Ammonia emissions from slurry stores

Transcription

1 Ammonia emissions from slurry stores 3 rd International Symposium on Emissions of Gas and Dust from Livestock Mai 21-24, 2017 Saint Malo, France Thomas Kupper 1, Christoph Häni 1, Roy Eugster 2, Jörg Sintermann 2 1 Bern University Hochschule of für Applied Agrar-, Sciences Forst- und School Lebensmittelwissenschaften of Agricultural, Forest HAFL and Food Sciences HAFL 2 The Bern cantonal University air of quality Applied office Science, AWEL, School Zürich of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL t

2 Introduction For emission mitigation, covering of new manure storage tanks is mandatory in many countries (e.g. Switzerland) Numbers for emission reduction are given by standard documents (e.g. UNECE Guidance document) However, The variability given in the literature is large Data are mostly derived from experiments carried out at the laboratory or pilot scale. Can they be extrapolated to real world conditions?

3 Introduction Emission and emission reduction due to slurry storage tank covering Emissions (uncovered tanks) Emission reduction Impermeable floating cover Plastic film NH 3 m -2 h -1 Sources: see slide 13 Mean/ Min Max Source estimate -84% -74% -93% Own literature review: cattle slurry -91% -55% -100% Own literature review: pig slurry -80% -59% -95% VanderZaag et al. (2015) -60% - - UNECE (2014) -80% - - Kupper, Menzi (2013) Kupper, T., Menzi, H Technical parameters of the Agrammon model ( Bern University of Applied Sciences School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science. UNECE Guidance document for preventing and abating ammonia emissions from agricultural sources. Paper ECE/EB.AIR/120, February 7, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). VanderZaag, A., Amon, B., Bittman, S., Kuczynski, T Ammonia abatement with manure storage and processing techniques. In: Reis, S., Howard, C., Sutton, M. A., (eds.). Costs of ammonia abatement and the climate co-benefits. Springer Netherlands. pp

4 Material and methods Study with measurement under real-world conditions One year measurement of the uncovered storage tank One year measurement after covering with an impermeable floating cover evaluation of the emission reduction Assessment of influencing factors (e.g. meteorological conditions; natural crust depending on the slurry tank operation, e.g. stirring, emptying, filling of the slurry)

5 Material and methods Experimental site Information on the farm / slurry tank Dairy farm with ca. 100 heads Loose housing with cubicles littered with straw with adjacent exercise yard Production of slurry Slurry tank Diameter: 21 m Height: 4.5 m Volume: 1558 m m

6 Material and methods Experimental setup minidoas Sintermann et al. (2016)

7 Material and methods Experimental setup Concentration measurements minidoas 10 min NH 3 concentrations as average over tank diameter, at the upper tank edge Sintermann et al. (2016) using a minidoas: high resolution (1 min) line integrated measurement Radiello diffusion passive samplers Weekly-averaged NH 3 concentrations from a vertical profile over the tank center Background concentration

8 Material and methods Experimental setup Meteorological parameters Cup anemometers + air temperature at minidoas the levels of the passive samplers Sintermann et al. (2016) 3D ultrasonic anemometer at 10 m height 10 min vertical wind and temperature profile Cup anemometers at tank edges wind speed at minidoas height Precipitation, rh

9 Material and methods Experimental setup Recording of slurry tank operations Webcam monitoring (1 picture per 5 min) of the slurry surface for recording of stirring, filling, discharging of the slurry Continuous measuring of the slurry level in the tank Characterization of the coverage of the slurry surface by a natural crust

10 Material and methods Emission estimation Weekly averaged integrated horizontal flux based passive sampler NH 3 -concentrations plus wind profile (quantitative) E PS 10 min windspeed x minidoas NH 3 -concentrations (qualitative) uc DOAS Complementary approaches: scaling uc DOAS to E PS by linear regression 10 minute NH 3 emission estimate

