Conversions (4): You may use your calculator! Climate describes the averages is what is expected in an area during a particular season.

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1 7 th Grade Science Final Study Guide 2015 Mr. McCully Questions: 72 Topics Covered: Earth s Climate The Atomic Theory Changes in Matter Mono Lake Biogeography The Earth s Climate: Climate Regions Conversions (4): You may use your calculator! Celsius Formula: Fahrenheit Formula: C=(F-32)*5/9 F=(C*9/5)+32 Weather describes a particular place at a particular time. Climate describes the averages is what is expected in an area during a particular season. Climates are unique due to latitude, ocean currents, geography, and wind patterns. The Equator is labeled 0 Latitude. It experiences the least amount of climate change.

2 Tropical winds bring warm and moist air. When the North Pole is angled toward the sun, we in the Northern hemisphere have longer days and more direct sun. When it is WINTER in the NORTHERN hemisphere, the SOUTHERN hemisphere is having SUMMER. Ocean Currents are able to move energy around the globe and effect global climate because moving water is able to absorb and release energy to the air above. Climate Regions: Polar Ice Caps: Lowest average temperature. In the summer the sun never sets In the winter it never rises Contains the least amount of plants and animals. Likely to be bordered to the south by a tundra. Grassland: Has a dry and wet season Makes it necessary for some animals to move around to search for water Animals include zebras and rhinos Much of this area has been lost to farming and grazing Tropical Rain Forest: Receives the most rainfall Found near the equator Home to a variety pf plants and animals Threatened by deforestation Ocean: Covers approximately 70% of the Earth Contains lots of algae that help to remove CO2 from the atmosphere Fresh Water: Includes lakes, ponds, and streams Home to cattails, crayfish, bass, perch, ducks and beavers

3 Taiga (Coniferous Forest) Likely to be found bordering a tundra to the south. Thermometers Thermometers filled with either alcohol or mercury work because when the liquid gets warmer, the molecules move farther apart. Types of Thermometers: 1. Liquid Crystal thermometer: changes color at different temperatures. 2. Bimetallic Strip thermometer: works because copper expands faster. 3. Galileo thermometer: works because the density of liquid changes as the temperature changes. 4. Digital thermometer: works because temperature affects the resistance of the electricity flowing through. Water Vapor molecules have the most energy. IRT Thermometers: are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation only measure the surface of that substance works best when using within 6 inches of the measured object we compared the room temperature of each object with the room temperature (in our Temperature Exploration) Liquid filled thermometers are NOT a form of remote sensing Satellites are all geosynchronous Radar can determine the speed and direction of objects by measuring how compressed or spaced the waves are. World Maps: The area of greatest solar energy was found most directly over the Equator in March and September. The cloud cover maps are more located over oceans. Maps that show global precipitation show the greatest amount of rainfall around the Equator. Soil Moisture Map: It was easy to identify the desert and tropical rainforest Polar Ice Caps have much soil moisture but almost no vegetation.

4 Article: Is Earth Getting Warmer? The sea levels have risen cm over the past 100 years. The upper ocean temperature has increases by more than 0.3 C in the past 40 years. The author mentions that scientists predict that the Earth s temperature will continue to rise as long as greenhouse gases continue to increase. To make changes we need to use less fossil fuels and plant more trees and plants. Greenhouse Effect: helps to keep our average global temperature at 59 F. is supported by natural processes of organic matter (plants and animals) that decompose, as well as erosion and weathering. Global Warming: burning fossil fuels is one of the causes for this excess of CO2. could cause flooding of coastal areas, melting of ice caps, extreme weather, and even extinction of species. now considered a fact within the science community. The Atomic Theory and The Periodic Table: By counting the number of protons and look at your periodic table. This is an example of a nitrogen atom.

