Asia-Pacific GAW Workshop on Greenhouse Gases

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2 The 5th Asia-Pacific GAW Workshop on Greenhouse Gases Oct , 2013 / Ramada Hotel in Jeju, Republic of Korea Hosted by KMA Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center GAW Global Atmosphere Watch

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4 The 5th Asia-Pacific GAW Workshop on Greenhouse Gases First day (24th, Jeju Ramada Hotel) 09:00 Registration opens Session 1. Welcome and keynote address (MC: Haeyoung Lee, KGAWC, Korea) 09:50 ~ 10:00 10:00 ~ 10:20 10:20 ~ 10:40 Welcome / Won-Tae Kwon (Director General of Climate Science Bureau, KMA, Korea) NOAA's role in insuring international greenhouse gas measurement quality / Edward J. Dlugokencky (GHG SAG Chairman, NOAA, USA) Major Issues from the New IPCC Report / Won-Tae Kwon (Director General of Climate Science Bureau, KMA, Korea) 10:40 ~ 11:10 Photo time and Morning Break Session 2. Asia-Pacific GAW activity Ⅰ(Chair: Sunyoung Park, Kyungpook National University, Korea) 11:10 ~ 11:25 Greenhouse gases monitoring activities in Korea and methane characteristics in 2012 / Haeyoung Lee (KGAWC/KMA, Korea) 11:25 ~ 11:40 Influence of Indian summer monsoon on surface CO2 and other greenhouse gases observations at the West Coast of India / Yogesh K. Tiwari (IITM, India) 11:40 ~ 11:55 Greenhouse gas monitoring activities in Bukit Kototabang, Indonesia / Sugeng Nugroho (BMKG, Indonesia) 11:55 ~ 13:00 Lunch Session 3. Asia-Pacific GAW activity Ⅱ(Chair: Tae-Young Goo, NIMR, Korea) 13:00 ~ 13:15 13:15 ~ 13:30 13:30 ~ 13:45 Establishment of continuous greenhouse gas observation capacity in Northern Vietnam through a Swiss- Vietnamese collaboration / Duong Hoang Long (NHMS, Viet Nam) Present progress on greenhouse gas measurement at Lulin atmospheric background station (2862 m MSL) in central Taiwan and at Dongsha Island (Pratas Island) in South China Sea / Chang-Feng Ou-Yang (National Central University, Taiwan) Development of Australian-Southeast Asian atmospheric observation capability / Marcel V. van der Schoot (CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, Australia) 13:45 ~ 14:00 Greenhouse gas observation in New Zealand / Gordon Brailsford (NIWA, New zealand) 14:00 ~ 14:15 The greenhouse gases observation and analysis at GAW stations in Malaysia / Mohd Firdaus Jahaya (MMD, Malaysia) Session 4. WCC and Compatibility (Chair: Edward J. Dlugokencky, SAG Chairman, USA) 14:15 ~ 14:30 14:30 ~ 14:45 14:45 ~ 15:00 Gravimetric standard scales of SF6 and N2O at ambient level / Jeong Sik Lim (KRISS, Korea) Compatible N2O data in the WMO-GAW Network: Still an issue that matters? / Rainer Steinbecher (WCC-N2O, IMK-IFU/KIT, Germany) Intercomparison experiments for greenhouse gases observation (iceggo) in Japan / Masaomi Takahashi (WCC for CH4, JMA, Japan) 15:00 ~ 15:15 Current activities of World Calibration Center for SF6 / Deullae Min (WCC-SF6, KGAWC/KMA, Korea) 15:15 ~ 15:45 Coffee Break and Poster session

5 The 5th Asia-Pacific GAW Workshop on Greenhouse Gases Session 5. Carbon Cycle, Other trace gases and new technology (Chair: Jeong Sik Lim, KRISS, Korea) 15:45 ~ 16:00 CarbonTracker-Asia a tool to quantify global CO2 uptake/release focused on Asia / Chunho Cho (NIMR, Korea) 16:00 ~ 16:15 Preliminary results of CO2 retrievals from ground-based solar absorption FTIR spectrometer and its validation / Tae-Young Goo (NIMR, Korea) 16:15 ~ 16:30 Carbon budget and process network in a rice paddy / Joon Kim (Seoul National University, Korea) 16:30 ~ 16:45 16:45 ~ 17:00 The isotopic composition of N2O: implications for trends in the relative contributions of microbial N2O production processes / Sunyoung Park (Kyungpook National University, Korea) Development of remote controlled dehumidification system for GHG analyzers and application to a measurement at Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center / Min Kyo Yin (GnL Co. Ltd., Korea) Poster session 17:00 ~ 18:00 1. Monitoring of atmospheric Radon-222 concentrations at Gosan site of Jeju Island, Korea in 2012 / Chang-Hee Kang (Jeju National University, Korea) 2. Spatial and temporal variation of CO2 over Sumatra in / Sugeng Nugroho (BMKG, Indonesia) 18:00 ~ 20:00 Banquet 3. FTS high resolution spectra change trend analysis based on solar intensity / Young-Suk Oh (NIMR, Korea) 4. Development of the primary standards of SF6 at ambient levels / Dong Min Moon (KRISS, Korea) Second day (25th, Technical Tour) 10:00 ~ 11:00 Station visit in Gosan, Jeju 11:00 ~ 12:00 Asian GAW GHG Working Group Discussion 12:00 ~ 13:00 Lunch 13:00 ~ 15:00 Sight-seeing

