For the realization of civil engineering structures, the engineer during the design stage must base his calculations according to the soil properties

Transcription

1 SECTION 6 SOIL For the realization of civil engineering structures, the engineer during the design stage must base his calculations according to the soil properties where the structure will have to integrate. This section studies and analyses a soil sample to evaluate and to know its characteristics, by proposing a complete range of testing equipment for sampling, preparation, classification, consolidation, shear strength, triaxial, compaction, penetration, bearing capacity, permeability, density, geotechnical and chemical tests in compliance with the Standard Specifications and the most known International Standards.

2 HAND AUGERS Designed for soil investigations and explorations complete with T handle. AUGER POWER HEAD 1. Motor capacity 1,5kw, two stroke, without speed inverter. Fitted with two hand wheels to be used by one operator. 2. Motor capacity 4,5kw, two stroke, with speed inverter to facilitate the extraction of the augers. Fitted with two hand wheels to be used by two operators

3 DENSITY AND EVALUATION Used to take field sample of compacted fill or undisturbed soils and to evaluate density of compaction samples at the ground surface. SOIL AND WATER ANALYSIS 1. Colour standard chart 2. Soil colour chart (Organic impurities in soils) 3. Tropical soil colour chart 4. Acidity test kit of water 5. Chloride test kit of water 6. Hardness test kit of water 7. Organic matter test set LABORATORY SAMPLE MIXERS Suitable to mix granular materials like soils and bituminous mixtures, by using a whisk beater

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5 WATER BATHS With heating/circulating system, all stainless steel made. E litres capacity WBM litres capacity WBM litres capacity WBM litres capacity WBM litres capacity SAND ABSORPTION CONE AND TAMPER Used in determining the specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregates. SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLE 25ml Capacity 50 ml Capacity 100 ml Capacity PYCNOMETER With capillary tube stopper 500 ml, 1000 ml & 2000 ml Cap. CONE PYCNOMETER 1lt Glass jar with aluminium cone and rubber

6 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION PIPETTE METHOD This equipment is used to determine the quantitative size distribution of very fine particle in soils, like clay and silt. DESICCATORS BOROSILICATE GLASS STIRRER WITH ANTI-SPLASH BAFFLE, CUP & PADDLE ph METER - THERMOMETER

7 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS This equipment is used to determine the quantitative size distribution of very fine particle in soils such as clay and silt. SAND EQUIVALENT TEST SET (COMPLETE ) Assessment of fine aggregates. Plexiglass measuring cylinder graduated (3 pieces) Rubber stopper for cylinder ( pieces) Graduated ruler Plastic funnel (optional extra) Measuring cylinder Plastic bottle 5lt capacity Copper u-tube & Irrigation tube with stopcock Weighted foot assembly for sand level Test Sieve 200mm dia x 2mm wire mesh Concentrated stock solution 1litre Stop watch Clamp stand set Portable carrying box

8 MOTORIZED SAND EQUIVALENT SHAKER The unit provides a constant uniform shaking with automatic cycle test Oscillating excursion is 203mm at adjustable strokes/min rate. Complete with digital timer that automatically stops the shaker at the end of the test. This unit is the same as above but equipped with steel security cabinet, conforming to Safety regulations. When opening the cabinets door during operation a micro switch will automatically stops the machine.

9 CONE PENETROMETER METHOD FOR: - Liquid Limit determination The test is based on the relationship between the moisture content at which clay soils pass from a plastic to a liquid state. This value is obtained from the penetration capacity of the standard cone allowed to free fall into the sample for a period of 5 seconds - Shear Strength determination The cone penetrometer is also suitable to measure the shear un-drained strength of undisturbed and reconstituted soils samples

10 LIQUID LIMIT: CASAGRANDE METHOD Used to evaluate the relationship between the moisture percentage of a soil sample and the number of blows required to close a groove made into the soil and therefore to determine when a clay soil changes from a plastic to a liquid state. The unit comprises a removable brass cup which through a cam device drops on a hard rubber base. Supplied complete with drops counter but without grooving tool which has to be ordered separately. Motor operated with hard rubber base Accessories:

11 LIQUID LIMIT SHRINKAGE: Used to determine the maximum moisture content at which the soil does not shrink after drying the sample. - Liquid Limit Shrinkage Trough - Liquid Limit Shrinkage Trough Repair Tool PLASTIC LIMIT The plastic limit determines the lowest moisture content of a soil, by which a sample can be rolled into threads 3mm dia. without breaking the same neither longitudinally or transversely. LIQUID LIMIT RESILIANCE TESTER: Used for the determination the hardness of the block for a liquid limit device

