Quantitative Assessment of "The Program to Improve the Air Quality in Mexico City" PROAIRE

Transcription

1 Quantitative Assessment of "The Program to Improve the Air Quality in Mexico City" PROAIRE J. Figueroa 1, V. Mugica 1, A. Hernández 1, J. Sarmiento 2 1.Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, 2.Secretaría del Medio Ambiente SMA-DF 15th International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Associations' World Clean Air Congress. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada September 12-16, 2010

2 Introduction In 1992, the United Nations described Mexico City's air as the most polluted on the planet. The first Quality Program was in 1990 (Integral Program against Atmospheric Pollution PICCA), and the second one from 1995 to 2000 (Program to Improve the Air Quality, Proaire I). In 2000 the air quality has been improved, but ozone and PM standards exceeded more than 150 the air quality standards. The Proaire considered into the program the growing of the population, industry, services and vehicle fleet. Sceneries for 2008 and 2010 were modeled to forecast the pollution levels. The Proaire is the most important Program for the Air Quality Management carried out in Mexico City. 2

3 Goals of Proaire Ozone Goals: Eradication of ozone concentrations > 0.22 ppm Reduction of the number of days with ozone concentrations between Increasing of the number of days with the ozone standard attainment PM 10 goals Increasing of the number of days with the ozone standard attainment Reduction of the annual average of PM 10 PM 2.5 goals Establish the standard with 65 μg/m 3 24 h, and 15 μg/m 3 as annual average. Other pollutant goals. Eradicate CO concentrations above 9 ppm (8 h average). Reduction of average daily and annual concentrations of SO 2 Reduction of average daily and annual concentrations of NOx 3

4 Proaire Strategies 1. Emission reduction from transport 2. Emissions reduction from Industry and Services 3. Preservation and restoration of natural resources 4. Prevention of urban growing 5. Inclusion of urban development and transport policies 6. Prevention of population exposure to high pollution levels and risk communication 7. Improvement of laws and their accomplishment 8. Improvement of environmental education, research and technologic development Measures 4

5 Proaire Measures 38 Measures for transport 7 Measures for industries 9 Measures for services 15 Measures for natural resources 8 Measures for Health 4 Measures for education 8 Measures for Institutional Renforcement 5

6 Methodology Qualitative Indicators: Accomplishment (or grade) of objectives Accomplishment (or grade) of each measure Opportunity of the achievement of the Program Instrumentation Other benefices non quantifiable Quantitative Indicators: Quantification of reduction from source emissions Comparison of estimated with real implementation costs Quantification of other actions: campaigns, reforestation. 6

7 The Metropolitan Area of Mexico City MAMC

8 Evolution of MAMC 8

9 Emission Inventory Year Ton/year PM 10 SO 2 CO NOx COT COV , Sector D.F. Mexico State MAMC Ton/year Ton/year Ton/year % Point Sources Area sources Mobile sources Natural Sources Total Source: SMA-GDF,

10 Results 13 finished measures 66 In course measures 10 Stopped measured Limitations: Scarce information in general No information about costs Scarce information about times of instrumentation 10

11 Emission Reductions MEASURES PM 10 SO 2 CO NOx HCNM Reduction Ton/year Transport and vehicles Industry Services Natural resources Health Environmental education E A E A N/E E N/A N/A N/A N/A A N/A N/A N/A N/A E N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A E N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A E N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Institutional reinforcement E N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total Expected reductions E Total Achieved reductions A % of projected reductions to 2010 E

12 Ozone trends Days with good air quality (O3) Source: Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, SMA-GDF,

13 Particulate matter trends Average and percentil (10-90) PM10 PM2.5 Source: Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, SMA-GDF,

14 Pollutant trends Average and percentil (10-90) NOx SO2 Source: Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, GDF,

15 Accomplishment of Air Quality standards Days of standards exceedences Pollutant/year O 3 PM 10 * CO SO 2 NO 2 Pb PM 2.5 * days % days % days % days % days % days % days % D/I D/I N/D N/D

16 Modeling ozone reductions Modeling air quality with emission reductions. February 15, 2008 Modeling air quality with emission reductions. February 15,

17 Modeling PM10 reductions Modeling air quality with emission reductions. February

18 Summary The strategies and actions developed during the Proaire had as a consequence the improvement of the air quality in Mexico City. The concentration levels of all the pollutants diminished considerably, this means also a lower health risk for the Mexico City s inhabitants. Health studies showed than morbidity and mortality have diminished as a consequence of the air quality improvement. New air quality standards for particles were published. CO and SO 2 have not been exceeded in the last years, nevertheless is necessary to implement the standard of 9 ppm for CO instead 11 ppm. The Monitoring system was modernized. 18

19 Summary Most of the attained reductions were due to the measures developed for vehicles and transport. The measures with the highest contribution to emission reductions were: Stringent of emissions levels for vehicles; old vehicle fleet's emissions control with catalytic converters, taxi cabs substitution, car owners must have their vehicles certified every six months and a rotating one-weekday ban on private car use. Although the last subway line could not finished the public transport fleet in D.F. was renewed and new transport corridors were inaugurated; it is necessary to do the same in the Mexico State. Vapors recovery from gasoline stations was the best measure for Services, but the crisis affected the development of ecological measures for the industry. 19

20 Challenges An aggressive program of public transport, especially in the Mexico State is necessary to diminish the use of private vehicles. Although the reinforcement of laws related with the ecological management allowed the recovery of forests, conservation soils and green areas, it is necessary the instrumentation for the accomplishment of them. Even though the ozone goals were accomplished, we are far to attain the standard every day. More measures for precursors control should be implemented. Better fuels and industry's incentives are required for the use of clean technologies and alternative energies, such as solar and wind. People should be part of the solution, but requires education, training and information programs. 20