11 Material and methods Emission estimation Scaling between passive samplers mass balance and minidoas concentrations at 10 m x wind speed

12 Material and methods Emission estimation Diurnal NH 3 -emission trend Emission (g NH 3 10min -1 )

13 Results Overview on NH 3 emissions from the uncovered tank Start End Season Emission (g NH 3 m -2 h -1 ) Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring All 0.06 Data from the literature*: g NH 3 m -2 h -1 (flows at the lower end: with natural crust) *Aguerre et al. (2012); Amon et al. (2002); De Bode (1991); Grant, Boehm, (2015); Misselbrook et al. (2005); Sommer et al. (1993); VanderZaag et al. (2010a); Wood et al. (2012); Wood et al. (2014)

14 Results Concentrations of NH 3 measured with the minidoas

15 Results Factors influencing NH 3 emissions Strong influence of the natural crust at the slurry surface

16 Results Factors influencing NH 3 emissions Strong influence of the natural crust at the slurry surface Stirring of the tank Emission (g NH 3 m -2 h -1 ) 1 Rain > 1 Days after stirring

17 Results Factors influencing NH 3 emissions Strong influence of the natural crust at the slurry surface and of meteorological conditions Stirring of the tank Rain

18 Conclusions and outlook Emissions derived from a mass balance approach based on weekly passive sampler values and minidoas concentrations at 10 m x wind speed under environmental conditions coincide well Mean emissions value of 0.06 g NH 3 m -2 for a realworld uncovered slurry tank is in the range of values obtained from the literature The emissions respond well to the state of the natural crust and meteorological conditions Promising dataset for further exploration Prosecution of the field study which includes: A thorough analysis of the emission data Measuring after mounting of the impermeable floating cover over one year; evaluation of the emission mitigation

19 Acknowledgements AWEL Zurich for the financial support Thank you for your attention!

20 References Aguerre, M.J., Wattiaux, M.A., Powell, J.M Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide during storage of dairy cow manure as affected by dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio and crust formation. J. Dairy Sci. 95(12): Amon, B., Moitzi, G., Schimpl, M., Kryvoruchko, V., Wagner-Alt, C Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions from management of liquid manures. Final report. Vienna: Universität für Bodenkultur. Institut für Land-, Umwelt- und Energietechnik. De Bode, M.J.C Odour and ammonia emissions from manure storage. In: Nielsen, V. C., Voorburg, J. H., L'Hermite, P., (eds.). Livestock Farming. London, England: Elsevier Applied Science. pp Grant, R.H., Boehm, M.T Manure ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from a Western dairy storage basin. J. Environ. Qual. 44(1): Misselbrook, T.H., Brookman, S.K.E., Smith, K.A., Cumby, T., Williams, A.G., McCrory, D.F Crusting of stored dairy slurry to abate ammonia emissions: pilot-scale studies. J. Environ. Qual. 34(2): Sintermann, J., Dietrich, K., Häni, C., Bell, M.J., Jocher, M., Neftel, A A minidoas instrument optimised for ammonia field measurements. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 9: Sommer, S.G., Christensen, B.T., Nielsen, N.E., Schjorring, J.K Ammonia volatilization during storage of cattle and pig slurry - effect of surface cover. J. Agric. Sci. 121: VanderZaag, A.C., Gordon, R.J., Jamieson, R.C., Burton, D.L., Stratton, G.W Permeable synthetic covers for controlling emissions from liquid dairy manure. Appl. Eng. Agric. 26(2): Wood, J.D., Gordon, R.J., Wagner-Riddle, C., Dunfield, K.E., Madani, A Relationships between dairy slurry total solids, gas emissions, and surface crusts. J. Environ. Qual. 41(3): Wood, J.D., VanderZaag, A.C., Wagner-Riddle, C., Smith, E.L., Gordon, R.J Gas emissions from liquid dairy manure: complete versus partial storage emptying. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 99(1-3):