Applied Microbiology. Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem. Microbial Ecology: relationship of microorganisms with each other and

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Arthur Joseph
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Applied Microbiology Applied Microbiology applied microbiology is the interaction of the microbial world and the rest of the world

survival on Earth to be a successful ecosystem on Earth, you d best be nice to the!

their environment ecosystem: interaction of living and non living components oceans, deserts, marshes, forests, tundra, lakes play

microorganism Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem 3 main levels exist in every ecosystem in regards to nutrient acquisition

1 Applied Microbiology Applied Microbiology applied microbiology is the interaction of the microbial world and the rest of the world genetic variances microbial effect on soil, water, our food are present in most every aspect of our lives are critical to our survival on Earth to be a successful ecosystem on Earth, you d best be nice to the! Microbial Ecology: relationship of with each other and their environment Microbial Ecology: relationship of with each other and their environment ecosystem: interaction of living and non living components oceans, deserts, marshes, forests, tundra, lakes play a key role in ecosystem structure microenvironment: immediately surrounds a microorganism relevant to survival and growth of the microorganism Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem 3 main levels exist in every ecosystem in regards to nutrient acquisition producer consumer decomposer Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem 2. consumers heterotrophs utilize organic material created by producers 1. primary producers: convert CO 2 to organic material 1

Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem 3.

decomposition Low Nutrient Environments: common in nature bacteria do best in biofilms if nutrition availability is low biofilms are a polysaccharide encased community of extract nutrients that

occupy the environment at a given time Competition and Antagonism: among competition: fierce competition for nutrients and water the faster a microbe reproduces the larger the population the

ALL AND IS KING/QUEEN OF THE MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM Example of Competition stability of microbial community in human intestine is attributed to competition and antagonism amongst its members compete

2 Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem 3. decomposers heterotrophs digest leftovers of primary producers and consumers detritus ( fresh or partially decomposed organic matter) bacteria and fungi are key players in the process of decomposition Low Nutrient Environments: common in nature bacteria do best in biofilms if nutrition availability is low biofilms are a polysaccharide encased community of extract nutrients that are absorbed by water from air or nutrients that are adsorbed onto the biofilm Microbial competition and antagonism most environments are suitable to many kinds of only one or a few can actually occupy the environment at a given time Competition and Antagonism: among competition: fierce competition for nutrients and water the faster a microbe reproduces the larger the population the larger population competes better critical, especially if the competing utilize similar nutrients antagonism bacteriocins: protein produced by bacteria that destroys similar strains WINNER TAKES ALL AND IS KING/QUEEN OF THE MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM Example of Competition stability of microbial community in human intestine is attributed to competition and antagonism amongst its members compete nicely for nutrients produce toxins to limit growth of new microbes Environmental Change affect microbial population environmental fluctuations are common and resident may respond by producing enzymes to help adapt to changing environment additional or different enzymes may be necessary for survival mutation domination by other species (can t compete any more) 2

3 Microbial Mat: thick, dense, organized biofilm generally found attached to a solid substrate or at air water interfaces The Study of Microbial Ecology somewhat difficult to accomplish less than 1% of environmental can be successfully cultured in the lab Microbial mat attached to rocks Microbial mat in stream bed Microbial Habitat aquatic marine: deep waters are usually stable and consistent shoreline habitat varies due to nutrient rich run off Microbial Habitat freshwater: algae lakes stratification allows for the mixing of the water seasonally. Increases the presence of O 2 in the deeper H 2 O paramecium Microbial Habitat moving water rivers generally aerobic due to turbulence facilitating O 2 circulation Microbial Habitat terrestrial are critical to soil habitat composition of microbes is dependent on soil conditions wet soil: anaerobic conditions due to water filling the pore space in the soil, soil dries and microbes go produce endospores for survival river ostracod Endospores 3

Mutualism with Eukaryotes mychorrhizae: fungus assist plants in the uptake of phosphorous mychorrizae gain

partner plant most common is Rhizobium, a microorganism found in many root nodules Rhizobium in root

need to digest the plant tfood dthey ingest Bacillus in a cow rumen Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment

the environment BOD is the amount of O 2 needed for microbial decomposition of the organic material in a

the O 2 level in the receiving water in other words if raw sewage is deposited dinto a lake or stream

4 Mutualism with Eukaryotes mychorrhizae: fungus assist plants in the uptake of phosphorous mychorrizae gain nutrient from plant Mutualism nitrogen fixers: fix nitrogen and make it available for the use by their partner plant most common is Rhizobium, a microorganism found in many root nodules Rhizobium in root nodules Nitrogen Cycle Mutualism: and the world and herbivores animal with a rumens (cow) or cecums (horse) need to digest the plant tfood dthey ingest Bacillus in a cow rumen Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment decreasing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) decreases impact of sewage on the environment BOD is the amount of O 2 needed for microbial decomposition of the organic material in a sample Biological filter Grit chamber Clarifier if not treated the high BOD found in sewage could deplete the O 2 level in the receiving water in other words if raw sewage is deposited dinto a lake or stream without treatment, it would effectively suck the oxygen out of the water, leaving very little for the fish and other organisms 4

Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment sewage treatment is a controlled process that strives to eliminate

bacterial filaments Microorganisms and Water Treatment and Testing municipal water supplies are tested

