture supply) over some period of time (weekly, monthly, seasonal, or annual time scales). Agricultural drought Period of moisture deficiency that is sufficient to have a lasting and adverse impact on plant growth or crop yield Hydrologic drought Prolonged precipitation deficiencies on water supply from surface or subsurface sources There is an inherent time-lag between meteorological, agricultural and hydrological drought
4 Obvious impacts to our surface water reservoirs MAP (inches)
5 Obvious impacts to our surface water reservoirs Reservoir Storage 18 maf maf 22 maf 2060 Rebounded Brazos, Red, Trinity Continuous decline Rio Grande, Colorado, Nueces
6 Obvious impacts to our surface water reservoirs Colorado River Basin Reservoirs Monitored Water Supply Reservoirs are 25.8% full on
7 PROBLEM: The perplexity of drought beyond 2012 Photo by TWDB Soil moisture is of modest value to everyone but critical value to none - State (withheld) Climatologist How much precipitation do we need to get out of drought? Despite near-normal rainfall, why are reservoir levels NOT recovering? How much water can we release for ag? - How much water do we have? Photo by TPWD
8 How can we account for all the water in Texas? IN OUT = STORAGE WATER IN - Precipitation* Snowpack Streamflow Groundwater WATER = OUT Consumption* ET* Streamflow* Groundwater* ΔSTORAGE Reservoirs* Groundwater* Soil Moisture*
9 Storage components PPT Q + C + ET = ΔR + ΔGW + Δθ How about those storage terms? Reservoir Storage (ΔR): observable Groundwater storage (ΔGW): somewhat observable Soil moisture storage (Δ ):??? We have uncertainty in our inputs (PPT) Unknowns in our outputs: crop consumption & ET Unknowns in our storage: soil moisture
10 What is soil moisture storage? Gravity Drainage Field Capacity Wilting Point
11 Using GRACE to estimate total water storage Majority of depletion appears to be in soil moisture storage Total Water Storage = Reservoir + Soil Moisture + Groundwater TWS = R + SMS + GW 50 maf = 6 maf % TWS maf Source: Long et al., 2013
12 Changes in Total Water Storage: GRACE 1 o Grid
13 Texas Drought: Soil moisture deficit in Texas -16 to -60 maf Soil moisture from multiple LSM indicate that depletion in 2011 could range from 20% to 100% of TWS from GRACE the soil reservoir is BIG Uncertainty in soil moisture storage between models is high Source: Long et al., 2013
14 NLDAS-2: Noah output and forcings Noah Output Primary Forcing Data at Hourly Time Steps (NARR) Precipitation (PRISM) Convective Available PE Air T and RH (2m) GRIB outputs at hourly and monthly values (1/8 ) 52 fields of parameters Soil Moisture Storage (4): m m m m rology/data-holdings Solar Rad PET Wind Speed (10m)
15 Changes in Total Water Storage: Statewide Residual = dtws dres dsws
16 Cross-correlation from monthly anomalies: Link toθ!
17 What have we done to communicate our results? We have shown that soil moisture storage is a huge reservoir in Texas We have shown the merit of both remote sensing products and land surface models We have shown the associated error in remote sensing and uncertainty in LSM We have explained soil moisture to Stakeholders Now, we can increase monitoring networks: - Texas Soil Observation Network (TxSON)
18 Validating Noah/SMAP in situ soil moisture Buried sensors SCAN/USCRN sites Neutron access tubes (HPWD) Small sampling area, calibration Above-ground sensors Cosmic ray attenuation (COSMOS) Big footprint (300 ), mobile platform Remote sensing Passive/active microwaves (AMSR-E/SMAP) Gravity (GRACE) Big footprint ( km) Shallow penetration (<5cm) Infrequent visits TDR moisture sensors Source: COSMOS at Freeman Ranch, TX COSMOS Rover System
19 How can we measure soil moisture from space? NASA Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) Mission First dedicated -satellite Global coverage at 3, 9, 36 km resolution November 5, 2014 launch date 1000 km swath provides data ~50 hours globally to 5 cm depth JSG is partnering with NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, to improve on-ground data collection Together, we re building TxSON! SMAP Radar/radiometer SMAP 1000 km swath width
20 SMAP EASE-2 Grid: Middle Colorado Basin, TX Ideal Core Cal/Val Site: 36 km footprint (yellow) 7 stations (existing LCRA) 9 km footprint 2 cells each with 7 stations 3 km footprint 3 cells each with 7 stations Nested design: 37 total stations Sensors at 5, 10, 20 and 50 cm Minimal variability in: Vegetation Topography Soils/geology Non-urban Stakeholder interests Educational outreach
21 Core Cal/Val: Mean relative difference (SWS) MRD using NLDAS for each HUC 8 Cool = wet (+ 25%) Hot = drier (- 25%) Neutral = within HUC8 mean and temporally stable
22 Noah SWS: Pedernales River Basin HUC Gray = all nodes within HUC Blue = MRD ~ 0
23 Texas Soil Observation Network: TxSON TxSON
24 Fredericksburg 36 km Footprint (LCRA)
25 Grid 11 at 9km 9km SW 3km
26 SW 3km cell in Grid 11 (3 cells in all)?? 9km 3km??
27 TxSON in action Deal and console landowner 12 auger to ~3 Sample and describe soil CS-655 Sensor 12 cm rods High EC (<8 ds/m) θ, EC, and T (SDI-12)
28 TxSON in action Insert CS-655 sensors at - 5, 10, 20, and 50 cm Add precip gage, cell modem, etc.
29 TxSON in action: 9km Grid 11
30 TxSON in action: 15 stations completed 7 of 7 LCRA Hydromet stations (36km cell) 5 of 7 micro-stations in Grid 11 (9km cell) 3 of 6 micro-stations in Grid 11 (3km cell)
31 TxSON in action: next month 2 full meteorological stations in Grid 11 (9km cell) 3 stations in 3km cell 6 in the other 2 full meteorological stations in Grid 2 (9km cell) 6 more microstations
32 Summary ( Soil Moisture & Water Resources Soil moisture (model) and TWS (RS) both x-corr to reservoir storage Partitioning TWS is tricky LSM show wide variability Residual is compounded errors, groundwater, moho We need in situ data - We need to communicate the importance of soil water storage Texas Soil Observation Network (TxSON) Operational by November Land leases for 2, 9km grids Sensors are calibrated - paid by JSG donors Working on LSM at 0.04km 2 Field campaigns planned for early Fall-Spring. Expansion throughout TX
33 Graphic by Todd Wiseman TxSON Texas Soil Observation Network
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