Development of Advanced Wind Turbines technically-adapted to Japanese Conditions such as Typhoons and Complex Terrain

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1 ドイツバーデン ヴュルテンベルグ州日独科学シンポジウム 21 世紀のエネルギー 21.May.2013, Tokyo Development of Advanced Wind Turbines technically-adapted to Japanese Conditions such as Typhoons and Complex Terrain Dr. Hikaru Matsumiya HIKARUWIND.LAB. Ltd. Guest researcher of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1

2 Research History Affiliation 1974 ~ Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, MITI 2001 ~ National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 2004 ~ Kyushu University (Professor) 2007 ~ HIKARUWIND.LAB,Ltd. Research on Wind Energy 1978 ~ Mostly National R&D Projects 1981 ~ 1982 Humboldt Research Fellowship (DFVLR, Stuttgart) 2

3 Change in Electric Power Supply Structure after Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Structure of Electricity Sources (2010) Nuclear Petroleum LNG Coal Hydro Pumped-up Hydro Renewables, etc. Capacity (%) Generation (%) Nuclear Power Operation as of 14.May.2013 Only 2 units are in operation out of 50 units No. Units In Capacity In % Total 50 46,148MW 100 In Operation 2 2,360MW 5.11 Nuclear contribution to electric power demands Before accident: about 300 TWh (30%) Today: about 15 TWh (1.5%) (Prediction) 3

4 Electric Power Supply Structure in Japan (Time History of (100 GWh) Annual Electric Power Generation) Annual Electric Power Generation Geothermal and Renewables Hydropower Natural Gas Coal Oil Nuclear Financial Year (Data source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan) Nuclear: 10 TWh in 2012 (estimati on) 4

5 Situation Today No serious disruption due to the loss of Nuclear Power after 3.11 Self-conscious electricity conservation by citizens and companies have come through the peak demands in last two summer times. The first possible step towards zero option of nuclear power has been demonstrated. However, CO2 emission has slightly increased. It is because the electricity deficit from nuclear is made up balance mostly by thermal power. This runs counter to the moves toward prevention of global warming. Faster development of renewables are urgent issue. 5

6 National Energy Policy Fundamental review on national energy policy is ongoing. Options under discussion by 2030 Scenario Nuclear Renewables 1 0 % 35 % 2 15 % 30 % 3 20 ~ 25 % 25 ~ 30 % Old Basic Energy Plan by % 20 % Public opinion Public Opinion for denuclearization (Asahi Newspaper 2013.Feb.17) Opinion % breakdown % Right now 13 Yes 59 By After No 18 No 18 No Response 11 No Response 11 6

7 Wind Energy Resource How much can wind contribute? Data source: The Ministry of the Environment (A) Present (B) Potential (C) Best Scenario Ratio (C/A) Onshore (MW) , , Offshore (MW) 25 1,572, , Total (MW) ,855, , Contribution* (%) * Contribution = Penetration Wind has huge potential. If developed well, wind can solve both Nuclear zero option and Global Warming. Urgent issues are: Technical developments to overcome severe external (natural and grid) conditions. Reformation of social system (grid system, etc.) Clear decision making in energy policy 7

8 Main technical problems in wind power developments Typhoon High Turbulence Complex Terrain Deep Water Lightning Weak Grid Max Capacity GW Generation TWh Capacity factor 46.60% Hokkaido 6.5 GW 60Hz Hokuriku 8.1 GW Tohoku 17.1 GW Kyushu 19.4 GW Chugoku 12.2 GW Kansai 34.9 GW Chubu 32.5 GW Tokyo 61.8 GW Shikoku 6.9 GW Okinawa 1.9 GW 50Hz 8

9 Challenges in wind power developments Technology S-class wind turbines (against typhoon, lightning, high turbulence) Offshore wind (floating system, etc.) Distributed wind : small wind turbines CFD models Policy Feed-in-Tariff Standards 9

10 Severe Wind Conditions by Tropical Cyclones and Complex Terrain Japan has severe External Conditions due to - tropical cyclones, - and complex terrain. Measurement site Summit of Mt. Nonobori Complex Terrain tropical cyclones Tropical Cyclones Higher Extreme Wind Speeds Complex Terrain Higher Turbulence Intensity Source: Asahi Daily News Japan has a lot of experience of troubles, and R&D results/data related to tropical cyclones and complex terrain.

11 Courtesy of NEDO Statistical Investigation of Failures of WTGS Statistics of Failure/Breakdown Causes System failure 1.1% Others-reason unclear 30.8% Wind turbine internal failure 29.8% Environmental causes 35.7% Most significant causes of failure/breakdown: Natural Environmental Causes Strong wind (e.g. Typhoon) Lightning Turbulence (Failures caused by the turbulence may be difficult to be concluded?) Human factors 2.7% System failure 0.8% <FY FY2006> Human factors 3.4% Others-reason unclear 34.7% Environmental causes 34.5% Wind turbine internal failure 26.5% <FY FY2007> Occurrence frequency (%) Strong wind (e.g. Typhoon) Lightning Tubulence Freezing Inundation Salt damage Dew condensation Tornado Others Wind turbine Human System Others- Environmental causes factors failure internal failure Reason unclear *from the Report of Committee for Increase in Availability/Capacity Factor of Wind Turbine Generator System and Failure/Breakdown Investigation of Wind Turbine Generator System Subcommittee by NEDO Design failure Manufacturing failure Construction failure Maintenance Inadequacy FY2004 FY2005 FY2006 System failure Under investigation Cause unclear Others

