Fish Extrts for Integrted Disese, Inset, nd Fertility Mngement in Orgni Blueerries in the Southestern U.S. Finl Report (2009-2010) Prinipl investigtor Hrld Sherm Plnt Pthology Dept. University of Georgi Athens, GA 30602 sherm@ug.edu Gerrd Krewer Hortiulture Dept. University of Georgi Tifton, GA 31793 Co-investigtors Moukrm Tertulino /o Entomology Dept. University of Georgi Tifton, GA 31793 Key ollortors Appling County: - Aln Miles, Miles Berry Frm, Bxley, GA - Jmes Clrk, County Extension Coordintor (emeritus), Bxley, GA Bon County: - Chess Bennett, lueerry grower, Alm, GA - John Ed Smith, County Extension Coordintor, Alm, GA Clinh County: - Connie Horner, lueerry grower, Homerville, GA - Blke Brnh, lueerry grower nd nurserymn, Mnor, GA PROJECT SUMMARY The overll im of this projet hs een the development of n integrted system for disese, inset, nd nutrient mngement in orgni lueerries entered round folir pplitions of fish-derived produts. Three on-frm trils (two in 2009 nd one in 2010) were onduted on riteye nd southern highush lueerries in ollortion with grower oopertors in south Georgi s lueerry elt. Four to six folir spry pplitions of four fish produt formultions (Omeg Grow, Orgni Gem, Orgnoide, nd SeCide) were mde during summer nd erly fll t eh site nd ompred with n untreted hek, n orgni stndrd fungiide (Serende Mx), nd one or two dditionl iofungiides. Two different folir diseses, Septori lef spot nd lef rust, were suppressed suessfully with fish produts ross the three trils. There ws no ler winner mong the four formultions, with Omeg Grow, Orgnoide, nd SeCide eing most effetive in different trils. Effets on lef eetle dmge were inonsistent ross trils, with one tril showing dmge redution y SeCide nd nother showing no suh effets. This inonsisteny ould e due to the higher mount of lef dmge lredy present t the onset of the ltter tril. The effets of fish produts on plnt vigor nd lef retention lso were vrile, with Orgnoide nd SeCide improving oth prmeters t low-vigor site (riteye tril in 2009) ut not higher-vigor site (southern highush tril in 2010). Thus, improvements in plnt growth seem to e limited to onditions with weker growth potentil. Regrdless, none of the tretments trnslted into higher flower ud set for the next growing seson. Consistently ross the three trils, pplition of Orgni Gem resulted in onsiderly higher N onentrtions in lef tissue of treted plnts. Although these high N levels did not pper to 1
impt plnt growth negtively, it would e dvisle to pply this produt only in rottions to prelude potentil negtive effets. In two of the three trils, inresed onentrtions of P were oserved following pplition of some fish produts, providing potentil nutritionl enefit of these produts. Overll, lthough fish produts re no silver ullets for mnging lueerries orgnilly, they do ontriute onsistently to lef disese suppression nd folir nutrition nd n hve dded, more inidentl enefits on lef eetle suppression. INTRODUCTION Blueerry is the most importnt fruit rop in Georgi (Botright & MKissik 2010), nd the orgni lueerry rege is expnding rpidly in the stte nd in neighoring Florid (Sherm & Krewer 2008). However, pest mngement options for orgni lueerries re urrently limited. For exmple, sustinility of prodution is thretened y severl lef diseses, whih use premture defolition in the summer, redued flower ud set during the fll, nd lower return yields the following yer (Ojimo et l. 2007, Sherm et l. 2007). Prior to the eginning of the urrent study, field tril onduted in 2007 with severl orgni fungiides (Sherm et l. 2008; see Fig. 1) showed tht two OMRI-listed fish yproduts provided sustntil ontrol of Septori lef spot, the most importnt folir disese on lueerry in Georgi. Bsed on these preliminry results, our primry ojetive ws to ompre nd demonstrte the effiy