French Sites Presentation Pérès Guénola (ACO), Daniel Cluzeau (UR1)
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1 French Sites Presentation Pérès Guénola (ACO), Daniel Cluzeau (UR1)
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3 Tillage Fertilisation 3 Long Term Observatories * Kerguéhennec (2000) * Mons (2009) (SOERE-ACBB) * EFELE (2012) (SOERE-PROs) + 1 Farm network 2 LTO * Kerguéhennec (2000) * EFELE (2012) (SOERE-Pros) Crop rotation 1 LTO * Lusignan (2005) (SOERE-ACBB) Mons Kerguéhennec EFELE Lusignan
4 Lusignan SOERE ACBB Lusignan (2005) Crop Rotation Temporary grasslands Lusignan
5 Eperimental set up: management factors under study Plot Treatment Main plots ( small plots ) Large plots Grassland duration N input Crop T1 0 rotation N+ T2 Grasslandcrop N+ 3 yrs T3 6 yrs T4 rotation N- Permanent T5 Grassland > 20 yrs N+ Grassland Management Cutting T3 L N+ Cutting 6 yrs T6 L N- Grazing T5 L N+ Cutting > 20 yrs T7 L N- Grazing
6 Eperimental set up: Rotations > 20 years Initialisation plowing
7 25 ha 5 treatments 4 reps = 20 main ( small ) plots (0,4 ha) 4 large plots (3,2 ha)
8 Data collection: overview Climatic and physical soil parameters Meteo Soil humidity-temperature Atmospheric flues CO 2, H 2 O, (2 Eddy covariance towers) N 2 O (2 6 automatedenclosures) Data Basis Soil solution and drained water Microlysimeters Succion cups Soil and vegetation characteristics Above and below-ground biomass Soil organic matter Mineral balances Sample collections DNA library Biodiversity Plants: sawn species, weeds Fauna: earthworms, insects, voles, Micro-organisms Biological soil Conservatory -40 C
9 Tillage Fertilisation 3 Long Term Observatories * Kerguéhennec (2000) * Mons (2009) (SOERE-ACBB) * EFELE (2012) (SOERE-PROs) + 1 Farm network 2 LTO * Kerguéhennec (2000) * EFELE (2012) (SOERE-Pros) Crop rotation 1 LTO * Lusignan (2005) (SOERE-ACBB) Mons Kerguéhennec EFELE Lusignan
10 Kerguehennec site Kerguéhennec
11 Kerguéhennec Kerguéhennec - Ocean climate, - Mean annual precipitation : 890 mm - Mean annual air temperature : 10.8 C Soil derived from micaschist, Dystric Cambisol (FAO) with a loamy teture and high organic matter (4,3%) A p Sand ( µm) 41 % Silt (2-50 µm) 42 % Clay (<2 µm) 17 % ph (H20, 1 : 2.5) 6 C (g kg -1 ) 21 B w C CEC (mequiv/100 g) 10 11
12 Kerguéhennec Eperimental station of Kerguéhennec (Morbihan dept.) of CRAB since eperimental designs under conventional system FKT and FKA "Transfer" eperiment FKT -> impact of reduced tillage on run-off "Agronomic" eperiment FKA -> impact of reduced tillage combined with OM inputs 12
13 Kerguéhennec "Agronomic" eperiment FKA -> impact of reduced tillage combined with OM inputs Treatments are compared since 2000 Crop in January 2017 Crop rotation (4 years) : grain maize-wheat-rape-wheat-phacelia
14 French Tillage treatments FKA Agronomical (since 2000) 3 Tillage treatments 4 fertilisation treatments Conventional Moulboard ploughing 25 cm (CMP) X With Equivalent N input Mineral fertilisation- M Poultry manure- PM Pig Slurry-LP Cow manure M/FB Minimum tillage (MT) Harrowing at 8 cm then chisel since 2006 Sous-essai A: essai «scientifique» L, TS, SD ; M, FV Sous-essai B: essai «faisabilité» L, TS ; LP, FB-M No till, Direct drilling (DS) Rotation(4 ans) grain maize-wheatrape-wheat-phacelia Bloc 1 Bloc 2 TS/FV TS/M SD/FV SD/M L/M L/FV L/M- FB L/LP TS/M- FB TS/LP L/M L/FV TS/M TS/FV SD/M SD/FV TS/LP TS/M- L/LP L/M- FB FB Bloc 3 SD/FV SD/M L/FV L/M TS/FV TS/M L/M- FB L/LP TS/M- FB TS/LP 10 traitements (12 m X 25 m) X 3 blocs 30 plots
15 Kerguéhennec KFA - Many parameters measured every year or ponctually SOIL Physical properties Structural state of surface Hydraulic conduticity porosity Structural stability Morphological properties Agricultural profil Chemical properties analysis C and N stock Biological properties Earthworm Microorganisms(biomass) CROPS Disease Pests Weeds Root profile Cropyieldand component Crop analysis Nematodes 15
