Smart Electrical Energy

Transcription

1 Sustainable Systems: Smart Cities Smart Electrical Energy Smart Energy 1

2 Today s agenda Forms of energy Role of electricity in US Smart grid technology Electric networks Some resources 2

3 Forms of energy Non renewable o Natural gas o Coal Renewable o Nuclear o Solar o Wind o Geothermal o Tides o Hydropower (dams) 3

4 Energy conversion to electrical form Which of these forms can be converted to electricity? Non renewable o Natural gas o Coal Renewable o Nuclear o Solar o Wind o Geothermal o Tides o Hydropower (dams) 4

5 Electrical power variables Volts, amperes and watts what s the difference? Voltage: potential difference, volts Current: flow, amperes Power: Voltage * Current, watts 5

6 Electrical energy: history 6

7 Electrical power: water analogy Useful to think in terms of water power analogy o Pressure (lbs/in^2) o Flow_rate (in^3/sec) o Power= Pressure * Flow_rate o Fire hose: high pressure; shower head: low pressure Iowa State U ~

8 Electrical power: alternating current 8

9 Electrical power: direct current Car battery: 12 v 40 A.h Peak current draw: ~400 A Electronics battery: 1.5 v 800 ma.h Current draw: ~ ma Human brain: ~ 70 mv ~ 2 ma 9

10 Electrical power: human generation regular person: 1.2 hp briefly (900 W) 0.1 hp indefinitely (75 W) trained athlete : 2.5 hp briefly (1650 W) 0.3 hp indefinitely (225 W) 10

11 Why is electricity such a useful form? Can be shipped over long distances relatively flexibly Voltage can be stepped up/down efficiently for local use Can be used over a wide range of power levels o Microelectronic devices o Light bulbs o Electric room heater o Aluminum smelting o Transcranial electrical stimulation 11

12 What are some problems with electricity? Energy losses over long lines Danger to people at certain power/voltage levels Heavy dependency can be a security/convenience risk Doesn t store well in large amounts (energy) 12

13 Role of electricity in the US energy picture 13

14 Electricity in US energy picture 14

15 Smart grid technology 15

16 Smart grids and Smart Cities A smart grid does three things: o Modernizes power systems for C&C o Informs consumers about their usage o Provides reliable and secure power Leads to increased use of: o Measurement what s happening? o Automated intelligence what to do? o Control action how to do it? 16

17 Smart grid objectives Motivators are: o increased efficiency cheaper power, less harm to environment o increased reliability more stable in storms o increased security less vulnerable to targeted attack 17

18 Smart grid technologies Strategies o Efficiency: active market pricing o Reliability: pinpointing outages o Security: redundant routing Techniques o Measurement: sensors, metering o Intelligence: decision algorithms o Control: actuators to shut off lights 18

19 Electric networks 19

20 Electric networks Production Distribution Consumption installed capacity capacity to transmit actual demand In the US we have a consumption driven system implemented by highly regulated utility companies. The system is costly but effective and reliable. 20

21 Smarter electric networks Production from multiple sources Power plants Solar and wind farms Local solar panels on roofs Distribution Many parts of grid must be two way Market structured among primary producers Consumption Suppliers may control, to some degree Influenced by dynamic pricing Demand reduced by education 21

22 Smarter electric networks 22

23 Smarter electric networks Consider local effects: microgrid Source: rebuspower.com 23

24 Conventional electric networks P Producer C P C Consumer GRID C P C P 24

25 Smarter electric networks P 1 Producer C 1 Consumer GRID Separate marketbased operation: buyer seller structure PC1 C 3 P 2 C 2 PC2 25

26 Smarter grids and smarter cities Production from multiple sources Distribution Main grids integrated with microgrids Greater reliability and security through C&C Consumption Greater control in meeting demand Example of electricity needs of urban water utility: (1) very large consumer; (2) some demand shifted to off peak hours; (3) limit water power in favor of hospital power Source: Relationship between Smart Grids and Smart Cities, K. Geisler, Siemens Smart Grid US

27 Some resources energy.gov/oe/services/ technology development/smart grid EPRI/intelligrid feedback loops/ smartgrid 27

28 One Planet, one Family, one Grid? 28