of severl suh produts ginst the lef disese omplex on orgni lueerries. Inset nd nutrient mngement re mjor hllenges in orgni lueerries. The lueerry lef eetle (Colspis pseudofvos) n destroy the tender new vegettive growth produed fter erry hrvest during the summer. Fields ontining nturl weed growth in the isles, suh s most orgni lueerry frms, n hve serious prolem with this pest, nd severl months of young growth n e destroyed in short period when eetles re numerous. Furthermore, nutrient supply is often indequte in the sndy, highly idi lueerry soils, leding to redued shoot growth nd flower ud formtion, therey providing poor foundtion for next yer s yield. Previous studies on other perennil rops hve shown tht fish produt pplitions n hve powerful repellent, ntifeednt, nd/or insetiidl tivity ginst rnge of insets nd mites (Bettie et l. 1999, Sms nd Deyton 2002), nd most of these produts re lso mrketed s fertilizers to supplement oth mro- nd mironutrients. In systems ontext, therefore, the dded vlue of fish extrts s folir fertilizers nd/or insetiides or inset repellents would provide powerful inentive for their use s summer sprys in orgni lueerries. Thus, dditionl ojetives were to evlute lef eetle suppression, folir nutrient sttus, nd plnt growth in orgni lueerries treted with fish extrts. OBJECTIVES The overll im of this projet hs een the development of n integrted system for improved disese, inset, nd nutrient mngement in orgni lueerries during the summer nd fll entered round folir pplitions of fish-derived produts. Speifi ojetives were to: ompre nd demonstrte the effiy of severl fish produts ginst folir diseses of lueerry in ertified orgni plnting, evlute lueerry lef eetle suppression in fish extrt-treted plots, nd determine the nutritionl enefits of fish extrt pplitions y mesuring folir nutrient sttus, plnt growth, nd flower ud formtion in treted plots. 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS 2009 trils Two on-frm trils were onduted during summer nd fll 2009 in lose ollortion with grower oopertors in south Georgi s lueerry elt. Site 1 ws ertified orgni frm ner Bxley (Appling County), where severl ultivrs of riteye lueerry (Vinium virgtum) were grown. The tril ws onduted in mture ushes (>10 yers old) of Brightwell, ommonly grown ultivr in oth onventionl nd orgni prodution systems. Site 2 ws higher-fertility frm ner Alm (Bon County), where the tril ws rried out in mture ushes of Bluerisp southern highush lueerry (Vinium orymosum interspeifi hyrid). The ltter plnting ws not ertified orgni, ut remined untreted with fungiides nd insetiides during the experimentl period. Southern highush ultivrs re generlly more suseptile to disese nd inset pest dmge thn riteye ultivrs (Sherm & Krewer 2008, Sherm et l. 2007), ut oth speies n e grown orgnilly in the southestern U.S. Six folir spry pplitions of the following produts were mde etween lte July nd erly Otoer (site 1) or mid-july nd lte Septemer (site 2): Tretment Rte Supplier Comment Omeg Grow 2% Omeg Protein, Houston, TX Fish produt Orgni Gem 2% Advned Mrine Tehnologies, New Bedford, MA Fish produt SeCide 1% Omeg Protein, Houston, TX Fish produt Orgnoide 2% Orgni Lortories, Sturt, FL Fish + sesme oils Sporn 2.5 pt/a EoSMART Tehnologies, Frnklin, TN Rosemry + wintergreen oils Serende MAX 1.5 l/a AgrQuest, Dvis, CA Orgni stndrd Untreted --- --- Untreted hek All produts re OMRI-listed. Applitions were mde with kpk spryers t rte equivlent to 60-75 gl/a. At oth sites, tretment plots were rrnged in rndomized omplete lok design with four replites. Individul plots were four (site 1) or etween two nd four (site 2) ushes long nd seprted y untreted uffers. Periodi disese, lef eetle dmge, nd plnt growth ssessments were mde during the experimentl period. Severity of Septori lef spot (Fig. 2), used y Septori lopuntt, ws determined in lte August nd lte Otoer y ounting the numer of spots on smple of ~40 leves per plot. In erly Deemer, severity of lef rust (Fig. 2), used y Thekopsor minim, ws estimted s the perentge of lef re overed with rust pustules on smple of ~25 leves per plot. Lef eetle dmge (Fig. 2) ssessments were mde in erly nd lte Otoer using rting sle from 0 (no dmge) to 4 (severe dmge). 3
