Presentation by: Victor Austin Midwest Renewable Energy Corporation

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1 Wind Power Presentation by: Victor Austin Midwest Renewable Energy Corporation

2 Outline The Wind Resource Turbine Design US Wind Industry Wind Farm Development The Future

3 The Wind Resource

Opportunity Assessment: ND Wind-H 2 North Dakota: The Saudi Arabia of Wind Enough wind potential to supply 1/3 of the electricity consumption of the lower 48 states.

5 Opportunity Assessment: ND Wind-H 2 North Dakota: The Saudi Arabia of Wind Enough wind potential to supply 1/3 of the electricity consumption of the lower 48 states. No major load centers need to transmit power to remote locations Potential to become an clean fuel supplier to Minneapolis & Chicago: Electricity (through power transmission lines) Hydrogen (through pipelines) Wind Resources & Infrastructure Challenges

6 Power in the Wind Power = Work / t = Kinetic Energy / t = ½mV 2 / t = ½(ρAd)V 2 /t = ½ρAV 2 (d/t) = ½ρAV 3 d/t = V Power in the Wind = ½ρAV 3

7 Maximum Power Power in the Wind = ½ρAV 3 Swept Area A = πr 2 (m 2 ) Area of the circle swept by the rotor. Power from a Wind Turbine Rotor = C p ½ρAV 3 R Betz limit (air can not be slowed to zero) C p < 59% Generator Losses

10 Turbine Design

12 Sizes and Applications Small ( 10 kw) Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) Intermediate ( kw) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power Large (250 kw - 2+MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power

13 Small Wind Turbines are Different Large Turbines ( kw) Installed in Windfarms,, MW Provide Low Cost Power to the Grid < $1,000/kW Require 6 m/s (13 mph) Average Wind Small Turbines ( kw) Installed Off-Grid or at On-Grid Facilities $2,000-6,000/kW Designed for Reliability / Low Maintenance Require 4 m/s (9 mph) Average 1,500 kw Wind Turbine 10 kw Wind Turbine

15 HOW A TURBINE CHANGES WIND ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY

17 Energy Production Terms Power in the Wind = 1/2ρAV 3 Betz Limit - 59% Max Power Coefficient - C p Rated Power Maximum power generator can produce. Capacity factor Actual energy/maximum energy Cut-in wind speed where energy production begins Cut-out wind speed where energy production ends. Typical Power Curve

18 Hours per Year Hours 80m Hours 72m Hours 98m NM1.65 NM % Rated Capacity Wind Speed (m/s) 0

19 US Wind Industry

20 Growth of Wind Energy Capacity Worldwide Actual Projected Jan 2002 Cumulative MW MW Installed Rest of World North America Europe Rest of World North America Europe Rest of World = 2,365 North America = 4,543 Europe = 16, Year Sources: BTM Consult Aps, March 2001 Windpower Monthly, January 2002

21 Wind Cost of Energy 12 COE ( /kwh [constant 2000 $]) High wind speed sites Low wind speed sites Bulk Power Competitive Price Band

Wind Farm Development: Driving Factors Wind Resource Proximity to Transmission Lines/Substations with excess capacity State Policy Provisions property/sales tax, permitting and

22 Wind Farm Development: Driving Factors Wind Resource Proximity to Transmission Lines/Substations with excess capacity State Policy Provisions property/sales tax, permitting and review, subsidies and incentives renewable power purchase mandates Utility green power programs and customer demand Federal Policy renewal of production tax credit potential purchase mandates

23 Top of Iowa Wind Farms

24 Why Worth County IA Good Location to Demand Centers Top of Iowa Wind Farms

25 Why Worth County IA About the best Non-Firm Transmission available Top of Iowa Wind Farms

26 Mandated Market Demand 900 MW 800 MW 400 MW MREC Current Area of Interest

28 Payback 40 Simple payback (years) mph 14 mph 12 mph 14 mph 12 mph is class 3 wind power 14 mph is class 5 wind power Net metering only 50% buy-down and net metering Electric rate ( /kwh)

Economic Development Opportunities Land Lease Payments: 2-3% 2 of gross revenue $2500-4000/MW/year Local property tax revenue: 100 MW brings in on the order of $1 million/yr 1-22 jobs/mw during

