Hydrothermal liquefaction the product David Lewis

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1 FROM FEEDSTOCK TO FUEL Green2Black Sustainable and renewable liquid fuels Hydrothermal liquefaction the product David Lewis

2 Overview Company background Green2Black TM technology Production and Harvesting Subcritical Water Reactor HTL products 3rd AOAIS Korea 2

3 Muradel Demonstration Plant, Whyalla (commissioned June 2014) 3

Fractionate to drop in fuels Process Integration and Recycle Integrated Green2Black technology

4 The Green2Black Technology Production of halophytic microalgae and other feedstocks Harvest, concentrate biomass, recycle nutrients Convert biomass with SCWR Extract green crude from kerogen Fractionate to drop in fuels Process Integration and Recycle Integrated Green2Black technology produces the whole barrel and is protected by a suite of provisional, PCT and national phase patent applications 4

5 Production Production fully optimised in 2, 20 and 200m 2 paddlewheel mixed ponds with full recycle Optimisation of production in the 4000m 2 pond commenced July Currently averaging 20 g/m 2 /d, many challenges ahead Each scale up step took 12 months at least! 3rd AOAIS Korea 5

Production Solar irradiance (area plot), air temperature ( =maximum, =minimum), Salinity trend ( M1, M2)=2m 2 pond; ( P4, P5)=25m 2 pond over the time in relation to microalgae productivity for

6 Production Solar irradiance (area plot), air temperature ( =maximum, =minimum), Salinity trend ( M1, M2)=2m 2 pond; ( P4, P5)=25m 2 pond over the time in relation to microalgae productivity for Tetraselmis sp. grown in the 2m 2 raceway ponds without recycled medium (A) and 25m 2 raceway ponds with recycled medium (B). Fon Sing, A. Isdepsky, M.A. Borowitzka and Lewis, D.M. (2014) Bioresource Technology, 161, rd AOAIS Korea 6

Harvesting By incorporating mixing and settling into an electro flocculation process, a lower energy

1% solids w/w to >5% solids w/w and enables recycle of >99% of the culture media.

separating particulates from a liquid medium K. Lee, D.M. Lewis and P.J.

7 Harvesting By incorporating mixing and settling into an electro flocculation process, a lower energy consumption of $0.30 MJ m 3 has been achieved This combination can readily concentrate the biomass from <0.1% solids w/w to >5% solids w/w and enables recycle of >99% of the culture media. Australian Provisional Patent Application Title: Methods and systems for continuously separating particulates from a liquid medium K. Lee, D.M. Lewis and P.J. Ashman (2013) Applied Energy, 108, Klein Marcuschamer D., Chisti Y., Benemann J.R., and D.M. Lewis (2013) Biotechnology and Bioengineering 110(9), rd AOAIS Korea 7

Subcritical water reactor Fully automated continuous SCWR Max operating temperature 400 o C Max operating pressure 282 bar g Typical operating conditions T= 350oC P = 210 bar g tr = 5 minutes Q = 720

8 Subcritical water reactor Fully automated continuous SCWR Max operating temperature 400 o C Max operating pressure 282 bar g Typical operating conditions T= 350oC P = 210 bar g tr = 5 minutes Q = 720 kg/d/tube (20% solids w/w) EROI ~4 Patent Portfolio PCT/NZ2011/ PCT/NZ2011/ PCT/NZ2011/ PCT/NZ2008/ B.E. Eboibi, D.M. Lewis, P.J. Ashman, and Chinnasamy S. (2014) Bioresource Technology, 174, B.E. Eboibi, D.M. Lewis, P.J. Ashman and Chinnasamy S. (2014) Bioresource Technology, 170, rd AOAIS Korea 8

9 Kerogen products Green crude: 20% w/v solids to kerogen type I and II: Conversion energy 8MJ/kg green crude 3rd AOAIS Korea 9