A plnt vigor rting (onsidering lef olortion, lef retention, nd overll shoot growth) ws onduted for eh plot in lte Otoer using sle from 1 (poor) to 5 (exellent). At the sme time, rndom smple of spring leves from eh plot ws sumitted for tissue nutrient nlysis (oth mro- nd mironutrients) to the Soil, Plnt, nd Wter Lortory t the University of Georgi. In erly Deemer defolition nd flower ud set were determined y ounting the leves missing nd the flower uds present on smple of ten spring shoots per plot. Dt were sujeted to nlysis of vrine followed y mens seprtion (Fisher s proteted LSD test) where pproprite. 2010 tril: An on-frm tril ws onduted during summer nd fll 2010 in ertified orgni plnting of mture Str southern highush lueerry in Clinh County, GA. Four folir spry pplitions of the following produts were mde etween lte August nd erly Otoer: Tretment Rte Supplier Comment Omeg Grow 2% Omeg Protein, Houston, TX Fish produt Orgni Gem 2% Advned Mrine Tehnologies, New Bedford, MA Fish produt SeCide 1% Omeg Protein, Houston, TX Fish produt Orgnoide 2% Orgni Lortories, Sturt, FL Fish + sesme oils Sporn 2.5 pt/a EoSMART Tehnologies, Frnklin, TN Rosemry + wintergreen oils KeyPlex 350 OR 0.5% KeyPlex, Winter Prk, FL Mironutrient-sed host resistne induer Serende MAX 1.5 l/a AgrQuest, Dvis, CA Orgni stndrd Untreted --- --- Untreted hek Applitions were mde with kpk spryers lirted to deliver the equivlent of 75 gl/a. Tretment plots were rrnged in rndomized omplete lok design with four replites. Individul plots were five ushes long with the outer two ushes serving s uffers. Periodi disese, lef eetle dmge, nd plnt growth ssessments were mde during the experimentl period. Septori lef spot ws gin the dominnt folir disese. Disese severity ws evluted y visully estimting perent lef re overed with spots on smple of 40 leves per plot. The ssessor hd een trined with DisesePro (Nutter 1997), omputerized disese ssessment trining progrm, prior to mking the ssessments. Lef eetle dmge ssessments were mde using the 0 to 4 sle desried ove. In ddition, detiled ounts of the numer of lef eetles per ush were mde 1 nd 7 dys fter the third spry pplition in lte Septemer. Plnt vigor nd defolition were ssessed s desried ove in mid-otoer, nd lef smples were olleted similrly nd sumitted for folir nutrient nlysis. In erly Ferury of the following yer (2011), flower ud set ws determined on 20 shoots per plot to ssess 4
tretment effets on return yield potentil. Dt were sujeted to nlysis of vrine followed y mens seprtion (Fisher s proteted LSD test) where pproprite. PROJECT RESULTS Lef disese suppression, plnt vigor, nd defolition At site 1 (Brightwell riteye lueerry) in 2009, Septori lef spot ws the dominnt folir disese. Disese severity remined low during the erly fll, with n verge of only 2.4 spots per lef ounted in the untreted hek during the lte-august ssessment; euse of the low lef spot levels, no iofungiide effets on disese severity were pprent for this ssessment dte. During the susequent 2 months, Septori lef spot inresed to moderte levels, rehing n verge of ~10 spots per lef in the untreted plots during the lte-otoer ssessment (Fig. 3A). Biofungiide tretments differed t signifine level of P = 0.0647 (slightly more lierl thn the ustomry P = 0.05 level), with ll fish produts (Omeg Grow, Orgni Gem, Orgnoide, SeCide) s well s Sporn hving less severe disese thn the untreted hek (Fig. 