NASA International Water Activities Towards Water Security

Transcription

1 National Aeronautics & NASA International Water Activities Towards Water Security David Toll Hydrological Sciences NASA/GSFC NASA Water Resources Support Bradley Doorn NASA Manager Nancy Searby NASA Capacity Building Manager Jared Entin NASA THP and NEWS Manager ISSAFWS

2 National Aeronautics & NASA Global Water & Food Security Solution Using remote sensing & related tool for improved water management. NASA has a strong provision of free and open exchange of all data. Data are available across political and physical boundaries enabling data sharing. Remote Sensing provides synoptic (local to global) and multi-temporal (retrospective, in near real-time and predictive) capability. Partnering with other groups is optimal for leveraging activities. ISSAFWS

3 National Aeronautics & ISSAFWS

4 National Aeronautics & The Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) GPM is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. NASA Water Resources Meeting 4

5 The Global Precipitation (GPM) Mission GPM will provide users with: Global precipitation measurements with improved accuracy, coverage and dynamic range. The next-generation observations of rain and snow worldwide every three hours. Advanced understanding of the water and energy cycles, climate change and climate sensitivity Image Copyright Awesome Inc. template images by Josh Peterson GMP 30 day average rainfall data displayed in Google Earth Improved forecasting capabilities for natural hazards, including floods, droughts and landslides

6 National Aeronautics & The Soil Moisture Active Passive SMAP (SMAP) Mission SMAP will provide global observations of mapped soil moisture and freeze/thaw data with unprecedented accuracy, resolution, and coverage. A primary goal for the SMAP Mission is to engage SMAP end users and build broad support for SMAP applications through a transparent and inclusive process NASA Water Resources Meeting 6

7 The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) SMAP will help users: Mission Understand processes that link the terrestrial water, energy and carbon cycles Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes Enhance weather and climate forecast skill Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capabilities. Provide effective Soil Moisture at the root zone for Rainfed Agriculture. Freeze/thaw state

8 GRACE Satellite Data Combined with Modeling for Aquifer Monitoring The Twin GRACE Satellites Measure Changes in Total Water Storage including Ground Water, Soil Moisture, Snow, and Surface Water. When combined with Land Surface Modeling, GRACE Data can be downscaled to ~25 km Resolution Above: GRACE derived terrestrial water storage anomalies (deviation from the mean at each location), September 2010 surface water & snow soil moisture GRACE measures changes in total terrestrial water storage, including groundwater, soil moisture, snow, and surface water. Rodell- NASA/GSFC GRACE-derived terrestrial water storage change ground water

9 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jul-06 Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jul-06 Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Groundwater Storage Anomaly (cm) Groundwater Storage Anomaly (cm) National Aeronautics & Figure 1: Trends in groundwater storage in India during , with decreases in red. The study region is outlined GRACE Satellites Monitor Groundwater Depletion Matt Rodell, Code 614.3, NASA GSFC with contributions from Jay Famiglietti (UC Irvine), Isabella Velicogna (UC Irvine), and Sean Swenson (NCAR) Groundwater is a vital source of fresh water. In some parts of the world it is being withdrawn for agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses faster than it is naturally recharged, causing groundwater depletion. We have used the GRACE satellites to identify regions where aquifer levels are declining and to quantify that depletion. Two such locations are northwestern India and central California. Groundwater Groundwater Trend Figure 3: Location of the study region in central California, which consists of three drainage basins. Groundwater Groundwater Trend Date Figure 2: Time series GRACE-estimated groundwater (with linear trend) as an equivalent height of water averaged over the study region in northwest India. Date Figure 4: Time series of GRACE-estimated groundwater (with linear trend) as an equivalent height of water averaged over California s Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Tulare Lake basins.

