GAW Ozone Layer Monitoring

Transcription

1 World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water GAW Ozone Layer Monitoring Geir O. Braathen Atmospheric Environment Research Division, Research Department, WMO Geir O. Braathen, WMO, Research Department

2 Monitoring matters! 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

3 First 2.5 years of CO 2 observations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii: Seasonal cycle, but no trend is visible C. D. Keeling 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

4 After 55 years of continuous observations: The amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere is increasing exponentially (approx. 0.5%/yr) 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

5 Unexpectedly, stratospheric HCl is inreasing again after a decade of gradual decline HCl STRATOPSHERIC COLUMN (molec./cm 2 ) 5e+15 4e+15 3e+15 HCl column above Jungfraujoch, CH 11 years: 5 years: - 1.0± 0.2 %/yr +1.4± 0.5 %/yr 2e+15 Daily means th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

6 Ground based observations at Halley led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole 350 October average total ozone at Halley 300 Total ozone [DU] th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

7 Ground based observations at Halley led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole 350 October average total ozone at Halley 300 Total ozone [DU] Farman et al. publish their famous paper in Nature in th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

8 Long term time series put recent development into perspective Annual averages 11 year running mean average Total ozone [DU] Total ozone [DU] Total ozone, Arosa, Switzerland th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

9 GAW Ozone System SAGs Ozone UV IGACO-Ozone/UV GAW Secretariat CAS Open Programme Area Group EPAC Environmental Pollution & Atmospheric Chemistry Joint Scientific Steering Committee Quality Assurance & Science Activity Centres World & Regional Calibration Centres Total ozone 3 WCC (US, CA, RU), 1 Brewer RCC (ES), 6 Dobson RCC (JP, AU, ZA, AR, DE, CZ) Ozonesondes FZJülich (DE) Central Calibration Laboratories Host GAW World Reference Standards Dobson total ozone Brewer total ozone Ozonesondes NOAA ESRL/GMD (USA) Environment Canada FZJülich (DE) Contributing networks GAW stations & GAWSIS Alert Alert Ny-Ålesund Ny-Ålesund Pt. Pt. Barrow Barrow Pallas/Sodankylä Pallas/Sodankylä Mace Mace Head Head Jungfraujoch Zugspitze/Hohenpeißenberg Monte Monte Cimone Cimone Mt. Mt. Waliguan Waliguan Trinidad Head Izaña Izaña Pyramid Pyramid Mauna Loa Assekrem / / Minamitorishima Cape Verde Tamanrasset Danum Danum Valley Valley Mt. Mt. Kenya Bukit Bukit Koto Koto Tabang Satellites & Aircraft Samoa Arembepe Cape Cape Point Point Amsterdam Island Island Ushuaia Cape Cape Grim Grim Lauder Lauder Halley Halley Neumayer Neumayer South South Pole Pole World Data Centres World Ozone and UV Data Centre WDC-RSAT Environment Canada DLR, Germany products Bulletins Assessments Global fields