3A). Lef spot severity ws lowest for Omeg Grow (less thn one-third of untreted). When plnt vigor ws ssessed in lte Otoer, iofungiide tretment effets were highly signifint (P = 0.0011). Vigor ws inresed y ll tretments reltive to untreted, exept y Orgni Gem (Fig. 3B). Rtings were highest for Serende Mx, Orgnoide, nd SeCide. The ltter two fish produts lso inresed lef retention (ssessed seprtely in erly Deemer) signifintly ompred with the untreted plots (Fig. 3C). For exmple, the SeCide-treted plnts retined three times more leves thn their untreted ounterprts. Flower ud set (lso ssessed in erly Deemer) ws very low overll nd ws not signifintly ffeted y tretment (Fig. 3D). Septori lef spot ws ll ut sent t site 2 (Bluerisp southern highush lueerry) in 2009, with <0.2 spots per lef in the untreted plots during the lte-otoer ssessment. However, lteseson lef rust developed t this site, s evident in the erly-deemer ssessment (Fig. 4A). Due to high vrition mong replites, no signifint tretment effets on rust severity were oserved; however, Omeg Grow nd SeCide-treted plots onsistently hd very low rust severities (Fig. 4A). No vigor or lef retention ssessments were mde t this site due to onfounding effets of infetions with teril lef sorh, novel systemi disese of lueerry. In the 2010 tril on Str southern highush lueerry, Septori lef spot ws lredy present in the plnting t moderte levels when the tretments ommened in lte August, ttining very high levels y the end of the tril (Tle 1). At P-level of 0.0689, Orgnoide (15.6% severity) redued disese ompred with the untreted hek (23.1% severity). None of the other tretments resulted in disese redutions ompred with untreted. There ws no tretment effet on plnt vigor in the 2010 tril (P = 0.3748; Tle 2), most likely euse overll plnt growth ws reltively vigorous t this site (men sore = 3.00). In ontrst, in our 2009 tril t site 1, in whih untreted hek plnts were onsistently less vigorous (men sore = 2.13), showed signifint inreses in vigor for ll tretments. Thus, it ppers tht the ility of the tretments to inrese plnt vigor is dependent on overll plnt growth potentil, with greter inreses likely in onditions with weker growth potentil. 5
The men defolition level in the untreted hek in mid-otoer ws 59.2% (Tle 2). Although severl of the tretments (Sporn, Omeg Grow, Serende Mx, nd KeyPlex) hd defolition levels elow 40%, these redutions were not sttistilly signifint (P = 0.1280) due to experimentl vriility mong plots. Tretment effets on flower ud numers in lte winter were similrly not signifint (P = 0.1077; Tle 2). Lef eetle suppression No lef eetle popultions uilt up t site 1, hene only results from site 2 re shown for 2009. On verge, out 20% of the leves inspeted during the lte-otoer ssessment showed symptoms of lef eetle dmge. Beetle dmge differed mong iofungiide tretments t level of P = 0.0641, with SeCide, Serende Mx, nd Sporn hving lower dmge sores thn the untreted plots (Fig. 4B). In the 2010 tril, high levels of eetle-indued lef dmge developed in the experimentl plots y erly Otoer, with the untreted hek verging 3.92 on 0 (no dmge) to 4 (severe dmge) sle (Tle 1). None of the tretments redued lef dmge signifintly (P = 0.2369), presumly euse lrge prt of the dmge hd lredy een done y the time the tretments ommened in lte August. When detiled ounts of lef eetles per ush were mde fter the third spry pplition in lte Septemer, none of the tretments ffeted the numer of live or ded eetles 1 dy fter pplition (Tle 3); however, eetle numers were redued signifintly (P < 0.0001) nd y more thn 50% in ll treted plots 7 dys fter pplition, inditing tht the insets voided the treted plots. Plnt nutritionl effets In 2009, highly signifint (P < 0.0001) inrese in lef N onentrtions following pplition of Omeg Grow nd, to lesser