National Report on Measures Taken to Implement the Convention on Biological Diversity

Transcription

1 Nationa Report on Measures Taken to Impement the Convention on Bioogica Diversity Presented to the Fourth Conference of Parties to the CBD May Bratisava, Repubic of Sovakia Government of Botswana March,

2 PREFACE In fufiment of Artice 26 of the Convention on Bioogica Diversity and the decision of the second meeting of the Conference of the Parties (decision Botswana as a contracting party is obigated to prepare and present to the Conference of Parties a nationa report on measures taken to impement the provisions of the Convention. A Nationa Bioogica Diversity Authority which consists of experts from various organisations both within and outside government was estabished and charged with preparing the report The ist of members of the Nationa Bioogica Diversity Authority is attached in Appendix 1. This report provides detaied current information on the status and trends biodiversity conservation in Botswana as we as progress in the impementation the Convention on Bioogica Diversity. Biodiversity is essentia for sustainabe deveopment and adaptation to the changing environment. A review of this report shows that Botswana sti possesses an impressive diversity and abundance of wid fauna and fora. The Government of Botswana has demonstrated considerabe commitment to maintaining the country s rich heritage by setting over 35% of the country as Nationa Parks, Game Reserves, Forest Reserves and Widife Management Areas. Despite its commitment the country sti acks adequatey trained manpower needed to deveop nationa strategies and action pans as highighted in the report. This being the first nationa report, I wish to commend the Nationa Bioogica Diversity Authority for the tremendous effort it has made in putting together this report. It is a product of intensive iterature review by the many sectors who are invoved with biodiversity conservation in Botswana. I am sure it has been an exercise from which a have earnt/ gained worthwhie experience which wi make the task of preparation of subsequent reports fairy easier. One can ony hope that the reader of this product wi gain as much if not more than the producers and that the tremendous efforts that Botswana is undertaking in managing and protecting its biodiversity wi be understood and appreciated by the in of Executive Secretary NCS Coordinating Agency

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS V... LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION GEOGRAPHY AND OF BOTSWANA 1 Physica Features Chute Natura Resources Vegetation Sois Range Resources Minera Resources Water CONSERVATION IN BOTSWANA THE CONVENTION ON DIVERSITY RESPECT TO WILDLIFE THE CONVENTION ON WITH RESPECT TO AGRICULTURE. 6 CEAPTERTWO GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF POLICIES RELATED TO CONSERVATION NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY WILDLIFE FORESTRY GENETIC RESOURCES INDIGENOUS SPECIES CHAPTERTHREE BACKGROUND IN BOTSWANA Herpetofauna and Poicy Framework of Bioogica Diversity and management In Situ Conservation Ex Situ Conservation....21

4 iii Pubic Education and Awareness Impact Assessment arid Adverse Effects Access to Genetic Resources Access to and Transfer of Technoogy Handing of Biotechnoogy and Distribution of its Benefits... Regiona and Internationa Cooperation OF INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CAPACITY Department of Widife and Nationa Parks Department of Museum, Monuments and Art Department of Water Affairs Ministry of Agricuture STATUS OF NATIONAL IN-SITU AND CONSERVATION FACILITIES I In-situ Resources 26 Nationa Parks and Game Reserves Widife Management Areas Forest Reserves Natura History Monuments Resources Zoos, Natura History Coections, and Arboreta Nationa Pant Genetic Resources Centre Indigenous ivestock Species 3.5 OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND ITS MANAGEMENT Fauna Mammas Herpetofauna Ichthyofauna Livestock Forestry Vegetation Types Range Resources Pant Genetic Resources CHAPTER FOUR STRATEGY/ ACTION PLAN DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE AND NATIONAL. PARKS 4.2 DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, AND ART GALLERY 4.3 OF AGRICULTURE Pant Genetic Resources Indigenous Livestock Species Sustainabe Forestry. 44 CHAPTERFIVE AND PARTNERSHIP and Nationa Parks Nationa Museum, Monuments and Art Forestry 46 Conservation of Pant Resources Fisheries 47 Indigenous Livestock Species COLLABORATION AND Conservation Society 48 Ski Share Africa Forestry Association of Botswana 49

5 Research Lefieng Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre Trust of Botswana (Environment Watch Botswana) Forum On Sustainabe Agricuture (FONSAG) Conservation Chobe Trust Botswana Bird Cub Private Agencies Coaborating Together (PACT) Department of Widife and Nationa Parks Nationa Museum, Monuments and Art Forestry Livestock AGENCIES: CURRENT AND United Kingdom United States Agency for Internationa Deveopment Southern African Deveopment Community HIVOS SIDA Danish Co-operation for Environment and Deveopment 56 Kaahari Management Services Trust IUCN- Conservation Union CHAPTER SIX RESOURCE AVAILABILITY WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT MUSEUM, MONUMENTS AND ART GALLERY I Pant Genetic Resources Indigenous Livestock CHAPTER SEVEN MONITORING AND EVALUATION MONUMENTSAND ART MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE I Conservation of Indigenous Livestock Species Pant and Genetic Resources W ATER APPENDIX 1: EDITORIAL COMMITTEE AND BOTSWANA NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY MEMBERS REFERENCES iv