6 NOAA s role in insuring international greenhouse gas measurement quality Ed Dlugokencky, Brad Hall, Andrew Crotwell, and Kenneth Masarie NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA * Ed.Dlugokencky@noaa.gov Atmospheric measurements of long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) mad by GAW partners are combined with chemical transport models to estimate GHG emission and sinks. To implement this approach successfully, all measurements used have to be comparable (i.e., measured on the same standard scale) and compatible (i.e., measured without sampling or analytical artifacts), otherwise biases in measurements between sites will be interpreted as emissions or sinks. The Global Monitoring Division at NOAA ESRL has three important roles in helping WMO GAW maintain climate-quality measurements of long-lived GHGs. First, we maintain the WMO mole fraction scales as Central Calibration Laboratory for CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, and SF 6. All scales are based on gravimetrically-prepared standards, except CO 2, which is based on manometric calibrations of primary standards. This provides a common standard for use by GAW partners and helps insure GAW measurements are comparable. Second, we organize international round-robin comparisons of standard scales for multiple GHGs and other tracers in our role as World Calibration Center for CO 2. In this role, we insure laboratories are actively maintaining the direct link with the CCLs. Third, we participate with many GAW partners in ongoing direct comparisons of their implementation, reveal other inconsistencies between measurements besides standard scales. When combined with similar activities by other GAW partners, these contributions by NOAA help ensure that climates scientests can extract meaningful information about GHG budgets from GAW measurements

7 Greenhouse gases monitoring activities in Korea and methane characteristics in 2012 Haeyoung Lee, Sanghoon Kim, and Deullae Min Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center, Korea Meteorological Administration * leehy80@korea.kr Seven greenhouse gases such as CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, CFC-11, 12, 113 and SF 6 have been monitored since 1999 in western part of Korea. In 2012, two more stations in southern and eastern part around Korean Peninsula were established and started to monitor CO 2 and CH 4 respectively. In the comparison with the observations from the two stations in the south, and the east, the west site showed highest level of greenhouse gases while the east and south sites recorded similar levels. The Korea GAW Center has cooperated with various research institutes including Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) for developing standard gases and analysis skills; Kyoungpook university for data quality; Seoul national university, Jeju university and Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) for monitoring greenhouse gases. In 2012, the characteristics of CH 4 observed at the west site located between China and Korean Peninsula were analyzed and the result proved that the high methane concentration in summer was driven by local sources in large part. Long-range transported methane, wind speed of more than 6m/s, is classified by wind direction and strong North Pacific air mass contributes to large variability in the methane mixing ratio in summer. However, during winter this variability was reduced with the cessation of the north pacific wind from methane sink region. In spring, long range transported methane concentration showed higher level when airmass flowed to Korea from southern China compared to other directions

8 Influence of Indian summer monsoon on surface CO 2 and other greenhouse gases observations at the West Coast of India Yogesh K. Tiwari 1, Ramesh Vellore 1, K. Ravi Kumar 1, and Marcel van der Schoot 2 1 Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune India 2 Gas Lab, CSIRO, Australia * yktiwari@googl .com Using carbon dioxide and methane atmospheric concentrations measured at surface monitoring sites at the western boundary of India, we report the influence of strong monsoonal winds over coastal and mountainous ecosystems during Indian summer monsoon. We demonstrate decade long monthly means observations and identify a series of very low values, lower than Mauna Loa, of CO 2 and CH 4 during Indian summer monsoons. In this study we present results from our GHG monitoring program in India. Surface observations from SNG site in India are compared with global reference monitoring sites such as Mauna Loa (MLO) in USA and Cape Rama (CRI) in India. Our preliminary results indicate that CO 2 seasonal amplitude is much larger at the Indian sites. We further investigate the effectiveness of surface monitoring stations in capturing regional CO 2 emissions over India and found that CRI showed more representivity to boundary layer fluxes

9 Greenhouse gas monitoring activities in Bukit Kototabang, Indonesia Sugeng Nugroho Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Station Bukit Kototabang, W. Sumatra, The Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia * Sugeng.nugroho@bmkg.go.id Greenhouse gases (GHG) monitoring at Bukit Kototabang, W Sumatra, has provided the longest insitu measurement data for Indonesia. The monitoring has been started from 2004 by undertaking a flask sampling method. This measurement is part of NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division on Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) program. After temporarily terminated in March 2011, the measurement has been resumed again in February 2013 (Figure 1). Figure 1. Concentration of carbon dioxide (left) and methane (right) measured at Bukit Kototabang for the period (GMD-NOAA, 2013). Meanwhile in 2008, a near-real time measurement of GHG was started to carry out at the site by utilizing Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) method. The measurement has produced data that can be used for diurnal as well as seasonal analysis purposes. Also, a customized inlet system allows the measurement to analyze air from three different levels (10 m, 20 m and 32 m). From the period of 2011-mid 2013, the average concentrations of CO 2 and CH4 from the highest intake are ppm and ppm, respectively. The running two methods are of valuable to enhance the measurement technique as well as to ensure data to be collected continuously. As measurement from the flask sampling method has been resumed and both methods are concurrently undertaken, it is also interesting to compare the result from both methods in the future. References [1] NOAA, Global Monitoring Division: Bukit Kototabang