10 Kerogen products Green crude: CHNSO analysis results were: Carbon 75.6%, Hydrogen 9.9%, Nitrogen 3.7%, Sulphur 1.6% and Oxygen 9.2%. Nitrogen and oxygen are the heteroatoms that need to be eliminated; they are distributed throughout the whole boiling range of the product Fossil crude oil Composition by weight Element Percent range Carbon 83 to 85% Hydrogen10 to 14% Nitrogen 0.1 to 2% Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5% Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0% Metals < 0.1% CONFIDENTIAL 10

$, and fractionated to individual products all fractions$

11 Kerogen products Green crude: Muradel green crude was blended at 10% with fossil crude by Aban Biotechnology and Chennai Petroleum Corp Ltd., and fractionated to individual products all fractions were close to specification CONFIDENTIAL 11

12 Properties of Diesel Fraction ( o C) CONFIDENTIAL 12

13 Kerogen products By product Streams: Solids composition to be determined. If nutrients (C, N and P) remain then may have use as soil conditioner. If the nutrient concentration is too low then the material is primarily ash. Typical oxides that may be present would include: Al, Fe, K, Na, Cu, Zn, Ba, Cr, Sr, T, Sn, etc and trace amounts of Hg. Similar to coal fly ash, which is used in concrete aggregate, road base, masonry, in fill etc. Refined fly ash sells for $30 50/t (depending on grade). May also have use for brick making if it contains typical clay minerals. Clay sells for up to $150/t. CONFIDENTIAL 13

14 Kerogen products By product Streams: Gaseous predominately CO 2, which is readily captured for reuse Aqueous composition to be determined, could be recycled or discharged to existing WWT facility D.J. Lane, M. Zevenhoven, P.J. Ashman, P.J. van Eyk, M. Hupa, R. de Nys and Lewis D.M. (2014) Energy Fuels, 28(7), CONFIDENTIAL 14

Fuel and end users Strategic partners: Southern

2020 supply opportunity Wärtsilä, Pioneer in

15 Fuel and end users Strategic partners: Southern Oil Refinery Wagga Wagga, NSW Lube oil refinery ~30ML/annum Hydro treatment facility ~7ML/annum Royal Australian Navy Great Green Fleet supply opportunity Wärtsilä, Pioneer in power plants fueled with liquid biofuel 3rd AOAIS Korea 15

drop in fuels Process Integration and Recycle Integrated Green2Black technology produces the

16 Proposed biosolids feedstock Interception of biosolids feedstocks Biosolids pretreatment to form suspension Convert biosolids with SCWR Extract green crude from kerogen Fractionate to drop in fuels Process Integration and Recycle Integrated Green2Black technology produces the whole barrel and is protected by a suite of provisional, PCT and national phase patent applications 16

17 Summary The Muradel Green2Black TM technology is fully operational at precommercial scale EPA, SafeWork SA and PIRSA permits issued for full operation Existing SCWR at the MDP is available to feasibility study trials New SCWRs will be manufactured in Whyalla and located internationally SOR ready to receive green crudes and biocrudes CONFIDENTIAL 17

18 The Team Ollie Clark AM Chairman SQC Pty Ltd Jacob Cherian Director Ausker Group Ms Sam Dymond Director Murdoch University Rob Chalmers Director Adelaide Research & Innovation Andreas Isdepsky Chief Operations Officer Muradel Pty Ltd Dr David Lewis Chief Executive Officer Muradel Pty Ltd Plant Operators Whyalla, South Australia Muradel Pty Ltd 18

19 Partners Industry Partners Aban Australia Pty Ltd Southern Oil Pty Ltd SQC Pty Ltd R&D Muradel team University of Adelaide (Microalgae Engineering Research Group & Centre for Energy Technology) Australian Government The Australian Renewable Energy Agency advanced biofuels investment readiness program funding agreement number Q

Downstream Processing of Marine Microalgae for the Commercial Scale Production of Biofuels

Downstream Processing of Marine Microalgae for the Commercial Scale Production of Biofuels Andrew Kwong Lee Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School