Conservation Agriculture and Ecosystem Services
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1 Conservation Agriculture and Ecosystem Services Theo Dillaha Professor of Biological Systems Engineering and Program Director SANREM CRSP Virginia Tech
2 Acknowledgement This presentation and the SANREM CRSP are made possible by the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through Cooperative Agreement No. EPP-A
3 Outline Characteristics of conservation agriculture (CA) Impacts of CA What are ecosystem services? Potential ecosystem services impacts of CA
4 Characteristics of CA year-round organic soil cover reduced tillage crop rotation systems integrated pest management integrated nutrient management More closely mimic natural vegetative systems than conventional industrial agriculture. For SANREM, we are not limiting to organic farming and no-till.
5 CA with Cassava and Maize.
6 Source: African Conservation Tillage Network photo library
7
8 Impacts of CA Increased soil carbon (until equilibrium) Reduced erosion (<T) Enhanced soil fertility and structure Increased soil biodiversity Increased infiltration and soil moisture storage Improved response to agronomic inputs
9 Description: Using a creeping vetch as a living mulch through which maize was planted resulted in marked changes in soil color, N-content maize yield and year round protection of the soil surface (FAO Soils Bulletin 75).
10 Conservation agriculture versus conventional tillage wheat root systems (FAO Soils Bulletin 75)
11 Global Soil Organic Carbon, % Source: FAO-UNESCO, Soil Map of the World, Sept. 2000; top 1 meter
12 Potential increase in production and profits Patience and investment required in early years
13 What are ecosystem services? Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans (and other species) obtain from functioning ecosystems. They have an estimated value of $16-54 trillion/yr. Provisioning Regulating Supporting Cultural
14 Ecosystem Services Provisioning services food (cultivated and wild plants & animals) water oxygen fiber genetic resources energy (hydropower, biomass fuels) biochemicals
15 Ecosystem Services Regulating services carbon sequestration climate and weather regulation waste decomposition and detoxification water and air purification erosion control crop pollination pest and disease control drought, floods, UV radiation control
16 Ecosystem Services Supporting services nutrient dispersal and cycling seed dispersal primary production Cultural services Cultural and spiritual inspiration recreation
17 Which ecosystem services are likely to benefit from conservation agriculture?
18 Ecosystem Services Provisioning services food (cultivated plants & animals) water generally positive but if water used more productively in upland areas, could decrease downstream availability oxygen energy (hydropower, biomass fuels)
19 Ecosystem Services Regulating services carbon sequestration climate and weather regulation waste decomposition and detoxification water and air purification pest and disease control drought & flood risk UV radiation Erosion control
20 Maize growing through Mucuna cover crop
21 Ecosystem Services Supporting services nutrient dispersal and cycling primary production Cultural services recreation
22 Summary and Conclusions CA is environmentally and agronomically sound. Adoption is increasing on large mechanized farms across the world. Potential for carbon sequestration payments in early years to offset initial challenges. Real challenge is adoption by smallholders.
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