10 GAW is much more than just observations. It is also an end to end programme contributing to international assessments and with its own dissemination products, such as the WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin and the WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletin No October 2013 WMO GREENHOUSE GAS BULLETIN The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2012 Antarctic Ozone Bulletin No 6 / 2013 Temperature [ C] Temperature [ C] ISSN ppb N 30N 0 CH 4 Emissions (Tg yr -1 ) Altitude [km] Marambio Altitude [km] Ushuaia Latitude 30S 20 60S Year Year The left-hand figure shows the latitudinal distribution average differences for and of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ) interpolated from From 1984 to 2006, emissions were highly variable measurements from the WMO Global Atmosphere but persistently lower than for 2007 to 2012, except Watch network. After remaining nearly constant from for 1991 and Monthly emission differences 1999 to 2006, atmospheric CH 4 began increasing again (in Tg CH 4 yr -1 ) calculated globally (red) and for the in Total global emissions can be calculated from Arctic (green) by a chemical transport model study the observed atmospheric CH 4 burden and rate of are also shown (Bergamaschi, et al., 2013). Analysis increase, combined with an estimate of methane s of the data indicates that tropical and mid-latitude atmospheric lifetime (about 9 years). Differences Northern Hemisphere emissions have contributed between these emissions ( CH 4 ) and average to increases in atmospheric CH 4 since 2007, and that emissions for are plotted as blue circles there has not yet been a measurable increase in Arctic in the right hand figure; the dashed blue lines show CH 4 emissions from permafrost and hydrates. Executive summary continued to increase at a rate similar to the one observed over the past 4 years. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric The latest analysis of observations from the WMO Global (NOAA) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index shows that from Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme shows that the 1990 to 2012 radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse globally averaged mole fractions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), gases increased by 32%, with CO 2 accounting for about methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) reached new highs in 80% of this increase. 2012, with CO 2 at 393.1±0.1 ppm [2], CH 4 at 1819±1 ppb [3] and N 2 O at 325.1±0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, Overview 141%, 260% and 120% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. The atmospheric increase of CO 2 from 2011 to 2012 is higher This ninth WMO/GAW Annual Bulletin reports atmospheric than the average growth rate over the past 10 years. For abundances and rates of change of the most important N 2 O the increase from 2011 to 2012 is smaller than the one long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) carbon dioxide, observed from 2010 to 2011 but larger than the average methane, nitrous oxide, CFC-12 and CFC-11 and provides a growth rate over the past 10 years. Atmospheric CH 4 summary of the contributions of the other gases. These five 28 November 2013 Total ozone = 258 DU km column = 52 DU Ozone partial pressure [mpa] Balloon ozone soundings from Marambio and Ushuaia on 24 November After having been displaced towards the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean sectors for a period of time, the vortex came back over the Antarctic Peninsula and the southern tip of South America on 24 November. The timing of the ozonesonde launches at these two sites was done with the help of forecasts of potential vorticity provided by ECMWF through the European Commission funded MACC-II project. With 3-hourly forecasts the sonde launch can be timed exactly. Although the total ozone column is well above the 220 DU threshold, there is still a substantial degree of ozone depletion in the km altitude region. The total ozone map shows data from the TM3 data assimilation model, which uses total ozone observations from the GOME-2 instrument on board the Metop-A satellite. The location of Marambio and Ushuaia are indicated with the orange circles. One can see the ozone poor region stretching from the Peninsula towards the southern tip of South America. Global Atmosphere Watch Total ozone = 267 DU km column = 46 DU Ozone partial pressure [mpa] th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

11 GAW reports dealing with ozone measurement guidelines and NRT data delivery GAW Report No. 201 GAW Report No. 193 GAW Report No. 183 GAW Report No. 182 Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Ozonesonde Measurements in GAW Guidelines for Reporting Total Ozone Data in Near Real Time Operations Handbook - Ozone Observations with a Dobson Spectrophotometer Revised 2008 IGACO-Ozone and UV Radiation Implementation Plan For more information, please contact: World Meteorological Organization Research Department Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch 7 bis, avenue de la Paix P.O. Box 2300 CH 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland WMO/TD - No Tel.: +41 (0) Fax: +41 (0) AREP-MAIL@wmo.int Website: WMO/TD - No WMO/TD - No Ozonesondes NRT Data Dobson IGACO-O 3 /UV Guidelines for Brewer measurements are planned as output from the European COST Action EUBrewNet 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

12 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Flow of ozonesonde data GTS WOUDC Environment Canada, Toronto NADIR Data centre NDACC DHF U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SHADOZ data centre 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

13 Importance of regular calibrations and intercomparisons 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

14 IGACO-O 3 /UV Various activities to improve the quality of ozone observations Outlined in the IGACO-O 3 /UV Implementation Plan GAW Report no Recently, focus has been on ozone absorption cross sections NASA satellites now use the Brion, Daumont, Malicet (BDM) cross sections For ground-based measurements (Dobson and Brewer) the new Bremen cross sections (Serduychenko et al.) give the most consistent results A decision on a possible change from Bass & Paur to Serduychenko will be made soon 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

15 New cross sections give better agreement between Dobson and Brewer 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

16 Decline in number of stations and observations Total ozone observations globally 50,000 40,000 observations/year 30,000 20,000 Compare to , th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

17 Decline in number of stations and observations Difference and Station that reported in both periods Not reporting , did report Total Ozone New station (now reporting ) 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

18 Decline in number of stations and observations Difference and Station that reported in both periods Not reporting , did report Ozonesondes New station (now reporting ) 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

19 Decline in number of stations and observations as of th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

20 Decline in number of stations and observations as of th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

21 Conclusions Long-term ozone trends can be estimated from satellites, but the integrity of these estimates will be diminished without independent ground measurements. New ozone absorption cross sections will most likely be adopted for Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers. The number of reported total ozone and ozonesonde measurements has decreased by a substantial number since the period. The situation looks somewhat better now in May 2014 compared to one year ago. A part of the difference may be due to a certain time lag in data reporting, but this does not change the fact that many stations have ceased to observe and report ozone data. Fortunately, some new stations have been established in recent years. Capacity building is important for the continued high quality of ground based data. 9th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers, May

22 World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water Thank you for your attention! Geir O. Braathen, WMO, Research Department