10 Establishment of continuous greenhouse gas observation capacity in Northern Vietnam through a Swiss-Vietnamese collaboration Duong Hoang Long 1, Sebastian König 2, Andrea Rossa 2,and Martin Steinbacher 3 1. National Hydro-Meteorological Service, Science-Technology and International Cooperation Dept., Hanoi, Vietnam, 2. Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, International Affairs Division, Zurich, Switzerland, 3. Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland * Longdh76@yahoo.com The provision of reliable scientific data and information on the chemical composition of the atmosphere is crucial for understanding atmospheric climate change and for a sound assessment of the environmental players and impacts. To get a complete picture of the whole globe, such data must be long-term, consistent, of adequate quality, and have to be available world-wide. Spatial data coverage considerably improved in recent years but data sparse regions still exist in some regions of the world. The project Capacity Building and Twinning for Climate Observing Systems (CATCOS) funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and coordinated by the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss aims at establishing and resuming systematic observations of greenhouse gas and other atmospheric and terrestrial Essential Climate Variables in developing and emerging countries where the density of observations is currently insufficient. Within CATCOS, Empa as one of the Swiss implementing partners besides the Paul Scherrer Institute (responsible for aerosol observations), and the Universities of Zurich and Fribourg (responsible for glacier monitoring) is in charge of establishing greenhouse gas measurement capabilities in Chile and Vietnam. In Vietnam, the equipment will be implemented in collaboration with the Vietnamese National Hydro-Meteorological Service (NHMS) at Pha Din (21.57degN, degE, 1466 m asl), a rural site in a hilly forested area in Northern Vietnam. Currently, Pha Din is a climate station with basic meteorology. The upcoming installation planned for early 2014 will enable the continuous in-situ ground-based observation of carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide and ozone next to the new monitoring of optical properties of aerosols. Moreover, the project strongly focusses on know-how transfer, training and capacity building to ensure a sound and long-term operation of the equipment by NMHS also beyond the end of the project. The presentation will give a comprehensive overview of the project and its goals in general, and the future activities in terms of greenhouse gas monitoring in Vietnam in particular

11 Present progress on greenhouse gas measurement at Lulin atmospheric background station (2862 m MSL) in central Taiwan and at Dongsha Island (Pratas Island) in South China Sea C.-F. Ou-Yang 1,2, N.-H. Lin 1, J.-L. Wang 2, and R.C. Schnell 3 1. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chungli-32001, Taiwan 2. Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli-32001, Taiwan, 3. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA * cfouyang@cc.ncu.edu.tw Measurements of trace gases (CO, ozone, etc.) were performed at LABS (Lulin Atmospheric Background Station, N, E, 2,862 m a.s.l.) and DSI (Dongsha Island, N, E, 3 m a.s.l.). While all Taiwan EPA monitoring stations are at the surface probing local air quality, the two sites aim to study the regional baseline condition and its coupling with the local air quality. Based on the nearly seven-year measurements, diurnal variations of these species at the LABS were found to differ from those at the surface. CO show maximum concentrations in late afternoon, and minima at night. Ozone however shows a nearly opposite variation to CO with minima at noon, contradictory to the photochemistry production of maximum ozone at the surface. However, this pattern of ozone diurnal variation repeated for the last five years, but changed since July The results of flask samples analyzed by NOAA/ESRL/GMD were also discussed in this study. Measurements of trace gases were also conducted at Dongsha (20.70 N, E), a small island situated between Taiwan and the Philippines, served as a remote site for monitoring GHGs and surface ozone. NOAA flask data of GHGs show seasonal variations with winter/spring maxima and summer minima at Dongsha during By comparing the data of the flask air samples collected at Dongsha and Kumukahi (surface site in Hawaii at approximately the same latitude (19.52 N)), Asian continental outflow is suggested to be the cause for the magnified seasonality of GHGs measured at Dongsha Island. Our in-situ measurements in 2010 also indicated that elevated ozone levels of ~60 ppbv were found during the strong northeasterly winds arising from the winter Asian monsooon. In contrast, low ozone levels of about 30 ppb were detected during periodic calm periods when the monsoon subsided, which are typical for marine air masses - 6 -

12 Development of Australian-Southeast Asian atmospheric observation capability M.V. van der Schoot, P.J. Fraser, P.B. Krummel, D.A. Spencer Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria * marcel.vanderschoot@csiro.au The Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station (CGBAPS) is an important Southern Hemisphere, atmospheric observation site in the WMO/GAW global network. It acts as the central reference observation site for the expanding Australian Greenhouse Gas Observation Network (AGGON). A key addition to this network is a new (2010) pilot tropical atmospheric observation site established at Gunn Point in Australia s Northern Territory (12.249S, E, elevation 25 metres). This site incorporates high precision in-situ measurement and flask air sample collection programs for a range of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and related trace gas species. The Gunn Point site is an existing Australian Bureau of Meteorology research radar station (since 1997) and part of the US Atmospheric Radiation Measurement network program. The site has been involved in numerous tropical meteorology field campaigns and experiments including: Mctex, TRMM, Dawex, and TWP- ICE. This combination of research capabilities with both chemical composition and physical, dynamical aspects of the tropical atmosphere provides an opportunity to develop a unique tropical atmosphere research capability. It is anticipated that high precision atmospheric observations from this region should significantly improve the understanding of the tropical sources and sinks of the major anthropogenic GHGs and lead to a greater understanding of the globally important tropical climate processes. In addition to an expanding terrestrial observing network, Australia will soon have a purpose-built blue water research vessel, RV Investigator, in operation (2014) with dedicated atmospheric research capability previously not available to the Australian research community. This capability also offers a unique opportunity for international collaborators to engage with Australian collaborators to conduct atmospheric research related to the Southern Hemisphere oceans and coastal regions, including Asian tropical oceanic regions. In this presentation the key operational, instrumental and calibration strategies being explored for this expanding Australian atmospheric research capability will be discussed