12 AUTOMATIC CBR / MOD COMPACTOR (55 BLOWS PER MIN) IN ACCORDANCE WITH SANS 3001 GR30/40(2010) FULLY AUTOMATIC / AC TYPE WITH DIGITAL COUNTER & SAFETY DOORS WITH LIMIT SWITCHES & TOTALLY ENCLOSED TO COMPLY WITH SAFETY REGULATIONS

13 DETERMINATION OF THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO The test aimed to the evaluation of the bearing capacity of soil for flexible pavement design in road construction. The compaction test can be performed both with the manual rammer and the automatic compactor. 1. CBR STEEL MOULD (152.4mm Dia x 152.4mm High) 2. COLLAR (152.4mm Dia x 70mm High) 3. COMPACTION BASE PLATE (300mm Dia Base with 150mm Dia x 25mm Thick spacer firmly attached to Base Plate) 1. CBR STEEL MOULD (152.4mm Dia x 152.4mm High) 2. PERFORATED BASE PLATE (200x200x10mm) 3. SOAKING WEIGHT WITH ADJUSTABLE STEM (Mass of 5.56Kg) TRIPOD WITH SWELL GAUGE CBR EXTRUSION JACK

14 DETERMINATION OF THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO 1. CBR STEEL MOULD (152.4mm Dia x 152.4mm High) 2. PERFORATED BASE PLATE (200x200x10mm) 3. SURCHARGE WEIGHT (4.536 Kg) 4. PERFORATED SWELL PLATE (1.024 Kg) CBR/ITT APPARATUS 150mm (BREAKING HEAD) USED FOR STABILIZED MATERIAL ETC. OTHER ACCESSORIES: ANNULAR SURCHARGE WEIGHT (5.56 Kg) LOOSE PENETRATION PISTON PROCTOR TEST: MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP PROCTOR MOULD COMPLETE WITH COLLAR AND BASE PLATE 1. PROCTOR HAMMER (2.495 Kg) 2. MOD HAMMER (4.536Kg)

15 DETERMINATION OF THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO FULLY AUTOMATIC CBR/UCS/ITT/MARSHALL MACHINE 180kN MAINS OPERATED 220V AC CBR COMPRESSION TESTER, VARIABLE SPEED WITH PROVING RING 180kN MAINS OPERATED 220V AC

16 DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER KINGTEST HEAVY DUTY D.C.P. 1 meter with Extension & coupling 1. Nylon PVC Carry Bag with Pocket 2. Spanners to lock top & bottom rods together 3. Spare 60 Cone 4. Bottom rod & ½ Coupling Cone 6. Top rod & ½ Coupling 7. 8Kg Sliding Weight 8. Top rod handle 9. Operating Instructions 10.Ruler Bracket 11.Sliding Ruler 12.Extension Coupling to enable DCP to extend 13.1 meter Extension Rods 14.Connecting screws for extensions KINDLY NOTE: EXTENSION COUPLINGS & 1 METER EXTENSION RODS ARE SUPPLIED SEPERATELY AND AT AN ADDITIONAL COST

17 PLATE BEARING APPARATUS DIGITAL OR COMPUTERIZED FIELD CBR TEST (INSITU CBR) Used to determine quickly and efficiently the bearing capacity of soils on road constructions, foundations, road sub grades etc.

18 BENKELMAN BEAM APPARATUS Utilized in conjunction with the plate bearing test equipment to determine the static deformation of road pavements. BALLOON DENSITY METHOD Used to determine the in-sity density of fine graded compacted or bonded soil. The apparatus is placed over the hole excavated in the soil and water is pumped into a rubber balloon and forced into the hole, The amount of water displaced into the balloon is measured from the graduation of the scale.

19 SAND REPLACEMENT APPARATUS Used to determine the in-situ density of fine grained compacted soil mm Dia mm Dia. SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD SAND DENSITY CONE APPARATUS (6.5 & 12 ) Used to determine the in-situ density of fine grained compacted soil. The apparatus consists of: sand pouring cylinder dia.100 mm with shutter made of cast aluminium and accurately machined, upper cylinder, metal tray with centre hole, calibrating container. DENSITY SAND

20 SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD ACCORDING TO THE TMH1 METHOD A10(a) DENSITY SET COMPLETE CONSISTING OF: DOUBLE CONE FUNNEL WITH EXTENSION 152mm Dia RING DOLLY CHISEL SPOON RULER BRUSH 50mm 3 X PEGS GARDEN TROWEL CLUB HAMMER 1.8Kg CARPET BRUSH BAG RULER 300mm Long HAMMER CLUB 1.8Kg CARPET BRUSH