6 V List of Abbreviations AEWA Africa Eurasian Water-birds Agreement ALCOM Aquacuture for Loca Community Deveopment Botswana Confederation of Commerce and Industry Community Based Management of Indigenous Forestry CBO Community Based Organisation C Conservation Internationa CITES Convention on Internationa Trade in Endangered Species CJSS Community Junior Secondary Schoo CKGR Centra Kaahari Game Reserve DANCED Danish Co-operation for Environment and Deveopment Department for Internationa Deveopment DRFN Desert Research Foundation of Namibia DWA Department of Water Affairs DWNP Department of Widife and Nationa Parks EEASA Environmenta Education Association for Southern EIA Environmenta Impact Assessment EU European Union FAB Forestry Association of Botswana FAO Food and Agricutura Organisation FONSAG Forum on Sustainabe Agricuture FPDP Forestry, Protection and Deveopment Programme GEF/SGP Goba Environment Faciity/Sma Grants Programme GTZ German Technica Co-operation Internationa Pant Genetic Resource Institute Institutiona Reinforcement for Community Empowerment Word Conservation Union IUCN-ROSA Word Conservation Union-Regiona Office for Southern Africa KCS Kaahari Conservation Society KMS Kaahari Management Services Ministry of Agricuture NCS Nationa Conservation Strategy NCSCA Nationa Conservation Strategy Coordinating Agency NDP8 Nationa Deveopment Pan 8 NGO: Non Governmenta Organisation Norwegian Agency for Deveopment Cooperation NPGRC Nationa Pant Genetic Resources Centre NRMP Natura Resources Management Programme ODA Overseas Deveopment Agency HOORC Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre PACT Private Agencies Coaborating Together PTB Permacuture Trust of Botswana Rura Industries Promotions Company SABONET Southern African Botanica Diversity Network Southern African Centre for Co-operation in Agricuture and Natura

7 vi SACWM SADC SARCCUS SNV UNCED UNDP UNEP VPR WMA Resources Research and Training Southern Africa Convention for Widife Management Southern African Deveopment Community Southern African (SADC) Loop of Bionet Internationa Southern African Regiona Commission for the Conservation and Utiisation of Soi Swedish Internationa Deveopment Authority Netherands Deveopment Organisation United Nations Commission for Environment and Deveopment United Nations Deveopment Programme United Nations Environment Programme United States Agency for Internationa Deveopment Ved Product Research Widife Management Areas

8 vii LIST OF TABLES Tabe Tite Page Number Major ecosystem types in Botswana Species number of seected fauna occurring in ecosystem types in Botswana Insect species identified to date in Botswana Nationa Parks and Game Reserves Private Game Reserves and Community Sanctuaries Natura History Monuments identified as of 1997 Number of specimens in the different sections of the Natura History Coection of Botswana Crop Accessions hed in the Botswana Nationa Gene Bank LIST OF FIGURES Figure Tite Page Number 1.1 Location map of Botswana Protected areas in Botswana 31

9 viii Botswana s environment and natura resources have been paced under growing pressure as a resut of rapid increases in popuation and deveopment. In order to counter the threats to the country s natura resources, the Government of Botswana has put in pace the Nationa Conservation Strategy which the importance of economic deveopment and environmenta management. In addition, a number of poicies and programmes have been promugated to ensure that natura resources are used in an efficient and sustainabe manner. The country is aso a signatory to a number of internationa agreements, conventions and protocos. Botswana is one of very few countries in the word that sti possesses an impressive diversity and abundance of wid fauna and fora. This is refected by the occurrence of more than 150 different species of mammas, over 500 species of birds, numerous species of repties, amphibians, insects and pants. The Government of Botswana has demonstrated considerabe commitment to maintaining the country s rich heritage by setting aside 18% of the country as Nationa Parks and Game reserves. An additiona 21% has been dedicated to Widife Management Areas where the primary and use is widife utiisation. In recent years, decines have been observed in the numbers of many widife species. A number of factors have been evoked to expain this aarming trend. These incude rapidy expanding human and ivestock popuations, the ever present of drought and the proiferation of ivestock disease contro cordon fences that have had the effect of impeding the free migration of widife. In order to reverse this trend, a number of measures have been put in pace. These incude the provision of water to compensate for the oss of access to permanent water bodies, protection of widife migratory routes by the designation of certain areas as widife management areas and the use of widife friendy fencing. The roe of conservation education in conscientising peope about the necessity of maintaining the country s biodiversity cannot be overemphasised. In this regard, concrete steps have been taken by introducing conservation education in schoo curricua and the deveopment of ex-situ faciities such as natura history coections and botanica gardens. The Government of Botswana in conjunction with a stakehoders has embarked upon a process of deveoping a comprehensive strategy for widife management in the 21 st Century. In Botswana, as esewhere, there is widespread repacement of diverse varieties by homogeneous modern cutivars resuting in genetic vunerabiity. Major crops such as sorghum, maize, miet and are essentia for the food security of Botswana and genetic diversity within these crops is important for stabe production.

10 ix In view of the fast disappearance of crop diversity in Botswana, the ony safe approach to provide broad genetic base to satisfy future needs is to coect and maintain as much of the genetic diversity as possibe for both cutivated crops and their wid reatives which highights the need for Government support to store pant genetic resources in Genebanks. To this end, the Government of Botswana has estabished a Nationa Pant Genetic Resources Centre for the conservation of this important heritage. Since 1988, the Ministry of Agricuture started a project on conservation of indigenous ivestock (sheep, goats, and catte). To date there are six ranches with a tota and area of 16,000 ha, 600 breeding cows, 500 breeding sheep and 400 breeding goats. This base popuations are kept mainy for conservation and During the period the Government of Botswana and UNDP for an expanded project to cover both in-situ and ex-situ conservation invoving a species of farm animas. The main aim of these projects is to meet the food security of the countries and to ensure a future suppy of anima products and anima biodiversity. There is great potentia for production of inand fisheries with an estimated production of tonnes per year. However, osses are high, at between due to inadequate transport, storage and processing technoogies. An initiative impemented by the FAO is the Aquacuture for Loca Community Deveopment which co-ordinates fisheries and sma water bodies projects, and provision of documentation and information services. is the main source of househod energy for over 74% of the rura popuation who use it for cooking, water, heating and ighting. Overutiisation of resources has resuted in and degradation and deforestation. In order to address the management and conservation of forest resources, the Government, and other stakehoders are in the process of drawing up a comprehensive Nationa Forestry Action Programme. Forest and natura woodand inventories wi be carried out to faciitate the impementation of natura woodand management programmes.