10 National Aeronautics & NASA Background Efforts for Water Security IPCC Climate Change & Water (2008): Observational records and climate projections provide abundant evidence that freshwater resources are vulnerable and have the potential to be strongly impacted by climate change, with wide-ranging consequences US Government & World Bank MoU (2011): This agreement leverages the considerable expertise and assets of the two partners to help developing countries achieve water security and improve water quality State Department Sponsored Global Water Security (2012):Bottom line:... many countries important to the U.S. will experience water problems shortages, poor water quality, or floods that will risk instability and state failure, increase regional tensions, and distract them from working with the United States. Clinton: This assessment is a landmark document that puts water security in its rightful place as part of national security. NASA Applied Sciences Program: to demonstrate innovative uses and practical benefits of Earth science and remote sensing data, scientific knowledge, and technology. The wars of the next century will be fought over water. World Bank Vice President Ismail Serageldin, ISSAFWS

11 National Aeronautics & NASA Water Resources Builds on Earth Science and Teams with other NASA Groups NASA Emphasis in Applications NASA Terrestrial Hydrology Program. Goal: Develop water remote sensing capabilities, as well as observe and understand the interfaces of these water storages and fluxes. NASA s Energy & Water Cycle Study NEWS - Addresses the extent climate changes that are related to Earths Energy and Water cycle and what trends may be predicted in the future Health & Air Quality Disasters Water Resource s Ecological Forecasting NASA s Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (MAP) Program Studies the Earth s climate and weather, ith particular emphasis on global ISSAFWS 2012 Capacity Building 11

12 National Aeronautics & NASA International Partnering Dep t of State & US Water Partnership Work Collaboratively with Department of State International Water Team - Currently Nile Basin pilot project, priority basins (Mekong, Hindu-Kush region, etc. - NASA World Water Forum Panel: Water Remote Sensing & Modeling for the solution (see upper right) - NASA Water Resources US Pavilion WWF Exhibit NASA Side Panel at World Water Forum (March 2012) US Water Partnership (USWP) Mar Announced during World Water Day through State Department, NASA joins USWP (see lower right). Implemented during UNESCO Rio Working collaboratively with Global Environment & Technology Foundation (GETF) & Other Public and Private Groups ISSAFWS 2012 NASA Joins USWP 12

13 National Aeronautics & NASA International Partnering World Bank & US Government MoU on Water Remote Sensing Working Group (J. Entin/NASA - Co-Chair) - Promote use of remote sensing to help solve water issues in developing countries - Currently working on a Nile Basin Demonstration Project including Visualization & Sudd wetland analysis Workshops and Training - US Government and World Bank Workshop on Using Remote Sensing for Water Issues (Upper Right) - Training and Capacity Building Building (A. Prados/GSFC & N. Searby/HQ). SERVIR, Americas CB, & World Bank (Lower Right) Collaborative and Support Activities - Review Team for Coordination in International Waters in Africa (CIWA), GIS portal assistance, Remote sensing projects summary with contacts. - $1M to $2M World Bank Funding Expected for World Bank Sensing Studies under MoU on Water with USG ISSAFWS 2012 (March 2012) Capacity Building & Training 13

14 INFORMATION NEEDED TO COPE WITH FLOODS Before the event: Soil moisture observations can be used to assess the vulnerability to flooding arising from saturated soils, full reservoirs, etc. Core Satellite GPM Era During the event: precipitation and flow forecasts can provide guidance on the probable magnitude of the flood. Constellation Satellites After the event: Satellites can map the inundated areas and flow measurements can guide the mop-up operations. Targeted path Coincident w/ river reach Laser Altimetry

