MATERIALS I LECTURE COURSE 2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
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1 MATERIALS I LECTURE COURSE 2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
2 Approach from the point of view of the user: Properties mechanical physical chemical technological
3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Characterize the reaction of material specimens with standard shape / size under simple mechanical stresses. A mechanical property has always an attached numerical value. Classification of mechanical testing methods A. Type of mechanical loading Axial TENSILE Compresion Bending Shearing Torsion Contact pressure
4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES B. Mode of applying the stress Static Dynamic Progressive Regressive Oscilating Constant Shock Variable module /orientation C. Temperature Cold (<0 C) Ambiant (Room) Hot (<300 C)
5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TENSILE TESTING Tensile testing specimen
6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Mechanical strength: defined by the reaction opposed by the material (specimen) to the stress that acts upon it and is computed as the ratio between force and the cross section of the specimen [R] = MPa =N/mm 2 s = F S R = F S 0 S 0 > S R < σ
7 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Force elongation traction curve (stress strain) Tensile characteristic curve of the material
8 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Characteristic zones: elastic deformation proportional (O-A) non-proportional (A-B) plastic deformation yielding (B-C ) cold hardening (C -D) reduction of the area (D-braking) Proportional elastic deformation: Hooke s law F = E l 0 S Dl s = E e
9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Strength Ultimate tensile strength R m = F m S 0 Yield strength Ratio between the force that causes a stated nonproportional strain and the initial cross section (most frequently 0.2%) R p 0.2 = F p0.2 S 0 Best results: metals / composites > ceramics > polymers
10 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Force elongation traction curve (stress-strain) Tensile characteristic curve of the material
11 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Ductility The ability of the material to deform plastically before failure (connex : plasticity, maleability); opposite of ductility = brittleness lu - l A = [%] l0 Elongation (at braking) S0 - Su Z = 100 [%] S0 Reduction of the area Best results: polymers / metals >> ceramics
12 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Toughness Property of materials to absorb energy without failure Tough material: Strong + Ductile (includes shock resistance resilience) Fracture toughness: Ability to stand the propagation of a pre-existing crack Best results: metals / composites > polymers >> ceramics
13 PROPRIETATI MECANICE Stiffness Characterizes the way the material deforms elastically under external stresses E = tg α Best results: composites / multi-layered materials > ceramics / metals >> polymers Polymeri: GPa Metals: Pb - 12GPa; steels 210GPa; Al 80GPa; Ti 113GPa; Graphite fibers - 290GPa; Glass fibers 17-GPa
14 Ti base compacts with extra-low elastic modulus (< 10 GPa) obtained through Selective Laser Melting
15 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Hardness Ability of materials to oppose the penetration of external indenters Most frequently measured statically Mohs minerals (ceramics) Knoop all classes Brinell (HB), Rockwell(HRB, HRC,...) metals Vickers metals, ceramics Shore polymers Best results: ceramics > metals >> polymers
16 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Essential: chemical stability Time (polymers!!!) Heat + other radiations (polymers!!!) Aggressive media (polymers+metals!!!) Metals: corrosion chemical reaction with strongly oxidant chemicals electrochemical redox reaction in an electrolitic environment The metal that oxidizes anode
17 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Anode: (oxidation) M M + e Cathode: (reduction) 1 + OH 2-2e H 2O + O2 2 - M(OH) 2 ¾ drying ¾ MO MO protective layer if chemically stable adherent impermeable Ex.: Al, Ti, stainless steel
18 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Cause of the polarization: difference of the electrode potentials 0 reference potential normal hydrogen electrode H Û H e - equilibrium, H pressure = 1 atm. Metal Au + Pt 2+ Ag + Cu + H+ Ni 2+ Co 2+ Fe 2+ Cr 3+ Zn 2+ Ti 3+ Al 3+ Standard potential [V] 1,692 1,18 0,799 0, ,257-0,28-0,447-0, , Me 1 / Me 2 = anode / cathode if V 1 < V 2 and there is an electric contact Me 1 - Me 2 Me 1 corrodes (if Me 1 O is not protective)
19 Corrosion prevention methods: Methods referring to: A. External conditions A.1. Corrosive environment combined factors: temperature, abrasive particles, stresses, inhibitors, humidity absorbers (desiccants), etc. A.2. couples of materials in contact (electrochemical corrosion) corrosion occurs at anode (electrode potential!) cathodic protection sacrifice anodes Zn / steel, etc. B. Material to be protected
20 Corrosion prevention methods: B. Material to be protected B.1 Protective coatings Polymers: paint (primer), polymer layers, powders Metals: electro-deposition RT - Ni, Cr. Cd, etc. Hot - Zn chemical deposition Ni cladding Al / Al alloy, Cu / steel, etc. powder metallisation HVOF, plasma, laser, etc. Ceramics: oxides: Ex. Anodisation (Al) porcelain (enamel) / cast iron, steel, Al, etc.
21 Corrosion prevention methods: B. Material to be protected B.2. Use of corrosion resistant alloys corrosion resistant steels ( stainless steels), Al (ATENTION electrochemical couple!), Ni, Co, Ti, etc.
22 Corrosion prevention methods: B. Material to be protected Al / Oţel
23 TECHNOLOGIC PROPERTIES General properties that characterize the way a material can be worked through various technologies Ex.: Casting - Castability Machining Machinability Forming Formability Welding - Weldability
24 Glossary Epruvetă = specimen; Solicitare = loading (load); Încercare la tracţiune = tensile testing; Încovoiere = bending; Forfecare = shearing; Răsucire = torsion; Rezistenţă mecanică = (mechanical) strength; Tensiune = stress; Deformaţie = strain; Curgere = yielding; Ecruisare = cold hardening; Gâtuire = reduction of the area; Rezistenţa (de rupere) la tracţiune = ultimate tensile strength; Rezistenţa (limita) de curgere tehnică = yield strength; Ductilitate = ductility;
25 Glossary Fragilitate = brittleness; Alungire = elongation; Tenacitate = toughness; Rigiditate = stiffness; Duritate = hardness; Grund = primer; Placare (prin presare la cald) = cladding; Metalizare = metallisation; Smalt = enamel; Fonta = cast iron; Otel inoxidabil = stainless steel
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