21 CONSTANT HEAD PERMEAMETERS Used to determine the permeability of granular, gravel and sand soils. The specimen is formed in an acrylic permeability cell and water is passed through it from a constant level tank. The permeability cell has pressure points at different levels which are connected to the manometer rubes fixed on a stand with graduated scale mm Dia mm Dia. 3. Manometer tubes and stand 4. Constant level tank FALLING HEAD PERMEAMETER Used to determine the permeability of clay-like or silty soils. The specimen is confined within the permeameter which is connected to the manometer tube filled with water. The sample must be completely sutured with water before the test, and the operator will check the rate of fall of the water in the tube passing through the test specimen. 1. Manometer tubes and stand 2. Constant level tank

22 PERMEAMETER STAND 4 CELL CAPACITY FOR CONSTANT AND FALLING HEAD TESTS This 4 cells capacity stand is designed to perform both constant head and falling head permeability tests on compacted granular soil samples. COMPACTION PERMEAMETER Used for determining permeability to water of soil gravel, clay, sand samples. Supplied complete with clamped upper and lower plate giving the possibility to perform permeability test also on compacted samples, water inlet with valve, water outlet, two perforated upper and lower plates, two stainless steel screens. - Compaction Permeameter 4 dia. - Compaction Permeameter 6 dia.

23 CONSOLIDATION TEST The one dimensional consolidation test of a soil sample enables to ascertain the settlement characteristic over a given period of time. The soil specimen under test is axially loaded and laterally contained. Loads are applied with progressive increases and the settlement values are read on a dial gauge or on a digital display. FRONT LOADING OEDOMETER (Consolidation Apparatus) Consolidation Cells with permeability attachment Consolidation Cells fixed ring

24 DIGITAL SHEAR TESTING MACHINE WITH PROVING RING & GAUGE DIRECT / RESIDUAL SHEAR TEST APPARATUS DIGITAL SHEAR TESTING MACHINE WITH INCORPORATED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM AND BASIC SOFTWARE

25 TRIAXIAL TESTS The application of local loads or pressures on soils determine the deformation the settlement and the yield of the same. Trixial tests are normally performed to determine the relationship between these loads and the consequent deformations in order to establish the soil shear strength. The triaxial tests are useful to evaluate: - Excavation works - Design of bridges, earth dams, trestle bridges - Slope stability - Piled foundation works, anchored walls - Bearing allowable load capacity for shallow foundations An undisturbed soil samples gradually stressed up in order to change its condition from null to the maximum shear strength at its breaking. The soil sample previously placed in a rubber membrane to avoid any drainage and placed in the triaxial cell is subjected to a constant consolidation pressure and to a load/buckling to a known constant speed through one press. The triaxial test can be performed in some different ways among the most known are the following. UU UNCONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TEST Determines the shear strength in un-drained conditions. No structural variation is allowed. When pressure in the cell has been achieved, no specimen volume decrease is allowed. The same specimen is then stressed up to the failure. This test is normally performed on three specimens taken from the same sample and subjected to three different confining pressures. Load and settlement values on the specimen, normally required to evaluate the soil, features in the foundation works, bearing, piled foundations, diaphrams, shear angle, slopes stability can be determined. CU CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TEST Determines the shear strength and enables the volume variation of the specimen up to the stabilization of the consolidation pressure. During the failure the water drainage from the specimen is stopped and the pore pressure is measured, owing to the increase of the axial load. CU test is performed to define the cohesion parameters and long term angle of friction (strength values of foundation soils) and to evaluate improved applications of pre-consolidation, tampering, compacting excavations. CD CONSOLIDATED DRAINED TEST Determines the shear strength and the angle of friction and enables the volume variation of the specimen during the axial load. The test execution is very slow in order to avoid the increase of the pore pressure inside the specimen. This kind of test reproduces in the best ways the different geotechnical aspects and soil conditions and is particularly indicated to evaluate sandy or highly permeable soils.

26 DIGITAL TRIAXIAL LOAD FRAME This sturdy construction machine has been developed to meet all the requirements of a soil laboratory. Thanks to its large structure it can accommodate all standard Triaxial Cells for testing soil specimens up to 100 mm. dia. by 200 mm. length. Machine is very simple; the test feed speed can easily be set thanks to a microprocessor and conversation system with alphanumeric display and keyboard with self-learning. Infinitesimal resolutions are, in this way, granted in real time. The machine comprises limit switch of position security upper and lower platen. DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING SYSTEM TRIAXIAL CELLS

27 CUSTOM DESIGNED AND BUILT: CONTAIN-A-LAB SOILS TESTING MOBILE LABORATORY OR A SOILS/CONCRETE MOBILE LABORATORY

28 CUSTOM DESIGNED AND BUILT: CONTAIN-A-LAB COMBINED SOILS / CONCRETE / OFFICE 12M MOBILE LABORATORY