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12 1 CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Geography and Environment of Botswana 1 Physica Features Botswana is andocked and straddes the Tropic of Capricorn in the centre of the Southern African Pateau. The mean atitude above sea eve is approximatey metres and the country s tota area is about the size of Kenya or France or the state of Texas in the USA. Botswana shares borders with Zimbabwe, the Repubic of South Africa, Namibia and Zambia. Much of the country is fat, with gente unduations and occasiona rocky In the north-west, the Okavango River drains inand from Angoa to form the Okavango Deta; in the centra north-east is a arge area of pains bordering the Makgadikgadi pans. In the east, adjacent to the Limpopo drainage system, the and rises above metres, and the Limpopo Vaey graduay descends from 900 metres in the south to 500 metres at its confuence with the Shashe River. This eastern region, which straddes the north-south raiway ine, has a somewhat ess harsh cimate and more fertie sois than esewhere; and it is here that most Batswana ive. Two thirds of Botswana is covered with deep Kaahari sands. The sand cover is up to 120 metres some paces. The Kaahari supports a vegetation of scrub and grasses, but there is an amost compete absence of surface water. Cimate Botswana is situated cose to the subtropica high pressure bet of the southern hemisphere. As a resut, the country is argey arid or semi-arid. Mean annua rainfa ranges from over 650 mm in the extreme north to ess than 250 mm in the extreme south-west. A secondary maximum of over 550 mm occurs in the southeast around Lobatse, and a secondary minimum of ess than 350 mm occurs in the ow ying area between the Shashe and Limpopo rivers in the extreme east. Amost a the rainfa occurs during the summer months, from October to Apri; the period from May to September is generay dry. Most of the rainfa occurs in showers and thunderstorms, and its incidence is highy variabe both in time and space.

13 N Figure Location map for Botswana

14 Average daiy maximum temperatures range from 20 C in Juy to 33 C in January whie daiy minimum temperatures range from 5 C in Juy to 19 C in January. However, the temperature range is wide, with extremes from ess than minus 5 C up to 43 C. The owest temperatures occur in the south-west, where eary morning frost may occur during June through August. Evaporation rates are high, ranging from 1800 mm to over 2200 mm annuay for surface water. Sunshine varies from about hours annuay in the north-east to over hours in the south-west (8-10 hours daiy). Generay cear skies and ow reative humidity ead to maximum insoation during the day and rapid energy oss at night, resuting in reativey hot days and coo nights and a arge diurna range of temperature. Drought in Botswana is a recurring phenomenon. The six consecutive years of drought from to were the worst sequence since the eary 1920s. During these drought years, agricutura production fe sharpy and widife and ivestock popuations were significanty reduced. Government mounted a major drought reief effort, to enabe affected househods to retain access to income opportunities, food, water and heath suppies. 1 Natura Resources 1 Vegetation Vegetation types are cosey correated with cimate. Away from the bush swampand of the Okavango Deta, the vegetation has to withstand ong dry periods each season and aso has to cope with drought. There are bets of indigenous forest and dense bush in the Chobe District in the north, due to higher rainfa in the area. Further south, the Makgakgadi pans are surrounded by treeess grass savanna. More than haf of the country supports scrub and tree savanna the Mopane tree dominating in the north-east and the hinterand of the Okavango. Trees are taest and most dense where rain and soi are best and give way to poorer vegetation in the drier regions. In the south and west, the Kaahari supports ony a ow scrub savanna. Low rainfa and poor sois resut in grasses of ow productivity, particuary in the Kaahari; but the rangeand supports widife and ivestock, athough at ow densities. Overgrazing can cause proonged deterioration of the ved, which is aso vunerabe to fire during winter months. 1 Sois Sandy sois cover over 70% of the surface of Botswana. They vary in depth (from 30m to more than texture, chemica composition and geoogica origin and are often underain by cacrete. the sois are geographicay od, highy eached, poory structured and inherenty infertie.

15 1 Range Resources Botswana s main natura resources are range and arabe and, rich widife habitats supporting arge anima popuations, and a variety of known and promising occurrences of mineras. Arabe and is estimated at ess than 5% of the tota and area and the best areas are in the eastern part of the country. Unreiabe rainfa make arabe agricuture risky. Much more of Botswana s and is suited to extensive ivestock production, and this is refected in the fact that catte outnumber humans. With the deveopment of borehoes, catte ranching has pushed further west into the Kaahari, expoiting more fragie rangeand. Botswana has some of the ast great popuations of wid animas eft in Africa; they constitute a tourist attraction that has yet to be fuy expoited. They aso make an important contribution to the subsistence economy of the country. Large areas of Botswana are designated as Nationa Parks and Game Reserves, but game is sti found outside the reserves. Livestock, agricuture and widife often represent competing uses of margina and; carefu management is required to ensure that such and is used to its best advantage. 1 Minera Resources In spite of the acceerated pace of minera exporation in recent years, much remains to be discovered about Botswana s minera resources. The thick sand covering much of the country obscures the underying geoogy, athough the eastern part of the country is reativey we mapped geoogicay. Copper-nicke is mined at Seebi-Phikwe, and other potentiay expoitabe copper resources are known to exist. Mining of coa at Morupue occurs at a reativey sma scae, but resources of biions of tonnes are known to exist. Diamonds are mined at Orapa, Lethakane and Jwaneng. Large sat and soda ash deposits at Sua Pan are now being expoited. Expoitation of mineras is constrained by remoteness, the thickness of the Kaahari sand and the high cost of providing infrastructure. 1 Water Water is the most critica natura resource in Botswana. The Okavango and Chobe rivers are the argest surface water resources, comprising 95% of Botswana s tota suppy. Other rivers are perennia with a few arge dams and sma water bodies scattered in the rangeands. There are about registered borehoes used for watering ivestock. Livestock is the major consumer of water.