degree, Serende Mx ws oserved t site 1 (Fig. 5A). A less pronouned (P = 0.0643) inrese in lef N onentrtions following the pplition of Omeg Grow ws lso oserved t site 2 in 2009 (Fig. 5B). At the ltter site, pplitions of Orgni Gem nd Orgnoide hd the enefiil effet of inresing lef P levels ompred with the untreted hek (P = 0.0510, Fig. 5C). In the 2010 tril (Tle 4), OmegGrow gin inresed N onentrtions signifintly (y lmost 3-fold). In ddition, KeyPlex, whih ws not tested in the previous yer, resulted in >5- fold nd >4-fold inreses in Fe nd Zn levels, respetively. Less pronouned ut signifint were the inreses in Mn following KeyPlex pplition nd in P following pplition of Orgni Gem nd Omeg Grow. All tretments redued folir C nd Mg levels ompred with the untreted hek. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION Although ultivrs, ulturl prties, nd disese nd pest pressures differed mong the three trils, severl onlusions n e drwn from this 2-yer projet: Two different folir diseses, Septori lef spot nd lef rust, were suppressed suessfully with fish produts ross the three trils. There ws no ler winner mong the four tested formultions, with Omeg Grow, Orgnoide, nd SeCide eing most effetive in different trils. 6
Effets on lef eetle dmge were inonsistent, with one tril showing dmge redution y SeCide pplitions nd nother tril showing no suh effets. This inonsisteny ould e due to the higher mount of lef dmge lredy present t the onset of the ltter tril. Regrdless, it ppers tht ny lef eetle suppression ssoited with fish produts is mostly inidentl, with the greter impt eing on lef disese mngement. The effets of fish produts on plnt vigor nd lef retention lso were vrile, with Orgnoide nd SeCide improving oth prmeters t low-vigor site (riteye in 2009) ut not higher-vigor site (southern highush in 2010). Thus, improvements in vegettive plnt growth seem to e limited to onditions with weker growth potentil. Regrdless, none of the tretments trnslted into higher flower ud set for the next growing seson. Consistently ross the three trils, pplition of the fish produt Orgni Gem resulted in onsiderly higher N onentrtions in lef tissue of treted plnts. Although these high N levels did not pper to impt plnt growth negtively, it would e dvisle to pply this produt only in rottions to prelude potentil negtive effets. In two of the three trils, signifintly inresed onentrtions of P were oserved following pplition of some fish produts, providing potentil nutritionl enefit of these produts. The orgni host resistne induer KeyPlex, whih ws tested only in one of the trils, mrkedly inresed Fe, Zn, nd Mn levels in treted plnts, providing potentil enefit in terms of mironutrient supply. Overll, lthough fish produts re no silver ullets for mnging lueerries orgnilly, they do ontriute onsistently to lef disese suppression nd folir nutrition nd n hve dded, more inidentl enefits on lef eetle suppression. OUTREACH Our most importnt outreh tivity ws the lose ollortion nd intertion with the respetive grower ollortors nd their ounty extension gents while the three trils were onduted in 2009 nd 2010. They were tive prtiipnts in the trils, reeived regulr updtes, nd provided muh needed feedk. In terms of rehing lrge udiene of orgni growers nd those interested in onverting to orgni prodution, our most importnt tivity hs een the prtiiption in the orgni lueerry edutionl sessions t the Southest Fruit nd Vegetle Conferene nd Trde Show in Svnnh, GA, in Jnury 2010 nd 2011, where more thn 100 growers speifilly ttended our sessions eh yer. A mjor venue for outreh to extension personnel ws presenttion t the North Amerin Blueerry Reserh nd Extension Workers Conferene (NABREW) in Klmzoo, MI, in July 2010; this innul onferene hs een key edutionl forum for lueerry reserhers, Extension edutors nd industry leders sine the 1960s. REFERENCES Bettie, G.A.C., Re, D.J., Wtson, D.M., Liu, Z.M., Jing, L., Ahmd, N., nd Mndrks, P. 1999. Comprison of fish emulsion, fish oil nd petroleum spry oil for ontrol of itrus lefminer, Phyllonistis itrell Sttion (Lepidopter: Grillriide). J. Austr. Entomol. So. 34:335-342. 7