Microorganisms and Solid Waste Treatment the elimination of organic waste material can be enhanced by

decomposition of organic solid materiel results in excellent fertilizer are needed to breakdown the

environment pollutants removed can include organic solvents toxic chemicals hydrocarbons oil spill

to the environment (xenobiotics) no time for naturally occurring microbes to have evolved biochemical

5 Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment sewage treatment is a controlled process that strives to eliminate the excess organic material, thus diminishing the BOD most of the removal of organic matter is done by bacterial filaments Microorganisms and Water Treatment and Testing municipal water supplies are tested and treated for the removal of pathogenic and chemicals this is done with the use of chemicals Microorganisms and Solid Waste Treatment the elimination of organic waste material can be enhanced by increase cost to separate organic material from inorganic (glass, metal, plastic) composting: natural decomposition of organic solid materiel results in excellent fertilizer are needed to breakdown the organic material Compost Bioremediation: use of to eliminate or make harmless pollutants in an environment pollutants removed can include organic solvents toxic chemicals hydrocarbons oil spill Bioremediation introduces specific organisms to the polluted area many toxic substances are man made/new to the environment (xenobiotics) no time for naturally occurring microbes to have evolved biochemical pathways for their degradation scientists are trying to develop new microbes for the degradation of environmental polluters Cleaning an oil spill 5

Bioremediation scientists are also making use of organisms already found in the environment enhance their requirements for growth, such as nutrition or water availability Bacteria in an oil spill Why

current methods of controlling some environmental polluters are incineration or storage in land fills, which result in more pollution health risks bioremediation is inexpensive publicly accepted non

6 Bioremediation scientists are also making use of organisms already found in the environment enhance their requirements for growth, such as nutrition or water availability Bacteria in an oil spill Why Bioremediation? current methods of controlling some environmental polluters are incineration or storage in land fills, which result in more pollution health risks bioremediation is inexpensive publicly accepted non polluting (ideally) in situ treatment (at the site) Food Microbiology food is an ecosystem and play a key role in the stability of that ecosystem are introduced to the food ecosystem from the soil, harvesting, handling, storage, and packaging Food Microbiology fermentation: good food microbiology food that have been intentionally altered such as sour cream, cheese, beer any desirable change a microorganism makes to food Food Microbiology spoilage: bad food microbiology undesirable changes to food; sour milk, moldy bread preservatives and refrigeration inhibit the growth of Microorganisms in Food factors that affect the presence of in food include intrinsic extrinsic Moldy Spam 6

Intrinsic growth factors: naturally present in food water availability is measured as water activity (a w ) this is the amount available in the food most

98 Intrinsic Growth Factors ph many species of bacteria are inhibited by low ph, including most pathogens Testing soil ph Intrinsic Growth Factors biological

lysozyme susceptible bacteria Extrinsic Factors: environmental conditions temperature of storage below freezing water is unavailable for low temperatures (above

of O 2 obligate aerobes (need O 2 )won t grow in sealed containers may allow growth of anaerobic microbes Microorganisms in Food Production using for food

7 Intrinsic growth factors: naturally present in food water availability is measured as water activity (a w ) this is the amount available in the food most require an a w of 0.90 or above for growth fungi can grow with a a w of 0.80 fresh food have an a w 0.98 Intrinsic Growth Factors ph many species of bacteria are inhibited by low ph, including most pathogens Testing soil ph Intrinsic Growth Factors biological barriers: shells, rinds protect foods from invading antimicrobial chemicals: naturally occurring in some foods egg whites have lysozyme which will destroy lysozyme susceptible bacteria Extrinsic Factors: environmental conditions temperature of storage below freezing water is unavailable for low temperatures (above freezing) enzyme reactions are non existent or slow refrigerated food microbial growth is likely psychrophiles Extrinsic Factors atmosphere: presence or absence of O 2 obligate aerobes (need O 2 )won t grow in sealed containers may allow growth of anaerobic microbes Microorganisms in Food Production using for food production has been done for thousands of years cheese, yeast, beer used in food often produce an acidic by product as a result of metabolism can inhibit growth of many spoilage can inhibit growth of many foodborne pathogens Yeast cells 7

Food Spoilage: undesirable changes in food smell bad, taste bad, look bad probably are not harmful that cause food spoilage compete with pathogens in the case of food spoilage vs.

cause the illness, the toxin released by the microorganism does common exotoxin producing Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium botulinum Foodborne Infection requires consumption of microorganism

8 Food Spoilage: undesirable changes in food smell bad, taste bad, look bad probably are not harmful that cause food spoilage compete with pathogens in the case of food spoilage vs. pathogens, the spoilers are winning evidence is obvious, though I wouldn t eat anything that smelled or looked like that Foodborne Intoxication illness from microbial exotoxin microorganism does not cause the illness, the toxin released by the microorganism does common exotoxin producing Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium botulinum Foodborne Infection requires consumption of microorganism symptomatic about 1 day following ingestion of contaminated food common foodborne infecting Salmonella and Campylobacter poultry product tinfections Escherichia coli 0157:H7 undercooked hamburger Food Preservation: preventing growth and metabolic activities of spices, salting, drying are methods that have been around for years most common methods of current food preservation are high temperature treatment low temperature storage antimicrobial chemicals irradiation Campylobacter Salmonella 8

Problems and profit with waste. Standard Grade Biology Biotechnology

Problems and profit with waste Standard Grade Biology Biotechnology Learning Outcomes Describe some examples of the damage caused to the environment by disposal of untreated sewage. Give examples of diseases