16 1.2 Environmenta Conservation in Botswana The peope of Botswana have a ong tradition of conservation of the environment and sustainabe utiisation of the country s natura resources. This is refected in arge tracts of natura areas and popuations of wid animas that are sti found in this country today. Since independence in 1966, Government has made efforts to maintain the tradition of conservation of the environment through aws, poicies and programmes aimed at promoting environmenta conservation and sustainabe utiisation of natura resources. Notaby, these egisation and poicies were argey in nature. Despite the ong tradition of environmenta conservation, Botswana has, in the ast twenty years, been experiencing growing pressure on the country s natura resources. The pressure has come about mainy as a resut of high increase in human popuation and rapid growth in industria and other forms of economic activity. Government concern at the growing pressure on the country s natura resources base ed to the formuation of the Nationa Conservation Strategy which cuminated in a Nationa Poicy on Natura Resources Conservation and Deveopment being adopted in The Nationa Conservation Strategy (NCS) is an encompassing poicy which seek to support and improve poicies and egisation in order to increase their effectiveness in promoting environmenta conservation. Since the adoption of the NCS, severa poicies and egisation have been or are being reviewed with the view to strengthen the capacity and capabiity of the country to conserve the environment in ine with the requirements of this framework poicy. These incude the Widife Conservation and Nationa Parks Act, Forest Act, Tourism Act and Nationa Poicy on Agricutura Deveopment. The NCS has aso provided a basis for initiating new poicies, egisation and programmes aimed at promoting environmenta conservation. A coordinated environmenta education programme has recenty been deveoped to improve our effectiveness in promoting pubic awareness about the environment. A project aimed at improving waste management and protecting ground water resources has resuted in formuation of poicy and egisation on waste management. Government has made a decision to promugate Environmenta Impact Assessment egisation, which is expected to ensure that deveopment actions are environmentay friendy. Funds have been secured for carrying out the first State of the Environment Review which is expected to indicate trends in the state of our natura resources use as we as form the basis for an integrated environmenta monitoring system. The Government has aso initiated a programme of undertaking environmenta audits and impact assessments of past and future Nationa Deveopment Pans with the objective of promoting sustainabe deveopment in Botswana. Aso, the Nationa

17 Conservation Strategy Coordinating Agency (NCSCA) handes environmenta issues which do not fa under the responsibiity of any ministry For exampe waste management issues, wetands, and biodiversity. 1.3 The Convention on Bioogica Diversity with respect to widife Botswana harbours a vast array of wid fora and fauna in a broad range of habitats throughout the country. This diversity of bioogica resources pays an immeasurabe roe in the socia, cutura and economic we being of Botswana s peope. Further to that, there is aso recognition that this bioogica diversity is a goba asset whose vaue has yet to be fuy comprehended. There is, however, a growing threat to the maintenance of bioogica diversity as a resut of increased human pressure. Effective strategies have to be sought to these threats not ony by deveoping and sustaining the system of protected areas but aso by fostering other conservation measures outside protected areas to maintain and enhance species and ecosystem diversity. The Convention on Bioogica Diversity espouses the conservation of bioogica diversity and the sustainabe use of its components. This mirrors the commitment of the Government of Botswana to ensure that the deveopment and diversification of the country s economy is predicated on the sustainabe utiisation of her natura resources. The major benefits that accrue from the deveopment of the widife and other renewabe natura resources incude the creation of economic opportunities and diversification of the country s economic base. From the above, communities have increasingy become aware of the importance of natura resources conservation. 1.4 The Convention on Bioogica Diversity with respect to Agricuture Biodiversity, the totaity of genetic resources, varieties, and ecosystems is the very foundation of ife for the majority of rura peope. The food security of communities is based on Biodiversity in crops, animas, forests and widife resources. The maintenance of yieds and disease resistance is based on the access to a rich genetic resource of crops and their wid reatives, animas, forests and widife resources. The richness of biodiversity ensures present and future stabiity of food suppy as we as adaptation of natura ecosystems to changing cimatic conditions. However, the stabiity of genetic resources is threatened by among other factors, the destruction of natura habitats, and the widespread introduction of uniform seeds/breeds, over-expoitation of ved products, overgrazing and desertification. For the rura majority, oss of biodiversity threatens the sustenance of oca communities as biodiversity provides sheter, food, fibre, medicina and other products that ensure the surviva and income of the majority of the rura popuation. The rura popuation know how to maintain biodiversity. When they pant, they try to

18 meet the nutritiona requirements of their famiies by inter-cropping, and reduce the risk of crop faiure by cutivating a wide variety of crops or having mixed ivestock. The growing emphasis on market-driven transactions contribute towards the gradua erosion of indigenous knowedge systems. The wid reatives of cutivated crops form an important part of the diet of rura communities as these are part of their ecosystem. The wid vegetabes are often seen on the tabe of many rura and urban dweers and contribute towards the food security and nutrition of the popuation.

