C. Penn, J. Payne*, J. Vitale, J. McGrath and D. Haak Oklahoma State University University of Maryland Illinois River Watershed Partnership

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1 C. Penn, J. Payne*, J. Vitale, J. McGrath and D. Haak Oklahoma State University University of Maryland Illinois River Watershed Partnership

2 Occurs primarily via surface flow: - Particulate P carried on eroded particles, not immediately bioavailable - Dissolved P 100% biologically available

3 Mehlich-3 Phosphorus (mg kg -1 ) Cessation of fertilizer applications Trt 1 Trt 2 Trt 3 Trt 4 Trt Plant optimum soil test P level Coale, F.J. and R. Kratochvil 2011: Unpublished data

4 Most traditional BMPs do: - target particulate P - veg buffers, riparian areas - prevent soil P from increasing - limit P applications

5 Runoff P (ppm) Most traditional BMPs do not: - target dissolved P - difficult to target High P soils will continue to produce dissolved P for years Runoff P vs. Soil Test P (Miami, OK) y = x R 2 = Soil Test P (ppm)

6 PSM: -any material that chemically removes dissolved P from a solution, reducing soluble P. Examples include: Al, Fe, Ca and Mg. Many by-products contain P sorbing minerals. Can be used for treatment of soil or manure; however, P is not removed from system. Better use would be treatment of runoff

7 Acid mine drainage residuals Manufactured PSM Steel slag Fly ash Drinking water treatment residuals Waste recycled gypsum Photo Credit: K.D. Chamberlain

8 Material Availability Particle size distribution and bulk density Cost & Transportation Potential contaminants Sorption characteristics Alkalinity/acidity Soluble salts Total, acid soluble, and water soluble Na & heavy metals Hydraulic conductivity Physical Properties

9 High P water PSM layer Clean water is released Drainage layer

10 Effective PSM in sufficient quantity P-rich water must flow thru PSM Ability to retain and replace PSM

11 Remove both particulate and dissolved P Ability to remove PSM after saturation Various metals and pesticides are removed

12 Ag runoff Urban runoff

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15 Confined Bed Good for large filter Ideal for drainage swales that require high peak flow and non restricted drainage Achieved through shallow PSM with large surface area

16 Perforated steel box Vertically positioned pipe inside box Filled with steel slag Small ditches or pond overflow Drawback: small amount of material

17 PSM over and under perforated pipes Dam at end for slow retention time Can use large amount of material Low cost Probably best option for ditches

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19 DESIGN GUIDANCE

20 Developed with lab flow through studies and validated with pilot scale filter Developed a user friendly empirical model Tested 16 different materials - add P at constant rate - vary retention time and P concentration - measure P in outflow

21 P removed (mg/kg) Aug 2012 Nov P added (mg/kg)

22 Inputs Site hydrology Targeted P removal PSM characterization Outputs Design parameters

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24 Cumulative P removed (mg kg -1 ) Measured Predicted P added (mg kg -1 )

25 EXAMPLE DESIGN

26 Creek structure location Funding Source: USDA-NRCS CIG poultry houses flow direction

27 Drainage area: 9 acres Slope: 6% Peak flow rate; 2 yr, 24 hr storm: 1,000 gpm Annual flow volume: 9 acre-ft Typical dissolved P: 1-2 mg L -1 Annual dissolved P load: 49 lbs Goal is to remove 45% of annual load

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30 40 tons treated slag To date: 67% of dissolved P trapped Step by step description found at:

31 Flow (gallons per minute) Peak Flow of 687 gpm Inflow range mg of P per liter Removed 0.33lb of the 0.58lb P that entered Time (minutes)

32 PSM Mass (Mg) Cumulative year 1 removal (%) Lifetime (yrs) Hydraulic conductivity (cm s -1 ) Area (m 2 ) PSM depth (cm) WTR * AMDR Fly ash 3 (plus 95% sand) (mixed with 95% sand) >6.35 cm slag Treated > 6.35 cm slag **

33 Design software is complete (Phrog) Interactive guidance based on user inputs OSU is licensing software NRCS standard (cost-share) draft complete Commercialization is key to dissemination

34 Golf course industry Home-owners association Storm water management Ag industry TMDLs Nutrient credit brokers

35 Illinois River in Oklahoma

36 Why did the chicken cross the stream? To avoid creating a water quality violation!