Botright, S.R., nd MKissik, J.C. 2010. 2009 Georgi Frm Gte Vlue Report. AR-10-01, UGA College of Agriulturl nd Environmentl Sienes, Athens. [online] http://www.ed.ug.edu/pulitions/2010/pdf/ar-10-01.pdf Nutter, F. W., Jr. 1997. Disese severity ssessment trining. Pges 1-7 in: Exerises in Plnt Disese Epidemiology. L. J. Frnl nd D. A. Neher, eds. Amerin Phytopthologil Soiety, St. Pul, MN. Ojimo, P.S., Sherm, H. nd Brnnen, P.M. 2007. Temporl dynmis of Septori lef spot of lueerry nd its reltionship to defolition nd yield. [online] Plnt Helth Progress doi:10.1094/php-2007-0726-05-rs Sms, C.E., nd Deyton, D.E. 2002. Botnil nd fish oils: History, hemistry, refining, formultion nd urrent uses. Pges 19-28 in: Spry Oils Beyond 2000: Sustinle Pest nd Disese Mngement. G.A.C. Bettie, D.M. Wtson, M.L. Stevens, D.J. Re, nd R.N. Spooner- Hrt, eds. Univ. of Western Sydney, Sydney. Sherm, H., nd Krewer, G. 2008. Disese mngement in orgni riteye lueerries. Interntionl Journl of Fruit Siene 8:69-80. Sherm, H., Svelle, A.T., Brnnen, P.M., nd Krewer, G. 2007. Ourrene nd prevlene of folir diseses on lueerry in Georgi. [online] Plnt Helth Progress doi:10.1094/php-2008-0421-01-rs. Sherm, H., Svelle, A.T., Krewer, G., Tertulino, M., nd Clrk, J.R. 2008. Control of Septori lef spot of lueerry with iofungiides, 2007. Plnt Disese Mngement Reports 2:STF037. 8
12 10 Numer of spots per lef 8 6 4 d d 2 0 Untreted Serende Mx (3 l/a) Sont (4 qt/a) Neptune's Hrvest (2%) Orgni Gem (2%) Fig. 1. Effet of two fish produts (in red ox) nd two other iofungiides on Septori lef spot severity on Brightwell riteye lueerry in n on-frm tril onduted in 2007, prior to the eginning of the OFRF projet. Four folir pplitions of eh produt were mde etween lte August nd erly Otoer. Mens with the sme letters re not signifintly different from eh other ording to Fisher s proteted LSD test (P = 0.05). 9
Fig. 2. Septori lef spot (top), lef rust (middle), nd feeding dmge y the lueerry lef eetle (ottom) on lueerry. 10
(A) SEPTORIA (29 OCT. 2009) (B) VIGOR RATING (29 OCT. 2009) 10 P = 0.0647 5 Numer of spots per lef 8 6 4 2 Plnt vigor (1-5 sle) 4 3 2 d d 0 1 (C) LEAF RETENTION (4 DEC. 2009) (D) FLOWER BUD COUNTS (4 DEC. 2009) 3.0 1.4 Numer of leves remining per shoot 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Flower uds per shoot 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Men vigor (1-5) 0.0 Untreted Serende Mx 1.5 l Sporn 2.5 pt Omeg Grow 2% Orgni Gem 2% Orgnoide 2% SeCide 1% 0.0 Untreted Serende Mx 1.5 l Sporn 2.5 pt Omeg Grow 2% Orgni Gem 2% Orgnoide 2% SeCide 1% Fig. 3. Effet of four fish produts (in red ox) nd two other iofungiides on Septori lef spot severity (A), plnt vigor (B), lte-fll lef retention (C), nd flower ud set (D) t site 1 in 2009 (Brightwell riteye lueerry). Six folir pplitions of eh produt were mde etween lte July nd erly Otoer. Mens with the sme letters re not signifintly different from eh other ording to Fisher s proteted LSD test (t P = 0.05 or the P-vlue indited). 11
(A) RUST (4 DEC. 2009) 18 16 Perent lef re ffeted 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1.6 1.4 (B) BEETLE DAMAGE SCORE (7 OCT. 2009) P = 0.0641 Dmge sore (0-4 sle) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Men rust re (%) 0.2 0.0 Untreted Serende Mx 1.5 l Sporn 2.5 pt Omeg Grow 2% Orgni Gem 2% Orgnoide 2% SeCide 1% Fig. 4. Effet of four fish produts (in red ox) nd two other iofungiides on lef rust severity (A) nd lef eetle dmge (B) t site 2 in 2009 (Bluerisp southern highush lueerry). Six folir pplitions of eh produt were mde etween mid- July nd lte Septemer. Mens with the sme letters re not signifintly different from eh other ording to Fisher s proteted LSD test (P = 0.0641). 12