19 CHAPTER 2.0 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF POLICIES RELATED TO CONSERVATION By and arge conservation of biodiversity in Botswana is in practice but the Government of Botswana has through its Nationa Conservation Strategy set the goas and objectives that the different sectors now have to work towards. 2.1 Nationa Conservation Strategy The strategy was approved by Pariament in 1990 and it manifests Botswana Governments commitment to sustainabe deveopment of the wide range of natura resources and features that exist throughout the country. It emanates argey from the concern that many of the natura resources are under threat of being over expoited. The primary goas of the strategy are to pursue poicies and measures which: increase the effectiveness with which natura resources are used and managed in order to optimise environmenta and economic benefits and minimise the harmfu environmenta side effects. integrate the work of Ministries and interest groups throughout Botswana, thereby improving the deveopment of natura resources through conservation. Deveopment goas of the strategy have been identified by the Government as foows: deveopment of new and better uses of natura resources, which are sustainabe; optimisation of the existing uses of a natura resources; deveopment of mutipe, rather than singe purpose, natura resource-uses; diversification of the rura economy so as to generate new jobs; increased education of, and participation by a members of society in improving the environment; deveopment of inks with neighbouring countries in conserving natura resources; estabishment of a baance between popuation growth and the suppy of natura resources. Conservation goas are the:

20 conservation of a major ecosystems, widife and cutura resources; protection of endangered species; maintenance of stocks of renewabe ved products), whist increasing their sustainabe yieds; contro of the depetion of exhaustibe resources (e.g. mineras) at optima rates; distribution of incomes and rewards more equitaby, in the interests of conserving natura resources; cost- effective restoration of degraded renewabe natura resources, incuding improved capacity for regeneration of the ved; the prevention and contro of poution. 2.2 Widife Diversity In recognition of the roe that widife pays in the sustainabe deveopment of the country s economy, the Government of Botswana continues to improve its capacity to administer and effectivey protect widife habitats. Furthermore, the capabiity for effective conservation of the widife resource wi aso be enhanced. In order to derive optima economic benefit from the widife resource, Government encourages and promotes its sustainabe utiisation by the private sector and oca communities. Botswana is a signatory to severa conventions, which advocate sustainabe use of renewa natura resources. An exampe is the Convention on Internationa Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wid Fora and Fauna that is enforced through Widife Conservation and Nationa Parks Act of Forestry The Ministry of Agricuture is drafting a Forestry poicy which aims, inter aia, for the: Deveopment of sustainabe forest management options based on sound ecoogica principes that the varied functions of forest systems which range from provision of grazing for widife and ivestock, fue wood, water catchment, resources for bioogica diversity and sources of food (honey, fruits) and medicina pants; Domestication and of forest products such as fruits and medicines to increase food production and the ikeihood of processing and increasing househod food security; and Restore degraded and using afforestation and pantations to make and reusabe 2.4 Pant Genetic Resources

21 In Botswana there is widespread repacement of diverse varieties by homogeneous modern cutivars resuting in genetic vunerabiity. Major crops such as sorghum, maize, miet and form major stape foods and genetic diversity within these crops is important for their sustainabe production. The government through the Ministry of Agricuture is deveoping the capacity of various institutions concerned with agro-biodiversity. The specific objectives of these institutions are: To coect endemic and indigenous pants with a possibe nationa evoutionary history which are cutivated or used, or with potentia for cutivation or use; as we as the wid species. To conserve and maintain the diversity of the pant genetic resources materia through in-situ and ex-situ conservation, To rejuvenate, mutipy, evauate and document the pant genetic resources materia coected. To work in cose coaboration with nationa pant breeders and agronomists for the effective utiisation of the pant genetic resources materia Indigenous Livestock Species The main objectives of the project to conserve indigenous ivestock species is to achieve food security and to ensure the future suppy of anima products and anima biodiversity. The specific objectives are: Ensure the efficient and sustainabe use, effective management and conservation of natura resources; Maintain and maximise the use of anima genetic resources, with specia emphasis on indigenous ivestock. Base the use of anima genetic resources on informed understanding of the merits of avaiabe genotypes within the country; and Create capacity and capabiity in the management and use of indigenous ivestock. These nationa objectives are consistent with the mission statement of the Livestock Sector of SADC which state that the aim is to; promote a common sustainabe regiona approva ivestock anima disease contro strategies, manpower deveopment strategies, and ivestock products ufiisafion in order empoyment, improve iving of peope of SADC region and meet food objectives ; the strategy for the Livestock Production and Anima Disease Contro sector, revised in 1995 which Botswana co-ordinates, whose objective is; improve stock breeds and breeding methods emphasis on indigenous These objectives are encompassed in the project on Conservation of Indigenous Livestock Species being executed by the Botswana Ministry of Agricuture and funded to the sum of P2.5 miion. These same objectives are strengthened by a regiona project on The Management of Farm Anima Genetic Resources in the

22 SADC region funded by UNDP for US $2.5 miion 11

23 12 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 BACKGROUND 3.1 Major Ecosystems Types in Botswana Due to the predominance of the Kaahari sands and the narrow cimatic range, reativey few vegetation and widife habitats exist naturay. Athough ecosystems are ow in biomes, severa unique habitats occur in the Okavango Deta and the pans of the Makgadikgadi. The major ecosystem types are identified in Tabe Fora There are between 2600 and 2800 species of fora in Botswana (Word Conservation Monitoring Centre 1991). The eve of fora endemism in the country has been described as ow, ranging from virtuay non-existent to 17 species. The richest fora areas are found in the northern part of the country, particuary within the Okavango and Chobe river systems. The major vegetation zones compied by Bekker and de Wit (1991). beow are based on the vegetation map Sandved Aeoian sand deposits cover more than two-thirds of Botswana s and surface. sericea and Lonchocarpus or Acacia are the most common vegetation associations found in the sandved. Other species associated with the sandved incude Acacia and massaiensis and Acacia The atter is ony found in the southwest of the country. Grass species which occur in the sandved incude Schmidtia spp., Eragrostis spp., and Anthepora spp. Hardved The eastern hardved has a far greater diversity of vegetation types than the sandved due to a greater range of parent materia, sois and cimate. The vegetation associations most frequenty observed in this region incude Acacia A. nigrescens and Combretum Further to the north, mopane features strongy to the extent that pure stands are not uncommon.