13 Greenhouse gas observations in New Zealand Gordon Brailsford 1. NIWA, New Zealand * Gordon.Brailsford@niwa.co.nz We present recent developments within the New Zealand Atmospheric observations programme. This programme has a long history with observations of 14 CO 2 initiated in 1954, and atmospheric CO 2 following in 1970, the current programme at Baring Head ( S, E) includes the determination of mole fractions for CO 2, methane, nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide and isotope measurements for carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide. While the Lauder ( S, E) site includes both in situ observations of greenhouse gases and column measurements using solar FTS. The observation network includes the two main sites, Baring Head and Lauder, these are supported by sites at Rainbow Mountain in a forested region, Arrival Heights in Antarctica, and Raoul Island in the Pacific Ocean north of New Zealand. Additionally we utilise ships of opportunity as platforms for observations of atmospheric greenhouse gases, in conjunction with NIES and NOAA we undertake atmospheric measurements in transects between New Zealand and Japan, these have focused on atmospheric methane [2] and the importance of both transport and sources in the observed transects. When available we utilise the NIWA vessel RV Tangaroa for observation in the Southern Ocean between New Zealand and Antarctica. The forty year Baring Head atmospheric CO 2 record has been published recently with a documentation of data collection and processing procedures, and an analysis of the significant features within the time-series [1,3]. As a mid-latitude southern hemisphere station Baring Head is strongly influenced by Southern Ocean processes, however the detection of change in these processes can be difficult. To ensure observations within the region are comparable the NIWA observations are complemented with a co-located LoFlo instrument operated by CSIRO. References [1] Brailsford, G. W., Stephens, B. B., Gomez, A. J., Riedel, K., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Nichol, S. E., and Manning, M. R.,2012, Long-term continuous atmospheric CO 2 measurements at Baring Head, New Zealand, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, , doi: /amt [2] Bromley, T., W. Allan, R. Martin, S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher, D. C. Lowe, H. Struthers and R. Moss (2012). Shipboard measurements and modeling of the distribution of CH 4 and 13 CH 4 in the western Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 117(D4):D [3] Stephens, B. B., Brailsford, G. W., Gomez, A. J., Riedel, K., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Nichol, S., and Manning, M., 2012, Analysis of a 39-yr continuous atmospheric CO 2 record from Baring Head, New Zealand, Biogeosciences Discuss., 9, , doi: /bgd

14 The greenhouse gases observation and analysis at GAW stations in Malaysia Mohd Firdaus Jahaya, Maznorizan Mohamad, and Toh Ying Ying Malaysian Meteorological Department, Jalan Sultan, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia * firdaus@met.gov.my This paper describes the greenhouse gases observation and analysis at Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations in Malaysia. Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia) has participated in the world wide network of GAW programme since 1989 and has established a GAW Global Station in Danum Valley (DV) since November At the same time, MetMalaysia is also operating two other GAW regional stations, one in Cameron Highlands (CH) and the other in Petaling Jaya. The GAW monitoring activities at GAW stations in Malaysia focuses on six classes of variables such as aerosol, greenhouse gases (GHGs), reactive gases, O 3, UV radiation and precipitation chemistry. This paper will only focus on the on-going GHGs and selected reactive gases that related to GHGs monitoring programmes at GAW stations in Malaysia. Most of the GHGs are showing slight increasing trend except for CH 4 and is quite comparable with the global trend. The trends of annual average CO 2 concentration for DV and Mauna Loa are quite similar with both are showing an increasing trend of 1.90 ppm/year for DV and 2.11 ppm/year for Mauna Loa. The comparison between two method of CO 2 measurement at DV using LoFlo analyzer and flask sampling are showing quite a comparable trend with only less than 5 % percentage difference. Most of the GHGs and reactive gases measured by flask sampling at DV are showing similar trend with Hateruma, Japan contributing station (as a reference site). Overall the O 3 mixing ratios at DV and CH are very low and do not exceed the recommended Malaysia Air Quality Guidelines for 1 hour average. The concentration of O 3 in DV is generally less than the concentration of O 3 in CH. The comparison of mean monthly values between O 3 and PM10 at DV and CH shows that PM10 exhibits a similar trend as O 3 with maximum concentration of both O 3 and PM10 are observed during Southwest monsoon which coincides with the regional biomass burning period. The average O 3 concentration at DV and CH is lower during precipitation days compared to non-precipitation days. Five day backward trajectories based on highest hourly mean O 3 mixing ratio in CH and DV are computed using the HYSPLIT model to investigate the origin of the pollutants and influence of regional transport. The high O 3 episode during 22 June 2012 at CH and 27 August 2011 at DV is mainly attributed to regional transport from biomass burning. References [1] Y.Y. Toh et al., 2013, The influence of meteorological factors and biomass burning on surface ozone concentrations at Tanah Rata, Malaysia, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 70:

15 [2] Maznorizan Mohamad et al., 2013, The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Activities Programme in Malaysia. [3] Maznorizan Mohamad et al., 2012, The Measurement and Analysis of Greenhouse Gases at GAW Station in Danum Valley, Malaysia, Asian GAW Greenhouse Gases Newsletter, Volume No. 3: [4] Maznorizan Mohamad et al., 2011, The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Activities in Malaysia, Asian GAW Greenhouse Gases Newsletter, Volume No. 2: [5] WMO WDCGG Data Summary, WDCGG No. 37, GAW Data, Volume IV-Greenhouse Gases and Other Atmospheric Gases, [6] WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin [7] Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA) Global Monitoring Division

