Market Equilibrium: Part II

Transcription

1 Market Equilibrium: Part II

2 Announcements PS #4 is posted on web page. It is big and not all questions are very easy. It is time to start studying. PS#5 will be even bigger. (also more challenging) A sample exam will be posted on webpage next week, and possibly more study questions for the exam. me to set up an office hour appointment (for study help)

3 Review Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. Equilibrium Price The price at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect. Equilibrium Quantity The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.

4 Terms you need to know: Shortage (excess demand): quantity demanded > quantity supplied Surplus (excess supply): quantity supplied > quantity demanded The market price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.

5 The equilibrium in the ice-cream market Demand Schedule Supply Schedule At $2.00, quantity demanded = quantity supplied The equilibrium price is P e = $2.00. The equilibrium quantity is Q e = 7 units.

6 Same thing with equations The equation for the market demand is Q D = 19 6P The equation for the market supply is Q S = 5 + 6P, if P 5/6, Q S = 0 if P < 5/6 Let s compute the equilibrium price and quantity. Q D = Q S (this means demand equals supply) 19 6P = 5 + 6P Solve for P: 24 = 12P P e = 2 To compute the equilibrium quantity, substitute 2 for P in the demand (or the supply) equation: Q e = 19 6(2) = 7.

7 Copyright 2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Same thing with the supply and demand graph Price of Ice-Cream 3.17 Demand: Q D = 19 6P Supply: Q S = 5 + 6P, (if P 5/6) Supply /6 Demand Quantity of Ice-Cream

8 Changes in the market equilibrium How do equilibrium price and quantity change when the supply of demand change?

9 Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium: The three steps method 0. Something (an event) happens: e.g., a meteor hits the earth. 1. Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve. 2. Decide whether the curve shifts to the left or to the right. 3. Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity.

10 Figure 10 How an Increase in Demand Affects the Equilibrium Price of Ice-Cream Cone 1. News says that regular consumption of vanilla ice-cream reduces cardiovascular diseases Supply $2.50 New equilibrium resulting in a higher price... Initial equilibrium D D Excess demand at P = Quantity of and a higher Ice-Cream Cones quantity sold. Copyright 2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

11 This is what prices do: Prices communicate information 1. Demand rises: people want more ice-cream. 2. There must be more production to meet the higher demand. 3. How can you convince/make the sellers supply more? 4. They are self interested, they need higher prices to work harder and supply more. 5. So. 6. The price must rise to create more supply (raise the quantity supplied) 7. The demand-induced-higher-price is a message from the buyers to the sellers: We want more ice-cream.

12 This is how the ice-cream produces learn the relative desirability (consumption value, benefit to consumers etc) of ice-cream: they learn it through its higher price. Prices act as signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources in a market economy.

13 One more example A supply shift

14 Figure 11 How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equilibrium Price of Ice-Cream Cone Excess demand, shortage S 2 1.There is an increase in the price of sugar (a major input In the production of ice cream) S 1 $2.50 New equilibrium 2.00 Initial equilibrium resulting in a higher price of ice cream... Demand Quantity of and a lower Ice-Cream Cones quantity sold. Copyright 2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

15 Again, prices communicate 1. Ice-cream production is now more costly. 2. Demand must be reduced. 3. How can you make the buyers reduce their consumption? 4. They are self interested, they respond to prices: 5. Higher prices will make them consume less. 6. As the price of ice-cream rises, buyers will reduce their quantity demanded and substitute towards other goods. 7. Buyers find out about the relative scarcity of a good through its price. 8. Each individual buyer then decides what to do him/ herself; decision making is decentralized.

16 A real world application: The food vs. fuel dilemma A study in demand and supply

17 The Food vs. fuel dilemma is about using farmland or crops for bio-fuels production (mostly ethanol) so as to threaten the food supply on a global scale. There is discussion about how significant the issue is, what is causing it, and what can be done about it.

18 But a fair statement of the issue would be that.. The main problem with subsidizing the production of ethanol (bio-fuel) from corn is that it is causing people in low-income countries to go hungry.

19 A few fact (from wiki!) From 1974 to 2005 food prices (adjusted for inflation) dropped by 75%. Prices were stable after reaching lows in 2000 and Prices sharply increased in 2005 despite record production levels worldwide. From January 2005 until June 2008, maize prices almost tripled, wheat increased 127 percent, and rice rose 170 percent. MAIZE (looks like corn)

20 He says that US and EU must change biofuel targets to avert food crisis. Nestlé, the world's largest food company, has added its weight to calls by the UN and development groups for the US and EU to change their bio-fuel targets because of food shortages and price rises. This is Paul Bulcke, chief executive of Nestlé "We say no food for fuel," said Paul Bulcke, chief executive of Nestlé, at the end of the World Water Week conference in Sweden. "Agricultural food-based bio-fuel is an aberration. We say that the EU and US should put money behind the right bio-fuels."

21 From Guardian Sept 2012: Under laws intended to reduce foreign oil imports, 40% of US maize (corn) harvest must be used to make biofuels, even though one of the deepest droughts in the past 100 years is expected to reduce crop yields significantly. In addition, EU countries are expected to move towards drawing 10-20% of their energy supply for transport from bio-fuels to reduce carbon emissions.

22 More facts

23 Cost for developing countries Source

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25 All scarce goods must be rationed! Food vs. bio-fuel debate: a simple numerical example

26 INDIVIDIAL P demand supply The equilibrium price is P = 3. each consumer buys 3 units. Each seller produces 4 units. Imagine a competitive markets with 4 buyers and 3 sellers. MARKET P demand supply 1 5X4=20 0X3=0 2 4X4=16 2X3=6 3 3X4=12 4X3=12 4 2X4=8 6X3=18

27 Now, a big buyer comes into the market! P DEMAND The new market demand is the sum of the 3 buyers and the newly arrived big buyer. The equilibrium price is P = 4. The 3 buyers buy 2 units each, and pay a higher price. Each seller produces 6 units. MARKET P demand supply

28 Now you try

29 The three step approach 1. Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or both). 2. Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left or to the right. 3. Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity. The price of coal fell and the quantity sold also fell. Everything else being equal, which of the following three events could be the reason: (A.) Decrease in the price of oil (oil and coal are substitutes). (B.) Large increase in the wages of coal miners. Please draw one well-labeled demand supply graph for each event to say yes or no for each.