24 13 Tabe 3.1 Major ecosystem types in Botswana Number Ecosystem type Arid shrub savanna Kaahari bush savanna Geographica region Extreme south-west Southwest 3 Northern Kaahari tree and bushsavanna Mixed Bushved Mopane tree and Bush savanna Midwest, Okwa/Quoxo vaey, Letiahau, hainaved, northwest Ghanzi, South east Eastern hardved Northeast Northwest 6 Fringing pan grassand Makgadikgadi system and Nxai Pan area 7 woodands (miombo) 8 Ngamiand tree savanna 9 Seasona swamp grassands Northeast Northwest Northwest, Linyanti,Okavango Kwando, 10 swamp Okavango, Chobe, Linyanti, Zambezi, Limpopo, permanent and seasona swamps, Makgadikgadi Pans (wet) 11 Aquatic Permanent and seasona waterways 12 Pans Makgadikgadi Pans (dry) Source: Hannah (1988)

25 14 Chobe The southern most extension of the woodands are found in this region. The vegetation in this region is transitiona between the southern Kaahari savanna and the miombo woodand to the north. Important tree species most frequenty associated with this region incude angoensis, coteosperma, Ambygonocarpus andongensis, and spp. Okavango Deta The Okavango Deta is a very compex ecosystem with a diversity of vegetation species of an aquatic and terrestria nature. The deta is made up of swamp, isands and foodpains each with its own distinctive vegetation. The most common species associated with the swamps incude Cyperus spp., among other aquatic species. Woody vegetation most associated with the deta incude Phoenix Hyphaene petersiana, sycomorus, imberbe and on the isands. Grasses and sedgeands dominate the foodpains. Makgadikgadi Pans The Makgadikgadi comprises two major pans and their associated open grassands. The grassands are comprised of spp., Heteropogon contortus and the haophytic species Odyssea paucinetvis. Isands of Hyphaene petersiana and isoated cumps of Adansonia (baobab) aso occur Widife The wide range of habitats, from the arid dunes of the south-west to the permanent swamps of the Okavango is refected in a great diversity of anima species (Tabe 3.2).

26 15 Tabe 3.2 Species numbers of seected fauna occurring in different ecosystem types Ecosystem type Number of species Mammas Birds Amphibians and Repties Arid Shrub Savanna Kaahari Bush Savanna Northern Kaahari Tree and Bush savanna Mixed Bushved Mopane Tree and Bush Savanna Frinaina Pan Grassand Woodand Ngamiand Tree savanna Seasona Swamp Grassands I Vegetation Aquatic 4 Source: Smithers (1971); Tyer (1997) pers Auerbach (1987)

27 Mammaian Fauna The number of mammaian that occur in Botswana stands at 162, incuding 39 of hoofed mammas (Perissodactya and Artiodactya), 38 of carnivores and 7 of primates. Most arge mammas are found in the western part of the country with a greater diversity occurring in the north-west. Mammaian numbers in the eastern part of the country have decined as a resut of dispacement by human settement and its associated activities. There are 26 species of mammas that are protected under the Widife Conservation and Nationa Parks Act of Five of these species of mammas are considered gobay threatened. These are: Wid dog Lycaon Back rhinoceros bicornis Square-ipped rhinoceros Ceratothetium simum Brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea Cheetah Acinonyx Avifauna There are 496 main species of birds occurring in Botswana that are represented by 285 non-passerine and 211 passerine species from 47 and 25 famiies respectivey. Athough none of these birds are endemic to Botswana, 64 species are found ony in Southern Africa. Twenty percent of the avifauna is composed of migrants from the Paeartic and other African countries. In addition, approximatey 65 species of rare visitors and rarey observed birds have been identified in Botswana. There are 21 protected species of birds in Botswana six of which are considered gobay threatened: Watted Crane Cape Vuture Peregrine Facon Lovebird Saty egret Lesser kestre Grus caruncuata Gyps coprotheres Faco Agapornis nigrigenis vinaceigua naumanni Botswana is the centre of a major transition zone athough the arid conditions miitate against the abundance of species. An anaysis of the distribution of herpetofauna of Botswana reveas interesting associations to the physica nature of

28 17 the country. Of the 38 species of amphibians recorded in Botswana, 35 have been cassified in the Serowe Snake and Insect coection. The distribution of amphibians is argey determined by the presence of water and some species are restricted to specific river systems ony. Species diversity tends to be very ow in arid areas such as the Kaahari desert. About 160 species of repties have been recorded in Botswana, 67 of which have been cassified in the Serowe Snake and Insect Coection. They are found in a very wide range of habitat types and as such are widey distributed. In Botswana ony the python is protected chthyofauna The Okavango River has the greatest species diversity of fish within the river systems of Botswana. There are about 80 species from 10 different famiies compared with approximatey 28 species which occur in the Chobe-Linyanti River system. A ot of work remains to be done in the wetands and artificia water bodies that occur in Botswana on aspects of species and habitat interactions. There is great potentia for production of inand fisheries with an estimated production of tonnes per year. However, osses are high, at between 2030% due to poor processing technoogies, transport and storage. An initiative impemented by the FAO is the Aquacuture for Loca Community Deveopment which co-ordinates fisheries and sma water bodies projects, and provision of documentation and information services. The project targets smahoder farmers and sma water bodies fisheries incuding aquacuture, and strengthening of oca institutions. Invertebrate Fauna The invertebrate fauna of Botswana has received very itte attention to date. Between 1000 and 1500 species have been cassified athough it is beieved that more than species actuay exist in Botswana. The main source of information avaiabe on the insect fauna is the Serowe Snake and Insect Coection. The foowing number of insect species have been identified in Tabe 3.3: A survey yieded 162 species of spiders (Eage, 1985).