16 Gravimetric standard scales of SF 6 and N 2 O at ambient level Jeong Sik Lim, Dong Min Moon, Jin Bok Lee, Miyeon Park, A-rang Lim, and Jeongsoon Lee Center for Gas Analysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea lim.jeongsik@gmail.com 1. Overview SF 6 and N 2 O, having substantial global warming potential, attracts public attention. A precise measurement of those gases is therefore very keen interest due to the regulation to the human-activity driven emission, in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. As a consequence, the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) serves as an international framework aimed at maintaining the traceability chain for Green House Gases observation going through the Central Calibration Centre (CCL) and World Calibration Centre (WCC). In the meantime, memorandum of understanding (MOU) was signed between the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and WMO in order for ensuring better collaboration and authorisation among national metrology institutes (NMIs) and WMO organizations. Hence, collaborations and comparisons between NMIs and WMO organizations seem to be activated more than before. In a broad sense of BIPM-WMO MOU, for instance, the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) and the Korea Meteorology Administration (KMA) agreed to host WCC-SF 6 and started to improve the analytical capability of SF 6. [1] On the other hand, NMI-hosted key Comparison on Green House Gases was filed up or is ongoing with the attendance of WMO organizations. Therefore, it is suggested that the phase on the development of primary standards of SF 6 and also N 2 O in air should be shifted to the next level for the study of scale comparison. 2. Primary standards developments In this talk, we will present our recent achievements on new standards of N 2 O and SF 6 calibration scale prepared in artificial air matrix. Impurity analysis of pure gases were performed and every dilution steps are gravimetrically controlled according to ISO To verify dilution steps, analyses were performed using KRISS-calibrated gas chromatograph with thermal conductivity detector or electron capture detector (GC-TCD and ECD, respectively) according to ISO For SF 6 /air scale, we gravimetrically prepared 7 cylinders of which mole fractions are in the range of ambient levels (5~15 ppt). The impurity analyses of the pure gases composing of air, i.e. N 2, O 2 and Ar, were particularly performed with great care. In case of N 2 O, mole fraction was controlled to have ambient level covering 305~345 ppb. Since the target mole fraction of SF 6 is trace level, precise assignment of SF 6 in pure gases of N 2, O 2 and Ar is very crucial to the control of gravimetric dilution. For this purpose, the preconcentrator-gc-ecd was brought to ensure the SF 6 trace. For the SF 6 scale, we also

17 applied ISO standards correspondingly. In addition, we compare KRISS scale of SF 6 and N 2 O with NOAA scale to ensure the agreement in the mole fractions. Though previous KRISS scale of SF 6 /N 2 was biased by 0.13 ppt compared to NOAA scale of SF 6 /air, two scales are now in a good agreement due to no matrix effect. References [1] J. S. Lim, D. M. Moon, J. S. Kim, W.-T. Yoon, J. Lee, High precision analysis of SF 6 at ambient level, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, (2013) [2] B. D. Hall, G. S. Dutton, D. J. Mondeel, J. D. Nance, M. Rigby, J. H. Butler, F. L. Moore, D. F. Hurst and J. W. Elkins, Improving measurements of SF6 for the study of atmospheric transport and emissions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, (2011) [3] B. D. Hall, G. S. Dutton, J. W. Elkins, The NOAA nitrous oxide standard scale for atmospheric observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09305 (2007) [4] ISO 6142, 2001, Gas analysis -- Preparation of calibration gas mixtures -- Gravimetric method [5] ISO 6143, 2001, Gas analysis -- Comparison methods for determining and checking the composition of calibration gas mixtures

18 Compatible N 2 O data in the WMO-GAW network: Still an issue that matters? Rainer Steinbrecher, Eckhart Scheel Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Campus A1pine, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (KIT/IMK-IFU), World Calibration Centre for N 2 O/VOC, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, Garmisch-Partenkrichen, Germany * rainer.steinbrecher@kit.edu Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) consists of a worldwide measuring network of observations and scientific infrastructure with 28 Global Stations, more than 400 regional stations and about 100 contributing stations in more than 100 countries. One of the key objectives of the network is to provide compatible data from the observation platforms. For improvement of the N 2 O data quality and compatibility within the network, the World Calibration Centre for N 2 O (WCC-N 2 O) has been established as a central GAW facility (WMO/GAW Report No. 142). The major tasks of the WCC- N 2 O comprise the development of quality control procedures, conducting audits at stations and intercomparison experiments as well as providing training and technical advice to GAW station personnel (WMO/GAW-Report No. 185, imk-ifu.kit.edu/wcc-n2o/). System and performance audit at several GAW Stations over the past 10 years reveal that a high data quality with a known traceability is achieved and maintained only through rigorous QA/QC procedures. This in turn is a prerequisite for the validity of the data products and highlighted by the data users. A crucial point in the N 2 O analysis in air samples is the sufficient separation of the target compounds from other substances present in air samples (e.g. unknown compounds, CO 2, SF 6 ). Further, a careful determination of the detector response curve is important for achieving the DQOs for the full range of target mole fractions. The achievement of the DQOs still remains a challenge with the currently widely used gas chromatographic technique. Upcoming laser-based instruments seem to be a promising alternative

