Managing Transport Impacts in Asian Mega-Cities Dr Tim Chatterton tim.chatterton@uwe.ac.uk University of the West of England, Bristol, UK Monday 23 rd November IUAPPA Regional Workshop Tunis, North Africa Air Quality Management Resource Centre, UWE, Bristol 0117 328 3825 aqmrc@uwe.ac.uk
Quick Introduction Air Quality Management Resource Centre Major role in UK AQM process for 10 years International work: Bangkok AQ Action Plan CAI-Asia and BAQ (Asia) Workshops South African National Framework on AQ International researchers: Egypt, Nigeria(x2), Greece Institute for Sustainability, Health and Environment Links between 19 research groups Formally linking: climate change, environmental management, transport and land-use planning public health
Thanks to Cornie Huizenga: ADB (Partnership for Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport) The whole CAI-Asia team Better Air Quality Asia workshops
Not a simple topic Asian Mega-Cities are not all alike Transport is not all alike A range of different impacts: Air Quality Climate Change Social Justice Others, e.g. accidents, noise, physical activity
From: S. Punte (BAQ 2008)
From: S. Punte (BAQ 2008)
From: S. Punte (BAQ 2008)
Dhaka, Bangladesh Photo: Karl Fjellstrom
Shanghai, China Photo: Cornie Huizenga
Beijing, China Photo: Cornie Huizenga Photo: Denis Cox
Hanoi, Vietnam Photo: Cornie Huizenga
Bangkok, Thailand Photo: Tim Chatterton Photo: Tim Chatterton
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Asia has favorable modal split Priv NMT/PT Vijayawada Guwahati Ahmedabad Pune Rajkot Bhopal Bangalore Jaipur Surat Hyderabad Mumbai Bangalore Kanpur Kolkata Chennai Delhi Lucknow Dhaka Columbo Dhaka Karachi Hanoi Jakarta Yogyakarta Singapore Kuala Bangkok Bishkek Wuhan Harbin Changzhou Shanghai Beijing Guangzhou Hong Kong Kunming Nanjing Shenyang Tianjin Wuhan Xi'an Hiroshima Seoul Tokyo India S Asia SE Asia C Asia PRC E Asia Many Asian cities have 70% mode share for public transport + non motorized transport Source: ADB, 2009
Average Ambient Air Quality Levels (2000-2003) 400 350 300 250 Notes: Busan (2000-2002); Dhaka (2002-2003); Hanoi (2000-2002); Jakarta (2000-2001); Kathmandu (2003); Manila PM10 (2002-2003); Mumbai (2000-2001); New Delhi (2000-2002); Osaka (2000-2001); Seoul (2000-2002), SPM (2000-2001); Surabaya (2001-2003) Tokyo (2000-2001) 200 150 100 50 0 Bangkok Beijing Busan Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Hong Kong Jakarta Karachi Kathmandu Kolkata Manila Mumbai New Delhi Osaka Seoul Singapore Shanghai Surabaya Taipei,China Tokyo Yogyakarta SPM Limit = 60-90 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1979) PM 10 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (USEPA, 1997) SPM PM 10 SO 2 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999) NO 2 Limit = 40 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999) SO 2 NO 2 Source: Information collected from national and local government agencies through CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources available from CAI-Asia Secretariat From: Huizenga (IUAPPA, 2004)
Differing Air Quality Management Capacity 2004 Benchmarking Air Quality Management in Asian Cities: Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities(CAI-Asia) Air Pollution in Asian Megacities (APMA) Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Study of 23 cities in Asia comparing their capacity in: Air quality measurement Data assessment and availability Emissions estimates Management enabling capability
Huizenga et al.
Differences in Political Structures Degree of centralisation: Thailand: AQM originally dominated by national Pollution Control Department Indonesia: (Too much?) Decentralisation of responsibility to the provinces Role of judiciary: India: Intervention of Supreme Court with regard to transport in Delhi, and industry near Taj Mahal Involvement of civil society: Philippines: Reporting of Smoke-Belchers by mobile phone (SMS) 5 million signatures collected to force Clean Air Act
Some key issues Rapid growth of cities and poor urban planning Use of (shared) road space Mix of very wealthy and very poor Non-Motorised modes given lack of priority Not seen as progress Most who WALK don t have a SAY. Those who have a SAY don t WALK
Photo: Tim Chatterton Delhi, India
Delhi, India Photo: Tim Chatterton
Manila Walkability Study
Photo: Tim Chatterton
From M Brauer (BAQ 2008)
Non-Transport Sources Transport emissions add to an often already high background concentration Considerable problems in many parts of Asia with regional particles Bangkok estimates of biomass related PM 10 range from 20 45% Much worse in Indonesia and Malaysia Dust from sandstorms can lead to levels of dust > 2000ug/m 3 Resuspension of dust from roads Atmospheric Brown Cloud
NASA: Earth Observatory (18 March 2002)
NASA: Earth Observatory
NASA: Earth Observatory (28 October 2009)
Cleaner fuels and cleaner vehicles Both essential (and closely linked) But: Some vehicles are just dirty e.g. 2-wheelers, old vehicles Problems with fuel adulteration Lack of a culture of servicing vehicles properly Problems with vehicle inspections Caution over use of metallic additives to increase octane (MMT, ferrocene)
CAI-Asia (2009)
From: C. Huizenga (BAQ, 2008)
Photo: Tim Chatterton
From: B. Fabian (BAQ 2008)
From: B. Fabian (BAQ 2008)
Other Impacts From: M.Badami (ADB, 2009)
From: M.Badami (ADB, 2009)
The Future? India The People s Car Now You Can The world s cheapest car: $2,000 Less polluting than a 2-wheeler(?) but half the fuel economy. and takes up more road-space
The Future? China Production from 48,000 p/a in 1998 to about 20 million now Current estimated fleet: 100 million Range: 40-50 km Actual max speed: 20-30 km/hr Cost: US $150-500 Scooter style electric bike (SSEB) Sources: Cherry and Weinert, 2009 CO 2 (g/pax-km) Car 102-306 Bus 24.2-96.8 Motorcycle 64-128 Bicycle 4.70 BSEB 15.6-31.2 SSEB 20.2-40.5 Bicycle style electric bike (BSEB) but concerns about lead (C.Cherry, BAQ 2008)
It doesn t have to all be high tech. Merci! Traffic Management: Delhi Photo: Tim Chatterton