29 18 Tabe 3.3 Insect identified to date in Botswana Order/Famiy Common Name Number of species Acrididae Grasshoppers 159 Lepidoptera Butterfies 240 Myrrneeontidae 62 Anthicidae Beetes 65 Dytiscidae Water beetes 117 Coccineidae Ladybird Beetes 32 Peidae Scarabidae (Cetoniini) Water Bugs Dung Beetes 2 55 Odonata Dragon Fies source: Serowe Snake and insect Coection 64

30 Assessment of the ega and poicy framework The Lega and Poicy Framework Botswana has identified a number of measures set out in the Convention which are of present reevance in the conservation and sustainabe use of bioogica diversity. These measures incude the foowing: i. Conservation of bioogica diversity; ii. Cooperation at regiona and internationa eves in the conservation and sustainabe use of biodiversity; iii. Identification and Monitoring; iv. Conservation; v. Conservation: vi. Pubic Education and Awareness; vii. Impact Assessment and Minimising Adverse Impacts; viii. Access to Genetic Resources; ix. Access to and Transfer of Technoogy; x. Handing of Biotechnoogy and Distribution of its Benefits Conservation of Bioogica Diversity Nationa egisation, as we as poicy instruments having a bearing on the environment have been impemented in Botswana since Legisation for the purposes of conserving and reguating the use of natura resources is discussed beow. The Widife and Nationa Parks Act, 1992 The Nationa Parks Act and the Fauna Conservation Act were consoidated into a singe statute to become the Widife Conservation and Nationa Parks Act. The Act, in conjunction with the Widife Conservation Poicy of 1986, the Nationa Conservation Strategy and the Tourism Poicy of 1990 provide the base for a comprehensive widife conservation programme. The Widife Conservation and Nationa Parks Act provides for the conservation and management of Botswana s widife resources and for the nationa enforcement of

31 CITES and any other internationa convention for the protection of fauna and fora to which Botswana is a party. The Act further provides for the estabishment, contro and management of nationa parks and game reserves. Pant Diseases and Pests Act, 1959 The Act provides for the prevention of the introduction into and the spread of pant diseases and pant pests within Botswana. The Forest Act, 1968 This Act provides for the reguation and protection of forests and forest produce in Botswana. Of particuar reevance is the designation of forest reserves on State Land where certain activities are prohibited such as the feing, cutting and burning of trees. The Act aso provides for the protective designation for any tree or type of tree. Aquatic Weeds (Contro), 1971 The Act provides for the contro of aquatic weeds. It ists aquatic weeds, identifies ocation of infestation and prohibits their importance and movement. Agricutura Resources Conservation Act, 1974 The purposes of this Act is to provide for conservation and improvement of agricutura resources. These incude the sois, waters, the pant ife and vegetation and their products therefrom, the anima ife in a their cassifications, the fauna, and, such other things of simiar nature of Botswana. The Act further provides for the egisating of aws in order to effect conservation and improvement of the agricutura resources. In addition, the Nationa Poicy on Agricutura Deveopment, 1991, faciitates agricutura diversification and deveopment through research, training, extension and provision of infrastructure whie protecting the environment. In order to combat the adverse effects brought about by the deveopment of the ivestock industry such as overgrazing and overstocking, the Triba Grazing Land Poicy of 1984 creates commercia easehod ranches. The commercia easehod ranches aim to protect rangeand from poor management. Diseases of Animas Act, 1977 Provision is made to prevent and contro diseases affecting animas, reguate the import, export, movement and quarantine of animas. Preservation (Prevention of Fires) Act, 1978 This Act is for the prevention and contro of bush and other fires. The Fish Protection Act, 1976 The Act provides for the conservation and sustainabe expoitation of fish. Seed Certification Act, 1976 The Act provides for the better provision for the testing, and for the contro of the 20

32 21 sae, export and use of seeds. The Water Act, 1968 This Act defines water use rights, incuding water servitudes. Proposa for amendment of the Act to incude more strict poution contros and penaties, provision for pouter pays principe and contro of waste discharges Ecosystem monitoring and management Monitoring within widife management areas is done for the purposes of evauating whether specific habitats can adequatey sustain widife species. Where ecosystems are under threat, measures are taken to minimise the adverse effects. The Widife Conservation Poicy, 1986, further identifies widife resources as Botswana s heritage, potentia economic vaue and the need for their sustainabe management. The economic vaue of the widife resources is further emphasised in the Tourism Poicy of In Situ Conservation The Widife Conservation and Nationa Parks Act provides for in conservation by requiring the estabishment of nationa parks, game reserves and sanctuaries. Hunting in the protected areas is subject to a icensing and quota system as provided for by the Act. Fora is monitored as per the provisions of the Act and contros are in pace in reation to harvesting of such fora Ex Situ Conservation situ conservation of fora outside protected areas is reguated by a poicy set up under the with the objective to conserve the natura resource base. situ conservation on domesticated ivestock is carried out on a sma scae under the same poicy. Education and Awareness The Agricutura Resources Act provides for reguations to be made for pubic education and awareness. The Ministry of Agricuture provides for the pubication and dissemination of information reating to the protection and use of the resources covered by the Act.