19 Intercomparison experiments for greenhouse gases observation (iceggo) in Japan M. Takahashi 1, T. Nakazawa 2, S. Aoki 2, D. Goto 2, K. Kato 3, N. Aoki 3, T. Watanabe 3, T. Machida 4, Y. Tohjima 4, K. Katsumata 4, S. Murayama 5, S. Ishidoya 5, S. Morimoto 6, T. Fujitani 7, H. Koide 1, A. Takizawa 1, H. Matsueda 8, Y. Sawa 8 and K. Tsuboi 8 1. Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 3. National Metrology Institute of Japan, Ibaraki, Japan, 4. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan, 5. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan, 6. National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan, 7. Office for Coordination of Climate Change Observation, Ibaraki, Japan, 8. Meteorological Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan * takahashi-m@met.kishou.go.jp Under the WMO GAW programme, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) serves as the GAW World Calibration Centre for CH 4 in Asia and the South-West Pacific. In order to ensure traceability to GAW international standards and maintain the accuracy of the measurements, JMA has carried out CH 4 reference gas intercomparisons since JMA and 10 observation laboratories from 5 countries participated in the 1st - 3rd rounds CH 4 reference gas intercomparisons. The results of these intercomparisons showed that the differences of measured CH 4 mole fractions between JMA and other laboratories in the 3rd round were reduced in comparison with ones in the 1st and 2nd rounds. It was presumably caused by an increase in the laboratories using the NOAA scale. However, the result of the 3rd round showed that the differences between JMA and other laboratories using the NOAA scale ranged from about -5 to +0.5ppb, and that these differences had the tendency to decrease as CH 4 mole fraction was higher. In 2012, JMA and other observation laboratories in Japan established a domestic alliance with the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), the Japanese metrology facility. We started intercomparison experiments named iceggo in order to ensure intercomparable datasets produced by these laboratories, and the intercomparison experiments for CH 4 was conducted from 2012 to This was conducted in parallel with the 3rd round CH 4 reference gas intercomparison conducted in Japan, and 6 reference gases ranging from 1660 to 2240ppb were circulated in this experiment. The result of this experiment showed that the differences of measured CH 4 mole fractions between JMA and other laboratories increased with CH 4 mole fraction, and the gravimetric values of NMIJ were intermediate among 5 laboratories. In the presentation, we will introduce the results of the 1st - 3rd rounds CH 4 reference gas intercomparisons and of the iceggo CH 4 intercomparison experiments

20 Current activities of World Calibration Center for SF 6 Deullae Min 1, Haeyoung Lee 1, Dong Min Moon 2, Jeong Sik Lim 2, and Jeongsoon Lee 2 1. Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center, Korea Meteorological Administration 2.Center for Gas Analysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science * mindl@korea.kr To assure the quality of observation data in the WMO GAW programme, five types of central facilities are operated by WMO members. World Calibration Center (WCC) plays a key role for the propagation of WMO reference scale to ensure the compatibility of observation data from a number of GAW stations. In 2012, Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) was designated as a World Calibration Center for sulfur hexafluoride (WCC-SF 6 ) by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with WMO. Since then, KMA has operated WCC-SF 6 in its Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center (KGAWC). WCC-SF 6 has established several systems for preparation of SF 6 laboratory standard gases, including a cylinder evacuation system, a dry air sampling system with air compressor and a gas mixing system. For implementing the traceability in laboratory standard gases of WCC-SF 6, the gas chromatograph analysis system with micro-electron capture detector are calibrated with five standard gas mixtures following the NOAA-2006 SF 6 scale. The WMO mole fraction scale for SF 6 is developed and maintained by Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL) in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In the beginning of 2013, the first inter-comparison between CCL and WCC-SF 6 has been conducted to ensure the compatibility of the reference scale maintained in WCC. Regarding two air samples contained approximately 6 ppt and 8 ppt of SF 6, the comparison result between analysis values from each facility showed good agreement each other. To meet the challenges of WCC-SF 6, KMA/KGAWC will implement plans: to develop a measurement guideline for SF 6 observation in cooperation with Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), the national metrology institute of Korea; to provide a technical training course for GAW stations; to conduct inter-comparison campaign and system/performance audit on a regular basis. In addition, WCC-SF 6 is designing a programme and contents with supports from several funding sources to extend and enhance capability for SF 6 observation such as organizing SF 6 observation network including the in-situ and/or flask sampling analysis

21 CarbonTracker-Asia a tool to quantify global CO 2 uptake/release focused on Asia ChunHo Cho 1, Gil Lee 1, Johan Lee 1, and Andrew R. Jacobson 2 1. KMA National Institute of Meteorological Research, Climate Research Laboratory, 2. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory * choch0704@korea.kr CarbonTracker (CT) integrates our current understanding of CO 2 fluxes between the atmosphere and the other carbon reservoirs optimally consistent with both atmospheric transport and observations. Therefore CT is a new product that combines measured atmospheric concentrations with other information to enhance the utility and value of carbon cycle information to society, economies and ecosystem management, as we respond to the climate related challenges of the 21 st century. CT was originally developed by NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory to focus on North America. Here the system is applied in Asia as CarbonTracker-Asia cooperated with ESRL/NOAA. An optimization procedure is performed by a fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother implemented within the TM5 atmospheric transport model. CT-Asia uses a nested grid to provide enhanced transport resolution over Asia. The TM5 domain consists of the double-nested mesh (global: 3 x2, Asia: 1 x1 ). Our goal in this presentation are to (1) describe how CarbonTracker works, (2) analyze time variation and spatial distribution of CO 2 concentrations and fluxes, and (3) discuss how climate system, which is one of the carbon cycle control factors, effects on the terrestrial ecosystem for the period of References [1] CarbonTracker-Asia :

