Future of Energy - a European Perspective. Dr.-Ing. Klaus R.G. Hein Prof. em. University Stuttgart, Germany

Transcription

1 Future of Energy - a European Perspective Dr.-Ing. Klaus R.G. Hein Prof. em. University Stuttgart, Germany

2 1957 Formation of the European Union BE NL LU FR DE (W) IT EEC ( ) EC ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) EU12 ( ) EU15 ( ) EU25 ( ) EU27 ( ) GB IE DK GR ES FI PT SE AT PL CS HU SK LT LV EE MT CY BG RO population in Mio

3 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) per capita in toe/capita, World USA Canada Japan Australia China India EU27 Germany Bulgaria Romania Source: IEA Statistics, 2007

4 Source: IEA Statistics, 2005 Import per Total Primary Energy Supply in toe/toe, 2003 USA Canada Japan Australia China India EU

5 Historic Milestones in Energy Conversion -Coal was the most important fuel for steam raising, the backbone of industrialization in Europe -Steam also became of increasing importance for electricity generation -Electricity has grown into the major, most versatile form of converted energy

6 Development of the specific fuel consumption for coal fired power stations

7 Development of steam parameters

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9 Development of Coal Fired Power Stations

10 Power Plant Development in Europe (1960ies onwards) Strong increase in electricity demand and its projections Enlargement in total capacity at large unit sizes Own fuel resources limited and at high cost Compulsory emission control with efficiency penalty Thus: Further improvements in plant efficiency required

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12 Large Scale Power Station Development in Europe The 70ies: Serious events with major consequences: 1. Acid rain issue forest damage: Growing public awareness of local/regional environment pollution Power stations as major cause First emission limitation strategies in several European states Resulting actions: Exploration and development of low emission energy conversion concepts

13 Flue Gas Desulphurisation Plants

14 Combustion Modifications for NOx Emission Reduction

15 SCR Technology Installation for NOx Emission Reduction

16 Development of Power Plant Emissions ( Germany ) Power plant emissions in 10 3 to/a SO 2 NOx Dust

17 Coal fired power stations: Ranges of steam parameters Subcritical Critical point Super critical Ultra super critical pressure bar psi temperature C F

18 European supercritical power plants (selection) Plant Year Fuel Capacity (MW) Steam pressure (bar) Steam Temp ( C) Condenser pressure (mbar) Net efficiency (LCV) Staudinger 1992 bit.coal / Vestkraft 1992 bit.coal / Nordjylland 1998 bit.coal /580 / Schwarze Pumpe 1997 brown coal / Lippendorf 1999 brown coal Niederaussem 2002 brown coal / /

19 Development of Net Power Plant Efficiency Net efficiency % Hard Coal Lignite Studstrup 3/4, 350 MW Fynsvaerket 7, 400 MW Neurath E, 600 MW Avedore 2, 460 MW Westfalen D, 350 MW Hemweg 8, 680 MW Staudinger 5, 550 MW Esbjerg 3, 400 MW Schwarze Pumpe, 2 x 800 MW Schkopau, 2 x 400 MW BoA Plus, 1000 MW Niederaußem K, 960 MW Lippendorf, 2 x 930 MW Boxberg IV 900 MW Year

20 Combination of gasification and combustion: (IGCC = integrated gasification combined cycles) Attraction (70ies) vs. Coal fired power plants by higher total conversion efficiency / lower gas emission for electricity generation via steam turbine and gas turbine

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22 Situation in the 80/90ies Competitive power station concepts Coal: Conventional steam turbine cycle with advanced steam parameters: η = 42 47% Combined steam/gas turbine cycle with integrated pressurized combustion (PFBC): η = % Combined steam/gas turbine cycle with integrated pressurized gasification (IGCC): η 45 % Natural gas: Combined steam/gas turbine cycle: η = %

23 Conclusions for Coal fired Power Plants in the 80/90ies Experience with combined cycles triggered parallel development of improved conventional water/steam cycle In comparison to conventional power stations technology efficiency advances of combined cycles were not anymore essential Despite of improvements over time availability/reliability of combined cycles were lower than conventional power stations New installations are predominantly based on advanced conventional technology

24 Concepts for Conventional Power Plants

25 Walsum Unit 10 Nominal power (gross) MW Nominal power (net) 725 MW (Guarantee) Live steam / RH steam temp. 600 ºC / 620 ºC Live steam pressure 264 bar Condenser pressure 35 mbar Turbine speed 3,000 min -1 Overall Efficiency 46.1 % Plant net heat rate 7807 kj/kwh Generator rated power 962 MVA Power factor (cos φ) Source:Hitachi

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27 The 90ies and beyond: New drivers: 1. Global climate issue Greenhouse gas emission, in particular CO 2 emission problem 2. Sustainability of energy supply Expected strong increase of energy/electricity demand at limiting access to primary energy resources Resulting actions: - Kyoto Protocol (1998) - Political commitment towards sustainable energy supply and environment protection at competitive level