16 Kerguéhennec "Transfer" eperiment FKT -> impact of reduced tillage on run-off 3 Treatments are compared since 2000 with the same fertilisation Crop in January 2017 Crop rotation (every 2 years) : Grain maize wheat ray grass 16
17 French Tillage treatments FKT Transfer (since 2000) 3 Tillage treatments 3 traitements (6 m X 50 m) X 3 blocs 9 plots Conventional Moulboard ploughing 25 cm (CMP) Minimum tillage (MT) Harrowing at 8 cm then chisel since 2006 Rotation(2 ans) : Grain maize wheat ray grass RGI. No till, Direct drilling (DS) Fertilisation Pig slurry (before maize) Mineral (on wheat)
18 Kerguéhennec FKT - Many parameters measured every year or ponctually SOIL Physical properties Run-off Erosion Soil stability Hydraulic conductivity Chemical properties Concentration of herbicides Phosphorus Biological properties Earthworm Microorganisms
19 SOERE ACBB Estrées-Mons (2009) Tillage cash crops and biomass crop rotation Mons
20 MONS Deep loamy soil (Haplic Luvisol) with deep rooting capacity Oceanic temperate climate, average annual precipitation : 684 mm average annual temperature : 10.4 C for the period
21 Treatments: Tillage X crop residues management X N fertilization X Legume MONS Treatment Rotation Soil tillage Crop residues management N fertilization Legume frequency T1 Conventional management Pea, Rapeseed, Wheat, Barley, Maize, Wheat Annual ploughing Returned Reference N Low T2 Reduced Tillage Pea, Rapeseed, Wheat, Barley, Maize, Wheat Shallow tillage Returned Reference N Low T3 Reduced Tillage and Residues Removal Pea, Rapeseed, Wheat, Barley, Maize, Wheat Shallow tillage Eported** Reference N Low T4 Reduced Nitrogen Pea, Rapeseed, Wheat, Barley, Maize, Wheat Annual ploughing Returned 40% Reference N Low T5 Reduced Nitrogen and LEGuminous crops Alfalfa, Alfalfa, Wheat, Barley, Maize, Wheat Annual ploughing Returned 40% Reference N High T6 Residues Removal and PERennial crops Switchgrass (6 years), Pea, Rapeseed, Wheat, Barley, Maize, Wheat Shallow tillage* Eported** Reference N Low * Ploughed once after switchgrass ** Ecept after rapeseed crop
22 MONS 24 plots with6 treatementson 4 blocs
23 TDR probes T probes Porous cups Plate lysimeters Tensiometers
24 MONS Vegetation measurements Aerial biomass Root biomass Biomass composition (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg) Biodiversity measurements Earthworms Microorganisms Atmospheric measurements Temperature and air humidity Wind direction and strength Global radiation Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) Rainfall Records of crop management technics Soil measurements C, N, Carbon stock, Mineralisation, Temperature, Soil moisture Bulk density Soil tillage Fertilization Pesticides
25 SOERE PROs EFELE (2012) Tillage Organic matter management EFELE
26 EFELE LA Ag E(g) EBT(g) Oceanic climat Pluvio: 700 mm / year NEOLUVISOL/LUVISOLS-REDOXISOL limoneu Loamy soil BTg1 ph 6 (0-40 cm) (> 40 cm) OM : 2% BTg2 IISg IIIC
27 EFELE Lysimètres Plots : 600 m² Essai TS/MO 3 blocs-4 tts Essai PROs 4 blocs-9tts Plots : 113 m² 2017 Rotation : Maize/Wheat/ inter-crop : mustarde
28 EFELE Bloc 4 PROs Trial Blocs 3-4 Bloc 3 Bloc 2 Blocs 1-2 Bloc 1-9 treatments: - chicken manure, - cattle farmyard manure - cattle farmyard manure +N - composted pig manure - composted pig manure +N - pig slurry - digestate(from pig slurry) - mineral - Control Applied every year Applied every two years N Fertilisation : 80 kg N/ha (dependingon N balance)
29 EFELE TC/MO Trial 2 tillage treatments X 2 fertilisation treatments Conventionnal tillage Reduced tillage Cow manure Mineral Bloc 3 Bloc 2 Bloc 1
30 Parameters * Punctual data (every 3 years) - Biological : Earthworms, macrofauna, microorganisms (biomass, diversity, enzymatic activities) - Chemical : C, N, P - Physical : soil structure, * Monitoring : - hydrodynamic functioning of soil(tdr probes, tensiometers, temperature sensors, lysimeters) water volume content, soil water capacity, temperature - emissions of N 2 O and CO 2 gas (measurement chambers).
31 Farm network
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