22 Preliminary results of CO 2 retrievals from ground-based solar absorption FTIR spectrometer and its validation Tae-Young Goo, Young-Suk Oh, and Mi-Lim Ou and Young-Hwa Kim Global Environmental System Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Research * gooty@korea.kr Ground-based solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) Spectrometer (IFS-125HR) manufactured by Bruker was installed at the Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center at Anmyeondo, Korea on December Instrument specification was adopted by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) configuration such as a spectrum range of 3,800~16,000 cm -1, a resolution of 1 cm -1, InGaAs and Si-Diode detectors and CaF 2 beam splitter. CO 2 retrieval algorithm which is the latest version of GGG released in 2012 was employed. Sitespecific input data such as weather parameters (pressure, temperature, wind speed and wind direction) and surface pressure were used and model-related background information was based on NCEP reanalysis which has 17 layers from 1000 to 10 hpa. After cloud filtering to exclude the spectra contaminated by cloud, XCO2 was retrieved and was validated against ground- and aircraft-based insitu measurements using the Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy analyzer manufactured by Picarro. The spectrum fitting indicator, %residual, shows a very good agreement between measured and simulated spectra in the range of -0.5 to 0.5. While the ground- and aircraft-based CO 2 measurement have very large variability as a function of time, FTS XCO2 shows very stable time variation. Small XCO2 variation is mainly due to the feature of XCO2 based on total column density. In addition, it should be noted that XCO2 retrievals of this work is at the preliminary stage and still need some corrections on airmass independency and in-situ measurement such as aircraft observation. It is also found that most XCO2 retrievals show lower than in-situ measurement. Acknowledgement This study is supported by the Development and Application of Methodology for Climate Change Prediction [NIMR 2012-B-2]. Data from Ground-based in-situ CO 2 measurement were produced by the Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center

23 Carbon budget and process network in a rice paddy Joon Kim 1,2, Juyeol Yun 1, Namgoo Kang 3 and Kyo Moon Shim 4 1. Complex Systems Science Lab., Dept. of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Korea, 2. Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, SNU, Korea, 3. Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Korea, 4. National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea * joon@snu.ac.kr Carbon sequestration efficiency is an important measure for sustainable management of agricultural ecosystems. In Asia, rice paddies play an important role in terms of net carbon exchange because of delicate balance between gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration and methane emission associated with irrigation practices and changing climate. In order to ascertain carbon balance in a rice paddy with various agricultural management practices, we have been monitoring CH 4 and CO 2 fluxes over a typical Korean rice paddy in Gimje, South Korea, using laser spectroscopy-eddy covariance technique and gas-chromatography-chamber technique. We followed the standard protocols of KoFlux for measurement, post-processing and gap-filling of Eddycovariance flux ( We present the results of energy and carbon balances for five different periods of growth stage and management practice from July to November 2011: (1) tillering with irrigation, (2) heading with no irrigation, (3) grain-filling with irrigation/drainage, (4) senescence with no irrigation, and (5) post-harvest/planting barley. During the measurement period from 1 July to 19 November 2011, the net carbon uptake amounted to 289 g m -2, of which 17 g m -2 of carbon returned to the atmosphere as methane. Using the process network analysis, we also examined the couplings and feedback loops among the key controlling variables associated with biophysical and biogeochemical cycles in this rice paddy. Acknowledgment This work was supported partly by the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science under the Basic Project of 'Establishment of National Gas Analysis Measurement Standards and Improvements of Calibration/Measurement Capability (Project no and no ) and partly through the National Agenda Project of Development of Measurement Technology for Solving Climate Change funded by the Korea Research Council of Science and Technology (NAP-08-2)

24 The isotopic composition of N 2 O: implications for trends in the relative contributions of microbial N 2 O production processes Sunyoung Park Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National Universiry * sparky@knu.ac.kr The increase in the atmospheric nitrous oxide (N 2 O) burden is largely a result of increased use of nitrogen-based agricultural fertilizer which stimulates microbial soil nitrification and denitrification processes. The enzymatic microbial production processes favor 14 N over 15 N, whereby kinetic isotope fractionation results in the distinct isotope fingerprints of the N 2 O sources: natural versus anthropogenic sources and nitrification versus denitrification. Long-term decreasing trends in δ 15 N, δ 15 N α, and δ 15 N β (i.e., the central α and terminal β nitrogen positions in NNO), and δ 18 O of N 2 O observed in Antarctic firn air and archived air samples from Cape Grim, Tasmania, from 1940 to 2005, confirm that the anthropogenic source must be substantially isotopically lighter in 15 N than the natural (or pre-industrial) source, as previously inferred from N 2 O soil emissions isotope measurements in mature tropical rainforests and agricultural soils [Park et al., 2011] and from a box model results based on the isotope values [Perez et al., 2001]. We estimated the relative contributions of nitrification and denitrification to the production of N 2 O and how they may have changed over time, based on the long-term record of Site Preference (SP = δ 15 N α -δ 15 N β ), as a proxy to differentiate nitrification and denitrification. An optimized box model analysis suggested a flux-weighted average SP for natural N 2 O sources of 4.2±1.5 and for the anthropogenic sources of 13.1±9.4. If laboratory measurements of SP, for a variety of nitrifying (SP 33 ) versus denitrifying (SP 0 ) bacteria [Sutka et al., 2006], are globally relevant, then combining these microbial SP values with our model results suggested that the relative contribution of nitrification to global microbial N 2 O production has increased from 13(±5)% in pre-industrial times to 23(±13)% in Note that denitrification has been a major production process as consistently shown in contemporary tropical soils. Although this estimated 10(±11)% increase in the relative fraction of nitrification has a large uncertainty, it is consistent with the long-held expectation that enhanced nitrogenous fertilization activates nitrification processes more, as nearly 90% of N-fertilizer is NH + 4, but it has been difficult to demonstrate globally. Additional SP measurements in the atmosphere, soil emissions, and laboratory cultures will allow refinement of this first long-term global estimate of the relative change in microbial nitrification versus denitrification since the natural nitrogen cycle was perturbed by human activity through the use of synthetic fertilizers