Tle 1. Effet of fish produts nd three other iofungiides on Septori lef spot severity nd lef eetle dmge on Str southern highush lueerry in Clinh County, GA, Ot. 2010 Disese Beetle Tretment severity (%) dmge Untreted 23.1 3.92 Serende 20.0 3.58 Sporn 24.9 3.33 Keyplex 22.0 3.42 OmegGrow 19.8 3.58 Orgni Gem 21.7 3.42 Orgnoide 15.6 3.58 SeCide 19.5 3.50 LSD (α = 0.05) 5.44 0.435 P-vlue 0.0689 0.2369 Four pplitions etween lte August nd erly Otoer. Fish produts re underlined. Letters within eh olumn indite mens seprtion results y Fisher s proteted LSD test. Assessed visully on sle from 0 (no dmge) to 4 (severe dmge). Tle 2. Effet of fish produts nd three other iofungiides on plnt vigor nd defolition (Ot. 2010) nd flower ud set (Fe. 2011) on Str southern highush lueerry in Clinh County, GA Vigor Defolition Buds per Tretment (0-5 sle) (%) shoot Untreted 3.00 59.2 1.65 Serende 3.06 33.0 2.44 Sporn 2.63 38.2 1.96 KeyPlex 3.00 30.5 1.61 Omeg Grow 3.19 35.8 1.70 Orgni Gem 2.25 49.2 1.81 Orgnoide 2.69 47.5 1.56 SeCide 2.38 44.2 1.08 LSD (α = 0.05) 0.941 20.7 0.8062 P-vlue 0.3748 0.1280 0.1077 Four pplitions etween lte August nd erly Otoer. Fish produts re underlined. Assessed visully on sle from 1 (poor) to 5 (exellent). 13
Tle 3. Effet of fish produts nd three other iofungiides on the numer of lueerry lef eetles per ush on Str southern highush lueerry in Clinh County, GA, t different time periods fter pplition in the 2010 tril Live Ded Live Tretment 24 h 24 h 7 dys Untreted 2.92 0.167 1.583 Serende 0.75 0.667 0.083 Sporn 1.25 0.167 0.167 Keyplex 1.25 0.333 0.083 Omeg Grow 2.50 0.167 0.167 Orgni Gem 1.33 0.417 0.083 Orgnoide 1.00 0.500 0.167 SeCide 1.33 0.583 0.667 LSD (α = 0.05) 1.82 0.463 0.451 P-vlue 0.2242 0.1901 <0.0001 Numer of insets per ush ounted 1 nd 7 dys fter the third pplition on Sept. 23, 2010. Fish produts re underlined. Letters within the lst olumn indite mens seprtion results y Fisher s proteted LSD test. 14
(A) FOLIAR N (29 Ot. 2009) 300 250 Folir N (ppm) 200 150 100 K 50 0 (B) FOLIAR N (30 Ot. 2009) 350 300 P = 0.0643 250 Folir N (ppm) 200 150 K 100 50 0 (C) FOLIAR P (30 Ot. 2009) 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 P = 0.0510 Folir P (%) 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 Untreted Serende Mx 1.5 l Sporn 2.5 pt Omeg Grow 2% Orgni Gem 2% Orgnoide 2% SeCide 1% Fig. 5. Effet of four fish produts (in red ox) nd two other iofungiides on folir sodium (A nd B) nd phosphorus (C) onentrtions t sites 1 (A) nd 2 (B nd C) in 2009. Six folir pplitions of eh produt were mde t eh site. Mens with the sme letters re not signifintly different from eh other ording to Fisher s proteted LSD test (t P = 0.05 or the P-vlue indited). 15
Tle 4. Effet of fish produts nd three other iofungiides on the onentrtions of selet folir nutrients on Str southern highush lueerry in Clinh County, GA, Ot. 2010. Tretment C (%) Mg (%) P (%) Fe (ppm) Mn (ppm) N (ppm) Zn (ppm) Untreted 0.913 0.305 0.080 44.7 54.4 97.9 7.87d Serende 0.678 0.258 0.090 46.0 43.1 150.4 10.32 Sporn 0.730 0.268 0.085 50.6 44.8 103.4 9.81d KeyPlex 0.620 0.238 0.095 261.8 72.4 173.1 36.76 Omeg Grow 0.720 0.260 0.095 50.4 47.1 264.6 9.12d Orgni Gem 0.660 0.260 0.098 43.1 40.7 168.9 9.04d Orgnoide 0.688 0.248 0.090 58.9 38.9 133.6 11.46 SeCide 0.695 0.248 0.090 46.0 44.2 107.0 8.59d LSD (α = 0.05) 0.164 0.037 0.010 24.5 13.6 77.5 2.29 P-vlue 0.0515 0.0407 0.0321 <0.0001 0.0011 0.0042 <0.0001 Four pplitions etween lte August nd erly Otoer. Fish produts re underlined. Letters within eh olumn indite mens seprtion results y Fisher s proteted LSD test. 16