15 NASA US & International Drought Monitoring User community interactions: NASA Funding Several Projects to Support US Drought Monitor Expedited MODIS Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI) & Soil Moisture Change: USGS/EROS and NDMC have integrated MODIS into the national VegDRI model on a rapid, weekly schedule. JPL automated a procedure to provide Soil Moisture Change updated projects. Prototype Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) Using GRACE Satellite Data: NASA GSFC and NDMC working to provide GRACE TWS data assimilated in to land surface models for a new key drought indicator including deep soil moisture and ground water. Improvements of USDM are important for users: NOAA NWS uses D2 to trigger drought information statements, IRS for tax deferrals, USDA programmatic usage, and Livestock Forage Disaster Program disbursement ($147,109,381 in 2008, and $77,608,125 in 2009). New NASA Drought Funded Projects New NASA Drought Projects: Recently announced the start of 12 new national and international drought projects (see

16 NASA Evapotranspiration Products are Contributing to Real-Time & Global Applications Translation of Landsat ET to MODIS ET for Local to Regional Applications (R. Allen) USDA-ARS Alexi-DisAlexi for Regional to Local ET. Applied to Nile. {30m 25km} Wm -2 One of two NASA MODIS & Related Products provided in Near Real Time- U Wash. Continental US (to 1-km) Normalized Evaporative Stress Index USDA/ARS July ET can account for 90% of the western US water use and is critical to local economies tied to agriculture, recreation, hydro- power, etc.

17 Lake and Reservoir Monitoring

18 NASA & USAID SERVIR A NASA and USAID collaboration with countries and stakeholders to improve environmental management and resilience to climate change by strengthening the capacity to integrate earth observations and geospatial technologies into development decision-making. Three international SERVIR nodes with plans for additional nodes. Training and Capacity Building Remote Sensing Data/Models Integrated with other Geo Data Visualizations Decision Support Training/Capacity Building Partnerships Flood Potential in Africa (NASA/GSFC) Fire Forecasting in Mesoamerica SERVIR Network

19 National Aeronautics & NASA Water Information System Platforms - WISP s for the MENA NASA Partnering with the World Bank (GEF), USAID (OMEP) & MENA Countries Using Earth Observation and Modeling Data for the Sustainable Use of Water Resources Mapping Vegetation and Food Production 5 WISP s Planned for the MENA Training and Capacity Building ISSAFWS 2012 Satellite, Modeling, Ground Based Data Integrative Environmental Systems Visualizations Decision Support Tools Informed Policy Making Training & Partnership Opportunities 19

20 National Aeronautics & USAID FEWS-NET: Satellite Assisted Data Products Satellite Remote Sensing Near real time NASA products through LANCE. Every 5 days, 10 day composites are posted usgs.gov/fews/afric a/index.php Vegetation density (NDVI) & precipitation Consumptive Water Loss (Evapotranspiration) Modeled Food Production Verdin/USGS Near Real time 250m MODIS Water Requirement Satisfaction Index ISSAFWS 2012 Actual ET from Satellite Data NASA Satellite Precipitation 20

21 Extension of the USAID Famine Early Warning Systems Network FEWS NET is Expanding to many additional Areas beyond Sub Saharan Remote Sensing and the new Land Information System (LIS) may assist with expansion Satellite Precipitation Satellite Snow Cover and Snow Water Equivalent Satellite Vegetation Greenness Root-zone Soil Moisture Verdin/USGS

22 Climate Impacts in the Himalayas Enhance the decision making capacity of ICIMOD and its member countries for management of water resources (floods and irrigation) in the short (snow, rainfall) and the long-term (glaciers) Integrate snow and glaciers outflow to primary river basins (Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra) - Provide a methodology that allows the snow extent with glacier maps to determine water outflow from melting glaciers using mass balance equations Explore the impact of climate change scenarios on water resources in the Himalayan region using hydrological models. Benefits Provide an integrated decision support capability incorporating snow, glacier and ice melt water in stream flow models for hydrological managers Develop understanding of glacier physics Brown/Habib/NASA GSFC 22

23 Precipitation Satellite ET Land Cover Maps NASA Project Nile: Applications LDAS Management and DSS Drought monitoring Water resource analysis Early warning systems Planning for change

24 National Aeronautics & Thank You ISSAFWS