25 Development of remote controlled dehumidification system for GHG analyzers and application to a measurement at Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center Min Kyo Yin 1, Haeyoung Lee 2, and Jeong Sik Lim 3 1. R&D Center, GnL Co., Ltd. Korea, 2. Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center, Korea Meteorological Administration, Korea, 3. Center for Gas Analysis, KRISS, Korea * mkyin@gnlsolution.com The greenhouse gas observatory is established mainly in the island or secluded place in the mountains for minimizing pollution of greenhouse gas produced in neighboring environment and precise monitoring of the GHG. The annual change amount of the greenhouse gas shows a very minute and can get meaningful data through the accurate measurement for a longtime. For this reason, GHG observatories need a lot of operator and budgets for maintain these GHG analysis system and sample conditioning system. In addition, Korea is high temperature and humid in summer time. Also, large amount of particles are flowed in Korea due to topographic characteristics in spring. So that, GHG observatory in Korea needs further efforts to remove it. In this study, we developed remote controlled sample treatment system for GHG analyzer. This system removes moisture and particle automatically. Cold trap type dehumidification system can remove humid air sample continuously without any maintenance and operator. Furthermore, this system is remote controlled by network PC. Finally, we got secure and stable GHG analysis data using this system in Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center

26 Monitoring of atmospheric Radon-222 concentrations at Gosan site of Jeju Island, Korea in 2012 Chang-Hee Kang 1, Hee-Jung Ko 1, Won-Hyung Kim 1, Chul-Goo Hu 2, Dong-Hun Kang 3, and Scott Chambers 4 1 Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Korea, 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Jeju National University, Korea, 3 Korea Global Atmospheric Watch Center, Korea Meteorological Administration, Korea, 4 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Australia * changhee@jejunu.ac.kr The real-time monitoring of hourly atmospheric radon-222 concentrations has been made at Gosan Site (33.17 N, E) of Jeju Island, in This site is located on the eastern side of Jeju Island, 100km south of the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, and has recently been considered for upgrade and inclusion in the Global Atmosphere Watch network. The high sensitivity radon detector system (ANSTO, model D1500) has been installed, and it has the sample intake line of 10m above ground level, the radon delay chamber of 1500L and the sampling air flow rate of ~60 L min -1. The hourly mean concentration of radon-222 for the studying period was 2319mBq/m 3. In seasonal comparison, the order of the seasonal mean concentrations was as winter (2934mBq/m 3 ) > fall (2780mBq/m 3 ) > spring (2143mBq/m 3 )> summer (1585mBq/m 3 ). The monthly mean concentration was high (3055mBq/m 3 ) on November, showing almost three times as the August value (1185mBq/m 3 ). The hourly concentrations in a day showed the highest (2684mBq/m 3 ) at around 6 a.m. and the lowest (1905mBq/m 3 ) at around 3 p.m., and increased again during nighttime. From the backward trajectory analyses for a continental fetch of radon, the trajectories corresponding to the 75 th percentile matched very much with when the air mass were moved from the China continent to Jeju area, and the sectional (China, Korean peninsula, East Sea, North Pacific) radon concentrations were 2538, 2408, 2326, 1371mBq/m 3, respectively. References [1] Zahorowski, W., S. Chambers, T. Wang, C.H. Kang, I. Uno, S. Poon, S.N. Oh, S. Wercqynski, J. Kim, A. Henderson-Sellers (2005) Radon-222 in boundary layer and free tropospheric continental outflow events at three ACE-Asia sites, Tellus, 57(2), [2] Chambers, S. W. Zahorowski, K. Matsumoto, M. Uematsu (2009) Seasonal variability of radonderived fetch regions for Sado Island, Japan, based on 3 years of observations: , Atmospheric Environment, 43(2), [3] WMO/GAW, GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH MEASUREMENTS GUIDE (No. 143), WMO TD No. 1073, July

27 FTS high resolution spectra change trend analysis based on solar intensity Young-Suk Oh, Tae-Young Goo, Mi-Lim Ou, and Young-Hwa Kim Global Environmental System Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Research, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea * ysoh306@korea.kr On December 2012, National Institute of Meteorological Research (NIMR) prepared high resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), which adopted the spectra sensor for high-quality greenhouse gas output on the ground. The FTS products manufactured by Bruker, Germany, consist of the body (IFS-125HR) and solar tracking device (A547N Solar Tracker). FTS body (IFS-125HR) is the primary device that measures the spectrum, especially the interference pattern is measured, and the solar tracking device (A547N Solar Tracker) tracks the position of the sun so that is allows the measurement column to remain constant. NIMR FTS solar spectrum observed line spectrum in the near infrared (NIR) region, and the signal characteristics are affected by the sun. The influence of solar spectral intensity appears in the form of interference. Solar spectrum can be produced in the range of intensity values of 1~270 [px ms] of which the optimal values of the range is 80~130 [px ms]. The spectrum that is affected by the interference is excluded from the maximum. During the process of the Fourier Transform Time Shift phenomenon, values that are out of the scope range more than 270 [px ms] occur through the distortion. The noise spectrum is sun intensity of the vibration. The light intensity of the vibration energy is converted into electrical current to be expressed as a signal appropriate for expressing the required time because the noise is not secured. The screening positions (diameter 36mm) are shake in the range of 70~80 [px ms], which was stabilized at the range of 18~19 [px ms]. Sign expressed through time secured that the noise was reduced. Acknowledgement This study is supported by the Development and Application of Methodology for Climate Change Prediction [NIMR 2012-B-2]. Data form Ground-based in-situ CO 2 measurement was produced by the Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center