5 If these electrons were accurately shown in their correct electron shells, there would be 2 electrons in the innermost shell and 5 electrons in the outermost shell. What does letter R show? neutron What does letter Q Show? nucleus What does letter S show? proton What does letter T show? electron Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. Neutrons have no charge. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus and add to the mass of the atom. Elements are arranged on the periodic table by increasing atomic number. Elements that are found in the same vertical group have similar properties. They all have their outer shell with the same number of unfilled electrons so they will bond in similar predictable ways. Elements that are found in the same horizontal period show gradual changes as you move from the left to the right. An element that has luster, is a good conductor, and is usually solid at room temperature. Answer: Metal Elements between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table and have properties of both. Answer: Metalloids Usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature and poor conductors of heat and electricity. Answer: Non-metals

6 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures: Shows a pure compound. Shows a pure element. Shows a mixture of a compound and an element. Shows a mixture of two compounds. Elements and compounds are considered pure substances. Mixtures are lists of made up ingredients. are different atoms bonded to make a molecule. have a definite ratio of parts based on the chemical formula. An is made of only one kind of atom throughout. can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. can be separated, but only by a chemical reaction. can be separated by physical means.

7 Use the period table to fill in the information missing from the following table Carbon has been done for you. Symbol Name Atomic # Atomic Protons Electrons Mass C Carbon Zn K Ar Changes and Classification of Matter: Chemical and Physical Changes: Water is neutral at 7. Looking above, the ph scale goes from Students should be able to identify a physical change and a chemical change. There are some examples Physical Change Examples: Sugar in tea Water Evaporating Crushing aspirin Egg breaking Boiling Water Cutting paper Snowflakes forming in a cloud Chemical Change Examples: Logs burning Breaking H2O up Burning sugar in the foil dish Lighter fluid burning Egg rotting Milk spoiling Metal rusting Gasoline burned in a car engine

8 Element, Compound or Mixture? Mono Lake: Autotrophs: Sun: produce their own food through photosynthesis. The ultimate source of energy comes from the sun. The 3 things needed for photosynthesis are: water, light, and carbon dioxide Food chains are NOT very long due to the fact that energy decreases by 10% each time you move up one level. Mono Lake is found in what state? California

9 *Students should be able to label each of these as biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) Identify the following using the above diagram: Primary consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Decomposers Producers Consumers

10 The Fast Track Carbon Cycle: How many years does the carbon cycle take to complete? What do humans do to disrupt the Fast Track Cycle? The Short Track Cycle? When humans disrupt either the slow track or fast track cycles of carbon, the result is an excess amount of in the in the form of CO2. Can you fill in the blanks below in the correct order using: brine shrimp, algae, coyote, California gull Know the Chemical reaction for RESPIRATION: C6H O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

11 At which level does photosynthesis take place? Biogeography: Can you place the above stages of forest succession in their order of occurrence? Biogeography Terms to Know: Predation: Resources: an organism is consumed by another for energy (food) the availability of food

12 Seasons: abiotic limiting factor; require some animals to migrate or change their behavior in order to survive changes in weather. Reproductive potential: The rate at which a species can increase its population. Reproductive environment: abiotic limiting factor; specific conditions an organism requires in order to reproduce. Additional Vocabulary: Biogeography: Dispersal: Climate: Extinct Endangered Biodiversity Controls the study of where plants and animals live throughout the world to be spread The kinds of animals in a place depend on the kinds of plants that are there. The kinds of plants in a place depend on this. This happens when all species of a plant or animal dies and is gone forever. This happens when a species has such a small populations that it will most likely not survive. A variety of living species living in a specified region. The things that you monitor and keep the same in an experiment so that you can trust your results. Independent Variable Dependent Variable The variable that you purposely change in an experiment. The variable that you measure to get results Additional facts and information: Experts say that there are between 3 million and 30 million animal species on our planet. How many have actually been identified and studied? Species can recover! Our current human population is approximately 7 BILLION. TODAY, the continent that has the largest human population is Asia. In the FUTURE, it is predicted that Africa will have the largest human population.