28 CO2-emissions in t per capita, World USA Canada Japan Australia China India EU27 Germany Bulgaria Romania Source: IEA Statistics, 2007

29 EU- Energy Strategy for the Future Security of Supply Sustainable Energy for the Future Environment Protection Economical Competitiveness

30 Energy Policy of the European Union (1) towards limiting the global climate change to 2 C Strategic objective: at least 20% reduction of GHG by 2020 (50% by 2050) compared to 1990 Energy Efficiency Action Plan, i.a. Transport: fuel efficient vehicles Buildings: energy performance improvement, energy savings Electricity/heat generation: efficiency improvement

31 Energy Policy of the European Union (2) Energy sources: Mix of all primary energy options Nuclear: 1/3 of electricity, 15% of total mix Renewables: 20% by 2020, 10% biofuels for electricity heating and cooling transport Sustainable fossil fuels: Support of continuing research on Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for new coal/gas plants after 2020 Up to 12 industrial scale demonstration plants expected, joint undertakings, pooling of funds (EU, member states, industry)

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38 Consequences for future decades: Fossil fuels will be the predominant base for large scale heat/electricity generation Alleviation of the CO2-issue; technological alternatives for carbon fuels: - Switch to lower carbon-fuels - Reduction of specific CO2-emission by efficiency improvements of conventional energy conversion process, including CO2-neutral fuels - Reduction of absolute CO2-emission from industrial fuel conversion by CO2-capture and subsequent storage

39 Dependency of CO 2 -Emission on Fuel and Plant Efficiency specific CO2- emission [kg CO2/kWhel] brown coal black coal fuel oil light natural gas total net efficiency η el

40 The way forward; R & D in Europe AD 700 Project - Objectives: Development, design and demonstration of a pulverized coal fired power plant with advanced supercritical steam parameters in the range of bar, C and efficiencies 50-55% Qualification of advanced nickel-based boiler and turbine materials and of improved austenitic and ferritic steels Stages: Conceptual design Material property development and demonstration Full scale tests

41 Components Test Facility COMTES700 HP Header Piping Test Evaporator Panel Test Superheater p

42 Development of Efficiency in Coal fired PP Net efficiency 55% 50% 45% 40% 35% Austenites (290 bar, 600 C) Ferrites and Martensites (260 bar, 545 C) Nickel BaseAlloys (350 bar, d >700 C) 30% Start-up Source:EON

43 Advancing large scale heat/electricity generation CO2-capture: - post combustion - de-nitrification (oxyfuel) - pre-combustion CO2-storage: - enhanced oil/gas recovery - depleted oil/gas fields - deep saline aquifers - coalbed methane recovery

44 Post-combustion Source:Vattenfall

45 CASTOR CO 2 from capture to storage Esbjerg power plant Capacity: 1 t CO 2 / h 5000 Nm3/h fluegas (coal combustion) In operation since early 2006

46 Oxyfuel Combustion

47 The Pilot Plant Lay-out ESP Boiler house FGD Cooling towers FGC ASU CO 2 -plant Switchgear building

48 Vattenfall Oxyfuel Pilotplant Source:Vattenfall

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50 Pre-combustion

51 IGCC Plant Puertollano with Pilot plant Site

52 450 MW IGCC-CCS project with CO 2 storage Storage region Power plant Basic technology: IGCC Fuel: Rhenish lignite El. capacity: 450 MW gross CO 2 storage: 2.6 mill. t/a in depleted gas reservoirs or saline aquifers Commissioning: 2014 (first grid connection) RWE budget: approx. 1.7 billion Comprehensive gasification and storage know how at RWE Power and RWE Dea offers favourable preconditions. Source:RWE

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57 CO 2 SINK in Ketzin Injection facility Drilling Hydraulic testing

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60 Development of Efficiency in Coal fired PP Net efficiency 55% 50% 45% 40% 35% CCS makes efficiency improvemen Austenites even more important (290 bar, 600 C) Ferrites and Martensites (260 bar, 545 C) CCS Efficiency Penalty 30% Start-up Source:EON

61 Energy Research in FP to 2013 OBJECTIVE Transforming the current fossil-fuel based (carbon intensive) energy system into a more sustainable (low carbon) one based on a diverse portfolio of energy sources and carriers combined with enhanced energy efficiency, to address the pressing challenges of security of supply and climate change, whilst increasing the competitiveness of European industries.

62 FP7 Priority Topics in Energy Hydrogen and fuel cells Energy savings and energy efficiency Renewable electricity generation CO2 capture and storage technologies for zero emission power generation Renewable fuel production Clean coal technologies Renewables for heating and cooling Smart energy networks Knowledge for energy policy making

63 Future Sustainable Energy Supply General need for: Environmentally acceptable processes with marketable products Public awareness that energy is a vital commodity Principle understanding that energy saving is a pertinent requirement Need for long term binding political strategies/directives

64 Thank you for your attention