Waste flow analysis of nanoproducts - Cases: EU, Denmark and the UK

Transcription

1 Waste flow analysis of nanoproducts - Cases: EU, Denmark and the UK Laura Heggelund Alessio Boldrin Steffen Foss Hansen Thomas F. Astrup Alexander Newcombe Sustainable Nanotechnology Conference 2015, Venice

2 Outline Introduction Aims of study Methodology Steps 1-4 Cases Denmark, UK Perspectives 2 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

3 Introduction Nanowaste is generated in increasing amounts How much? Where does it go? What are the risks? How should we manage it? Mapping flows of nanoproducts to waste treatment systems is needed Help to prioritize research and waste management initiatives Ensure safe and appropriate management 3 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

4 Aim of this study Develop tools for the analysis of nanoproducts in waste flows Assess the relative importance of ENMs and treatment options Incineration Textile Recycling Landfilling 4 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

5 Methodology Semi-quantitative analysis of solid waste flows containing ENM 4 steps: 1. Categorize waste material fractions 2. ID ENM types in waste material fractions 3. ID region specific waste management of individual waste material fractions 4. Combine steps 2 +3 to determine the distribution of ENM routed to specific waste management options 5 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

6 Scope: DK and EU 6 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

7 Unknown ENM vs. Known ENM Many manufacturers/retailers use a nano-claim but ENM is unknown 1425 products 483 products 7 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

8 Step 1: Categorization Waste material fraction Batteries Electronics - Large household appliances - Small household appliances - Toys, leisure and sports equipment Glass Hazardous Metal Multi material waste Paper 10 different waste material fractions Plastic, from used product containers Plastic, other - Large plastic products - Small plastic products Textile Unknown Description and examples Typically this would be a battery for an electrical item, where the nanocomponent is only present in the battery. Generally products with electric connection -Based Refrigerators, on freezers online etc. available photo or description - Toaster, hairdryer etc. - Game Categorized consol, electric toys according etc. to main matrix material Cosmetic products, supplements or other products sold in glass containers. Products Easily which are categorized classified hazardous fractions according to EU e.g. regulation.typically WEEE and this will textile be spray cans or household paint waste. Generally Not consists easily of containers categorized such as cans, or fractions, metal sports equipment. or products If the combining product does not have several one main not material separable fraction, but contains materials more materials e.g. which cannot readily camera be separated lenses e.g. camera and lenses, suitcases baby carriage and water filtering unit, this category is used. Few products Multimaterial exist so far, but waste examples would be photo paper and fire protective paper/cardboard. Cardboard or paper from external packaging of items (not in contact with the nanoproduct) should not be Unknown included. waste material (lacking suitable photo Typically reference) waste from used plastic containers for cleaning/cosmetic products, which have a residue of the nanoproduct in them. Generally plastic products were the nanocomponent is embedded in/surface coating the plastic. - E.g. hockey sticks and tennis rackets. - E.g. baby bottles, food containers and tooth brushes. Fibrous material, typically clothing or bandage with a nanocoating or nanomaterial embedded in the fibers. If there no image available showing the specific product and the container it is sold in, or it cannot be estimated from the product description, this category is used. 8 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

9 Step 2: ENM types vs. waste material fraction Number of products Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Multi material waste Plastic, from used product containers Plastic, other Textile Unknown Aluminium Bamboo charcoal Bamboo charcoal, Gold Calcium Carbon Carbon black Carbon fullerenes Carbon graphite Carbon nanotubes Carbon, Titanium Copper Gold Gold, Platinum Gold, Titanium Iridium Iron Lithium Nickel Palladium Phosphate Platinum Platinum, Silver Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver Silver, Titanium Steel Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc 9 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