29 Economic Development Opportunities Land Lease Payments: 2-3% 2 of gross revenue $ /MW/year Local property tax revenue: 100 MW brings in on the order of $1 million/yr 1-22 jobs/mw during construction 2-55 permanent O&M jobs per MW, Local construction and service industry: concrete, towers usually done locally Investment as Equity Owners: production tax credit, accelerated depreciation Manufacturing and Assembly plants expanding in U.S. (Micon( in IL, LM Glasfiber in ND)

30 Wind Farm Development

31 Development Process: Site prospecting Simultaneously taking first cut at everything Land rights (leases, easements) Site investigation Wind measurement, analysis (2 years unless strongly correlations) Environmental study Sound, avian, viewshed,, other issues (lightning, erosion, other flora, fauna) Cultural issues (artifacts, land use, religious concerns, historic ic structures) Geotechnical Permitting PPA negotiation Engineering Financing Construction and Operation

32 Project Development Cycle Land Rights Resource Measurement Permitting Sales Agreement Engineering Construction Operation Years

33 BUILDING A WIND FARM Build Accesses & Dig Foundation Holes

34 BUILDING A WIND FARM Bury Underground Cable & Build Substation

35 BUILDING A WIND FARM Install Foundations

36 BUILDING A WIND FARM Deliver Turbines

37 BUILDING A WIND FARM Install First Section

38 BUILDING A WIND FARM Install Second Section

39 BUILDING A WIND FARM Install Third Section & Nacelle

40 BUILDING A WIND FARM Install Rotor

41 BUILDING A WIND FARM Install Rotor

42 The Future With an eye for Florida

43 Utgrunden offshore project

44 Middlegrunden offshore project

45 Nantucket Miles Proposed Site Cotuit 6.0 Miles Point Gammon 4.7 Miles Oak Bluffs Miles Edgartown 8.9 Miles

46 The Iowa Stored Energy Plant (ISEP) 3 Proven Technologies 1. Renewable wind energy 2. Aquifer storage of gas 3. Combustion turbine

47 3. Combustion turbine (simple cycle) Air Compressor Turbine Generator Air Combustor Natural Gas 12,000 BTU/kWh

48 The Alabama CAES plant Alabama Electric Cooperative McIntosh Power Plant Aerial View

49 Wind-Hydrogen System Concept Grid Peak Shaving ICE/Fuel Cell O 2 Gas H 2 Gas Hydrogen Storage Power Conditioner -Grid Interconnector -Max Power Tracker -AC/DC converter -Power Supply Switch -etc. Control Systems + V - Electrolyzer - Water purification - Regulators -Gas dryer - Shutdown Switch -etc. Local H 2 Use H 2 Trucking H 2 Pipeline Water Supply Wind-Hydrogen Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is Technically Feasible

MWh) ~ $100/kWh η ~99% ~ 98 trucks (180kg/truck) ~ 60,000/truck η ~85% (40miles) GH 2 H 2 production: 100,980 kg/day @ $4.

50 Offshore Wind - Onshore H 2 Production (Long Island) 500 MW ~ $1200/kW η ~45% 8 miles 150 kv AC sub-sea cable ~ $1.2 MM/mile η ~ 98% 220 MW ~ $1000/kW η ~75% 220 MW 4950kg/hr, 25 bar 6 MW η ~80% Hydrogen Buffer Storage 350 bar 4950kg (150 MWh) ~ $100/kWh η ~99% ~ 98 trucks (180kg/truck) ~ 60,000/truck η ~85% (40miles) GH 2 H 2 production: 100,980 $4.15/kg O 2 Gas 3 gal/kg H 2 Water Consumption 356,400 gal/day H 2 production: 118,000 $3.5/kg NOTE: Assuming trucks are powered by H 2

Wind Energy Update. RMLUI 2008 Land Use Conference Ron Lehr, Presenter Presentation by Larry Flowers

Wind Energy Update. RMLUI 2008 Land Use Conference Ron Lehr, Presenter Presentation by Larry Flowers Wind Energy Update RMLUI 2008 Land Use Conference Ron Lehr, Presenter Presentation by Larry Flowers National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2 Capacity & Cost Trends Cost of Energy (cents/kwh*) 100 90 80 70