12 Measured Data of High Turbulence in Japan A mass of measured wind speed data were analyzed in detail. A mass of wind speed data measured at total of 418 sites in Japan. Measured wind speed data of 259 sites is adopted in this analysis (others were excluded because expected capacity factor were low, and those are not suitable for wind farm project). => a mass of measurement sites is regarded as reflecting representative wind characteristics in Japan. Standard deviation of wind speed, σ 1 [m/s]

13 Proposal to IEC Standard from Japanese National Committee For tropical cyclone regions; New WT class for tropical cyclone regions (Class T) For high turbulence regions; New turbulence category for high turbulence regions (Category H) Class I II III T S V ref [m/s] V av [m/s] I ref H 0.18 a 0.16 b 0.14 c Values specified by the designer 13

14 National R&D Projects in Japan NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) under METI R&D of Next-Generation Wind Power Generation Technology (FY ) - R&D of Basic and Applied Technologies - Natural Hazard Protection Technologies (Lightning Protection Measures) Research and Development of Offshore Wind Power Generation Technology (FY ) - Demonstration PJ at Choshi - Demonstration PJ at Hibikinada METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) Floating Offshore Wind Farm Demonstration Project (FY ) MOE (Ministry of the Environment) Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Demonstration Project (FY )

15 Challenges on Small Wind Turbines Huge potential market globally Familiar energy resource to citizens like PV More technical challenges are needed Advanced social systems are needed 15

16 Some Technical Challenges Small wind turbines generating under a typhoon attack 1-kW turbines at offshore site continued generating power under strong winds above 40 m/s. They went through by idling under the maximum gust of 47 m/s /07 08:41:40 09/07 08:41:50 09/07 08:42:00 09/07 08:42:10 09/07 08:42:20 09/07 08:42:30 09/07 08:42:40 09/07 08:42:50 09/07 08:43:00 09/07 08:43:10 09/07 08:43:20 09/07 08:43:30 09/07 08:43:40 09/07 08:43:50 09/07 08:44:00 09/07 08:44:10 09/07 08:44:20 09/07 08:44:30 09/07 08:44:40 09/07 08:44:50 Wind Speed (m/s) Max Wind speed: 47m/s Wind Direction Power W RPM Wind speed Power(W), RPM, Wind direction (deg) Time (MM/YY/HH/MM/SS) 16

17 National R&D activities A National R&D Program supported Small Wind ( ) Participation in IEA WIND Tasks» TASK 27 Support of IEC Standardization» IEC MT2 Development of Certification System for small wind turbines Field tests of small wind turbines CFD analysis of flows around a building Wind tunnel testing of VAWTs Development of Simplified equations for VAWTs 600 m 80 m 40 m 17

18 Brief review of recent small wind turbine Deployment 2006 Tsukuba wind turbine happening 2006 IEA TASK 11 Expert Meeting, Challenges of Introducing Reliable Small Wind Turbines (Stockholm) 2008 BWEA Standard 2009 AWEA Standard IEA TASK 27, Consumer Labeling of Small Wind Turbines IEC MT2 & IEA TASK 27 Liaison Meetings started With growth of the technology, small wind turbines are getting the potential distributed energy resources globally. This provides citizens the chance of producing electricity in distributed style. JSWTA Standard Class NK started certification FIT started (July) A sloppy project in Tsukuba brought widely bad reputation 18

19 Structure of National & International Activities in Small Wind 2004 IEC Ed /JAN to revise IEC Ed.3 Wind Turbines Part.2 Design requirements for small wind turbines IEA Task Expert meeting UK US, Canada IEA TASK 27 Development and deployment of Small Wind Turbine Consumer Label Japan s SWT Certification System IEA/IEC Liaison Meeting Purpose: Create robust SWT market. Keep international cooperativeness. JSWTA (Japan Small Wind Turbine Association) develops Standard. Supported by METI, NEDO, Experts, Certification bodies. Key Words: Safety and Performance Start 19

20 Development of certification system FIT requires certification of small wind turbines FIT authorizes JIS C ( JSWTA Standard) Certification Body NK (Nippon Kaiji Kyokai) uses JSWTA Standard FIT Neutral Commi ttee JSWTA Standa rd Certific ation Body Custo mer Test Organization and Test Site are not yet ready Manuf acturer Test Organi zation Test Site 20

21 Feed-in-Tariff Price and Period Source PV Wind Geothermal >10 kw <10 kw >20 kw <20 kw >15 MW >15 MW Hydropower Biomass Price [JPY] w/o Tax Period The procurement price (FIT price) and the procurement period (period of the tariff) Price for Wind 20 kw or more : 22 JPY/kWh (0.191 Euro/kWh, USD/kWh) less than 20 kw : 55 JPY/kWh (0.479 Euro/kWh, USD/kWh) Period for Wind : 20 years Price will be reviewed every fiscal year based on technological innovations and decline in power generation costs. The reviewed price will be applied only to generation facilities that start supplying electricity from that fiscal year.

22 Summary of Small Wind Turbine Development Huge potential markets for Small Wind Turbines (SWTs), which can supply significant energy resources. Both grid-connected and distributed systems can achieve much more contribution to human lives. Technical developments are still key issues to use SWTs with higher safety and lower influence to the environments. Reformations of social systems such as grid systems, certification system and public education are also essentially important. With technical developments and social reformations, wind energy can respond to Zero nuclear option as well as Prevention of global warming. Thank you for your attention! 22