10 % Number of products Step 3: Waste mangement of waste material fraction Distribution of nanoproducts in EU27 Compost/AD 5% Waste management in EU27, EUROSTAT Distribution of nanoproducts in EU27 Incineration 18% Landfilling 26% Plastic, 0 Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Average MSW Textile packaging Plastic, from Multi material Compost/AD Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal used product Plastic, other Textile0 Unknown waste Landfill containers packaging Compost/AD MSW0 8 Recycling 0 6 Recycling Landfilling Incineration Recycling Incineration Ref: Eurostat 10 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

11 Step 4: Combine steps 2. and products 10% Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Multi material waste Incineration Plastic, from used product containers Plastic, other Textile Unknown 46% Aluminium Bamboo charcoal Bamboo charcoal, Gold Calcium Carbon 40% Carbon black Carbon fullerenes Carbon graphite Carbon nanotubes Carbon, Titanium Copper Gold Gold, Platinum Gold, Titanium Iridium Iron Lithium Nickel Palladium Phosphate 4% Platinum Platinum, Silver Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver Silver, Titanium Steel Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc 1 10% Aluminium 7% Bamboo charcoal Calcium Carbon Carbon fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Copper Gold Gold, Titanium Phosphate + Platinum Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver Silver, Titanium Steel Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc Recycling 7% Distribution of nanoproducts in EU27 Landfilling 26% 5% 246 products 5% Compost/AD 5% 15% Bamboo charcoal Calcium Carbon Carbon fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Gold Gold, Titanium Incineration 18% Phosphate Platinum Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver Silver, Titanium Steel Titanium Recycling Titanium, Zinc 5 Zinc 11 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

12 Landfilling Step 4. Continued 126 products 4% 1 40% Landfilling 6% 40% 1 4% 1 5% 6% Aluminium 15% Bamboo charcoal Calcium Carbon Carbon fullerenes Carbon graphite Carbon nanotubes Copper Gold Gold, Titanium Phosphate Platinum Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone 3 Silver Silver, Titanium Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc 5% Composting / Anaerobic digestion 1 5% 30% 4% 7% 21 products Bamboo charcoa Bamboo charcoa Carbon Carbon black Carbon fullerene Carbon graphite Carbon nanotub Carbon, Titanium Gold, Titanium Nickel Silicone Silver Titanium Zinc Aluminium Bamboo charcoal Calcium Carbon Carbon fullerenes Carbon graphite Carbon nanotubes Copper Gold Gold, Titanium Phosphate Platinum Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver Silver, Titanium Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc 12 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

13 Case studies: DENMARK & UNITED KINGDOM 13 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

14 Impact of different waste management systems 14 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

15 % % Waste management statistics: DK and UK Waste management in DK, EUROSTAT Waste management in the UK, EUROSTAT Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Average MSW Compost/AD 13.0 Plastic packaging Landfill Recycling Incineration Textile 0.0 Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Average MSW Compost/AD 17.8 Plastic packaging Landfill Recycling Incineration Textile Ref: Eurostat 15 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

16 Different compositions of landfilled waste What causes the differences? Different quanties of waste, Textile waste, Plastic waste Landfilling - DK Landfilling - UK 5% 4% Aluminium Bamboo charcoal Calcium 4 8% 28% 5% Bamboo charcoal Calcium Carbon fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Gold Gold, Titanium Phosphate Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver Silver, Titanium Titanium Zinc 1 39% 1 5% Carbon Carbon fullerenes Carbon graphite Carbon nanotubes Copper Gold Gold, Titanium Phosphate Platinum Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver Silver, Titanium Steel Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc 16 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

17 Future aims Continue to update product inventory Consider mass or volume into the flow analysis Data generation e.g. Investigate fate and behavior of ENM in simulated waste treatment scenarios (e.g. artificical leachate solution) Perform standard waste characterization tests on nano-containing matices (e.g. spiked waste matrix or matrix of nanoproducts) Evaluate potential release of ENM from EOL consumer products Evaluate applicability of standard waste characterization methods Highlight possible safe by design features concerning EOL nanoproducts 17 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

18 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 18 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark