Biologically active substance application efficiency for meat rabbit breeding

Transcription

1 EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 12, (2018) Biologically active substance application efficiency for meat rabbit breeding L.V. Alekseeva 1, A.A. Lukyanov 1, O.V. Bogdanova 2 1 Tver State Agricultural Academy, Tver, RUSSIA 2 Tver State University, Tver, RUSSIA Abstract Researchers of the present study set out the main results of a comprehensive analysis concerning the current state of Russian rabbit meat market. They determined technological and economic advantages of rabbit breeding in comparison with other types of farm animals. They confirmed experimentally the increase of breeding efficiency with the introduction of vitamin-mineral complex preparations into the diet of meat breed rabbits in the form of Ushastik premix and E-selenium. Keywords: animal husbandry, rabbit breeding, meat market, biologically active substances, efficiency Alekseeva LV, Lukyanov AA, Bogdanova OV (2018) Biologically active substance application efficiency for meat rabbit breeding. Eurasia J Biosci 12: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the meat market of Russia has been formed mainly due to domestic production (10 15 years ago it was formed by import supplies). According to preliminary estimates, the volume of Russian meat market (including by-products and bacon) amounted to 10,822.1 thousand tons in 2016, which is 1.6% more than in 2015 and exceeds the indicators of 2014 by 1.1%. In 5 years (by 2011) the market volume increased by 7.7%, and by 26.0% in 10 years (The expertanalytical center of agribusiness AB-Center n.d.). In 2015, the minimum threshold for meat independence was exceeded. According to the Doctrine of RF Food Security, the self-sufficiency of RF in meat should be at least 85%. In 2016, this trend continued, and Russia self-sufficiency in meat increased up to 92.0%. Ten years ago (in 2006), the figures made 61.5% (Federal State Statistics Service n.d.). Poultry (47.3%) is the leader in the overall structure of the meat market, followed by pork (32.6%), beef (17.3%), lamb and goat meat (2.1%) and other types of meat - 1%. The production of other types of meat (horse meat, venison, rabbit meat) made about 76.4 thousand tons in During the year, the decline of volumes was 0.8%, and - 1.1% during 5 years. However, over 10 years, the volume increased by 10.3% (calculated on the basis) (Federal State Statistics Service n.d.). Rabbit breeding is one of the most promising branches of animal husbandry, the main task of which is rabbit breeding and the provision of the population with healthy dietary meat, fur and fluff. Nowadays, rabbit breeding in Russian Federation is being restored from the ashes after the difficult 90-ies of the last century. According to official statistics, during the highest development of the industry ( ) the Soviet Union had 16.3 million rabbits, about 200 thousand tons of rabbit meat was produced annually. In 1990, 80 million skins were harvested and thousand tons of meat were produced (Federal State Statistics Service n.d.). By 2016, the total number of rabbits in RF agricultural organizations made heads. During the period from 2012 to 2016 there was the process of rabbit number in RF agriculture (by 47%). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION With a general reduction, the number of rabbits in the Central Federal District increased significantly - by 48% (Fig. 1). Central Russia is characterized by relatively mild winters and cool summers, which is a good condition for gentle rabbit growth and reproduction. In the number of rabbits in agriculture increased by 4.7 times (from 105 to 492 heads) in the Tver region, which doubled the sales volumes (from 0.2 to 0.4 tons, respectively). The Russian rabbit market is almost empty. There is no clearly developed market for rabbit meat in Russia. There are almost no regular customers, thus the dynamics of production indicators is also extremely unstable. Nowadays, in Russia various sources estimate production at thousand tons per year, which amounts to 70 g of rabbit meat per Russian. The unsatisfied demand for rabbit meat in Russian Received: May 2018 Accepted: September 2018 Printed: December

2 Fig. 1. The dynamics of rabbit number in the agricultural organizations (not related to small business subjects), thousands of heads [2] Table 1. Technological and economic advantages of rabbit breeding in comparison with other types of farm animals Average food conversion per 1 kg of live weight The average payback period of investment, years Broiler Chickens 2.5 Poultry 4 Pigs 3.5 Pig breeding 5 Rabbits 3.5 Rabbit breeding 5 Cattle 10 Herding 9-10 Sheep 10 Sheep breeding 8 Federation is large and is estimated at more than 300 thousand tons per year, which is equivalent to about 2 kg per country inhabitant. In this regard, this trend in meat cattle breeding of Russia is the most promising one. According to Rosstat, the average statistical consumption of all types of meat per capita in Russia was 73.8 kg during 2016, exceeding the rational norms since 1990 for the first time (the rational consumption rate was 73 kg per year) (Federal State Statistics Service n.d.). However, there was no full recovery of meat consumption to peak indicators in 2013 (76.0 kg). At the same time, if we compare the volumes over a longer period, then during the past 5 years the meat consumption per capita increased by 4.9% in Russian Federation, by 22.8% during 10 years, and by 52.6 % during 15 years. The share of rabbit meat in total meat consumption in Russia is insignificant (on the average, one Russian eats only g of rabbit meat per year), while in European countries the proportion of rabbit meat reaches 6 8%, which is about 2 3 kg per capita (The expert-analytical center of agribusiness AB-Center n.d.). Rabbit meat is a recognized dietary product that has a special social significance for certain population groups who need high-grade protein products: children, the patients with diabetes and tuberculosis, nursing mothers, the elderly and the workers of hazardous industries. Rabbit meat is absorbed by 96%, while beef or pork - up to 60%. By vitamin and mineral composition rabbit meat is superior to almost all other types of meat. It contains iron, the vitamins of group B, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium salts and other mineral substances (The expert-analytical center of agribusiness AB-Center n.d.). One of the main factors of rabbit breeding increase and, accordingly, the most complete satisfaction of the population need for dietary meat, is the purposeful work with the modern breeds of rabbits adapted to intensive breeding and housing conditions. Among the meat breeds of rabbits, Risen (German giant) is very popular one. The rabbits of this breed are the largest in the world, thus this breed is considered to be meat-skin. Their meat is healthy, soft and juicy, and the skin is of high quality due to its density and dense fur. No species of animals can be compared with rabbits by the vigor of live weight (growth) and reproduction period increase. The fecundity of rabbits largely depends on feeding and housing conditions and the individual qualities of the animal, which are inherited. Technological and economic advantages of rabbit breeding in comparison with other types of farm animals are reflected in Table 1. The priority trend of rabbit breeding efficiency increase is the provision of rabbit livestock with highquality balanced feed. The key factor that can normalize the process of metabolism and the body resistance to diseases and adverse environmental factors, is the timely provision of a body with biological additives. 432

3 Table 2. Experiment scheme Group of animals Number of heads Ration Control 4 SR TestI 4 SR + «Ushastik» TestII 4 SR + E-selenium Fig. 2. Morphological blood parameters of rabbits (females) at the beginning of the experiment Fig. 3. Morphological blood parameters of rabbits (females) in the middle of the experiment The Tver region is deficient by the content of certain trace elements in soil and feed, which strongly affects the composition of animal feed, and thus the metabolism and the growth rate of rabbits worsens (Alekseeva and Kondakova 2014). In order to fill the needs of rabbit body in vitamins and trace elements the scientific experiment was conducted at the laboratory of Tver SAA in The premix E-selenium and Ushastik was added to the basic ration for research purposes. In order to determine and compare the effectiveness of the premix E-selenium and Ushastik use, the following experiment scheme was drawn up, presented in Table 2. This experiment was carried out for 3 months among 45 day old animals, the average live weight of which was 0.9 kg. The selection was carried out according to the following criteria: age, live weight, breed affiliation. Four heads of rabbits were involved in all three groups. Blood was taken for analysis from each group of animals to study the morphological parameters, shown on Figs. 2, 3, 4, and the content of microelements in the hair of rabbits (females) was determined at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the experiment. Thus, in the course of the experiment, there was the tendency to increase the amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells in experimental rabbit blood (I and II gr.) relative to the control group by 9.2%, 1% and 12.3%, 2.3% on the average. The increase of red blood cells and hemoglobin stimulates the redox processes in a body, which leads to the intensification of metabolism and the rapid growth of animals. 433

4 Fig. 4. Morphological blood parameters of rabbits (females) at the end of the experiment Fig. 5. Rabbit growth dynamics In biology, it is considered to judge about the normal and the pathological processes occurring in an animal body according to blood composition. The metabolic transformations in blood are the reflection of the body processes. The red blood cells and platelets belong to the forming blood elements. Their content in blood volume units is relatively constant for each type of animal, but the dependence of the environment, feeding, age and physiological state changes. From our data, we see that the amount of hemoglobin in the rabbit blood will be increased at the end of the experiment among experimental group 1 (receiving Ushastik supplement at the amount of 10.7 g/l), and in the experimental group 2 (receiving the E- selenium supplement at the amount of g\l), as compared with the control group. In accordance with the number of red blood cells in rabbit blood of all experimental and control groups, it was within the normal range ( ml) It can be assumed that the processes of erythrocyte maturation and development, which are carried out mainly in the red bone marrow, do not depend on the additives that the animals received during the experiment. Thus, we conclude that the additives (E-selenium and Ushastik ) used to feed rabbits stimulate the development of hemoglobin only, which implies the improvement of amino acid, lipid, enzyme, hormone transportation, and provides the nutritional function of red blood cells. The regulation of blood ph improves and the buffer properties of blood are increased due to hemoglobin increase. The main way of energy in erythrocytes is glycolysis, the energy of which is used for the active transport of cations across the cell membrane and the maintaining of the normal state between potassium and sodium ions in erythrocytes and plasma, as well as to preserve the integrity of the membrane in erythrocytes. The dynamics of rabbit growth is shown on Fig

5 Table 3. Study effectivenes Animal groups Indicators Test I (SR+ TestII Control (SR) «Ushastik») (SR + E-selenium) The number of rabbits in the experiment, heads The test duration, days Average daily gain 1 per head, g Received increment in total, kg Sold rabbit meat (live weight), kg Direct labor costs per 1 kg of rabbit live weight increase, pers./h The cost of 1 kg increase in live weight, rub Selling price of 1 kg of rabbit meat (in l.w.), rub Total production costs, rub The income from the sale of rabbit meat (inl.w.), rub Profit, rub Profitability rate, % Table 3 presents the main indicators of performed study zootechnical and economic efficiency. The analysis of Table 3 data shows that the average daily gain of one head is the highest one in the first experimental group - 30 g (which is 11.1% higher than in the control and 1.1% higher than in the second experimental group). The increase of rabbit productivity in the first experimental group at the introduction of Ushastik premix into the ration, led to labor intensity decrease (by 9.8% as compared with the control group and by 6.7% as compared with the second group) and the cost of 1 kg of live weight gain (3, 4 and 2.5% respectively) and, thus, the increase of profitability level by 5.6 and 4.1% respectively. The performed calculations fully confirm the growth efficiency when vitamin-mineral complex preparations are introduced into the diet of rabbits in the form of Ushastik and E-selenium premix, which allowed to obtain healthy offspring; to increase productivity and reduce fattening time; to avoid the digestive system disorders; to replace the lack of vitamin E and selenium in a body. CONCLUSION An integrated approach in rabbit feeding organization with nutritionally balanced and price-minimized compound feeds will ensure the dynamic increase of animal productivity and, consequently, the decrease of unit costs (the share of feed in meat cost makes 65 70% on the average) and the increase in production profitability. Rabbit meat production has a high development potential. According to BusinesStat forecasts, in the sales of rabbit meat in the country will continue to grow by % per year and they will reach 18.1 thousand tons by Until recently, the imports from China and Hungary occupied a significant part of the market. In 2014, they supplied 4.4 thousand tons of rabbit meat to the Russian market (The expert-analytical center of agribusiness AB-Center n.d.). The drop of this meat imports frees the market share for Russian producers. In recent years, amid the devaluation of ruble and the food embargo, investors are becoming more interested in this industry. New investment projects are emerging, and existing enterprises are investing in production modernization and expansion. In recent years, large farms have emerged that use the most advanced technologies for the accelerated breeding of rabbits, and new farms are being built. The largest industrial producers of rabbit meat are the Russian Rabbit company (650 tons per year) from Tatarstan, Russian Rabbit and Krol and K, whose capacities are located in Central Russia (each producing about 400 tons per year). In 2016, the construction of 3 large rabbit meat farms began in the North-West. Their total capacity will be 7.4 thousand tons per year, which will cover half of the needs of Russians in this dietary product. REFERENCES Alekseeva LV, Kondakova LV (2014) Metabolism and productivity of Hereford bulls during the introduction of cobalt and iron nanopowders into the diet. Tver: Tver State Agricultural Academy, 120 p. Federal State Statistics Service (n.d.) Retrieved from The expert-analytical center of agribusiness AB-Center (n.d.) Retrieved from