33 Impact Assessment and Minimising Adverse Effects Environmenta impact assessment has been carried out as a matter of practice without enjoying ega backing. However presenty, environmenta impact assessment egisation is in the process of being drafted after a need to make it a ega requirement was identified. This egisation wi infer provide for assessment of deveopmenta effects on the human and biophysica environments Access to Genetic Resources Access to widife resources and widife products is reguated under the Widife Conservation and Nationa Parks Act. The Act covers access to widife found within protected areas and cassified according to the provisions of CITES within the Act. There is no egisation providing for access to resources outside protected areas Access to and Transfer of Technoogy This is not provided for by egisation Handing of Biotechnoogy and Distribution of its Benefits The Seeds Certification Act provides for the estabishment of a committee comprising of a stakehoders to hande the importation and exportation of seeds. The Act does not address the issue of Regiona and Internationa Cooperation Botswana has sought internationa cooperation by being party to a number of internationa instruments having a significant bearing on the conservation of bioogica resources. These instruments incude the foowing: Convention on Wetands of Internationa Importance Especiay as Waterfow Habitat (Ramsar 1971). This was ratified by Botswana in Its objectives are to stem the

34 progressive encroachment on and oss of wetands now and in the future, the fundamenta ecoogica functions of wetands and their cutura, economic, scientific and recreationa vaue. Currenty The Okavango River System has been proposed for isting as a Ramsar Site of internationa importance. Convention on Internationa Trade in Endangered Species of Wid Fora and Fauna (CITES 1973). Acceded to in 1997 and enforced nationay by the Widife Conservation and Nationa Parks Act with the aim of protecting certain endangered species from over expoitation. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, This was acceded to in This convention seeks to protect human heath and the environment against adverse effects resuting from the modification of the ozone ayer. Montrea Protoco on Substances that Depete the Ozone Layer, 1987, The objective being to protect the ozone ayer by taking precautionary measures to contro goba emissions of depeting substances. Botswana ratified this convention in United Nations Framework Convention on Cimate Changes, Acceded to in 1992 by Botswana..The objectives are to reguate eves of greenhouse gas concentrate in the atmosphere in order to minimise the occurrence of cimate change on a eve that woud impede sustainabe economic deveopment, or compromise food production. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particuary Africa, This was ratified in The Base! Convention Botswana is in the process of ratifying the Convention The purpose of the Convention is to contro transboundary movement of hazardous waste and their disposa, and, to estabish internationa mechanisms to contro the treatment and disposa of hazardous wastes and such other waste subject to the Convention. Agenda Botswana participated in the UNCED process which resuted in Agenda 21. Agenda 21 provided a bueprint for addressing current goba needs for the environment and chaenges of the next century. Agreement of the Action Pan for the Environmentay Sound Management of the Common Zambezi River System, This was signed in 1987, its objectives are to coordinate the efforts of parties

35 in the sound management of the water resources and the environment of the Common Zambezi River System. Botswana has aso entered into regiona agreements through SADC in her efforts to address the conservation and sustainabe use of bioogica diversity. An overa assessment of the ega framework indicates that a reasonaby sufficient amount of egisation pertaining to the conservation and sustainabe use of bioogica diversity is avaiabe in Botswana. However for the proper impementation of the aw to be achieved there is need to address coordination by the different government institutions and departments. Furthermore, institutiona capacity to effectivey enforce the aw needs to be enhanced. The ega and poicy framework fais to address the issues of access to genetic resources, reated issues of inteectua property of those resources; the handing of biotechnoogy and reated issues of biosafety; and the issue of access and transfer of technoogy. 3.3 Assessment of institutiona responsibiity and capacity Department of Widife and Nationa Parks The Department of Widife and Nationa Parks (DWNP) has been charged with the responsibiity of faciitating the deveopment, management and protection of Botswana s widife and scenic resources as nationa assets. DWNP endeavours to conserve natura habitats and widife in protected areas by minima interference and adaptive management. The Department aso encourages the sustainabe utiisation of widife resources outside protected areas by oca communities and the private sector. In order to ensure that the management and utiisation of widife resources is based on scientific principes, DWNP undertakes with the assistance of other institutions in Botswana and internationay, continuous research into many aspects of widife management. It is aso the responsibiity of DWNP to raise pubic awareness and appreciation of Botswana s widife resources. The Department aso enforces a egisation reating to widife resources. A major constraint in DWNP is the shortage of adequatey trained staff particuary at management eve. This has hampered the department from effectivey carrying out its mandate. In order to improve the capacity of DWNP to attain agreed objectives for widife management in Botswana, an institutiona strengthening programme has been instituted and the process has aready begun to bear fruit. Pans are in to reduce the probem of ack of senior staff by training manpower at eve over the next five years. The Department of Widife and Nationa Parks does not have sufficient research personne to reach the goas of its Research Poicy. Researchers from other institutions within and outside Botswana are encouraged to conduct research

36 on various aspects of widife management, provided that their research is in ine with the Strategic Research Poicy. The responsibiity for research generay rests with Government Ministries and Departments. In many instances, these offices do not have the capacity to carry out the research due to a shortage of quaified personne and faciities. Research efforts are therefore often supported and carried out by parastatas, and private researchers Department of Nationa Museum, Monuments and Art Gaery The Natura History Division of the Nationa Museum, Monuments and Art Gaery has a responsibiity to assist in safe-guarding Bioogica diversity through: Coection and recording Preservation and storage Research and identification Creation and management of in-situ natura history monuments Education and promotion of awareness about Botswana s bioogica heritage, based on ex-situ faciities and coections. A number of constraints have been identified in many areas. There is a severe shortage of staff in a fieds and existing staff do not have sufficient academic training and experience in taxonomic research or on biodiversity issues. The documentation of existing coections is incompete. Coection of new specimen is hampered both by staff constraints and by a ack of funds for fied trips as we as a ack of proper equipment for fied work Department of Water Affairs The Department of Water Affairs (DWA) is responsibe for the deveopment and management of a water resources in the country. This achieved through the Aquatic Vegetation Contro Unit and the Water Quaity and Poution Contro Unit. The DWA through the Aquatic Vegetation Contro Unit is charged with the responsibiity of monitoring, controing and protection of Botswana s water resources from aquatic weed infestation. The Boat Importation Reguation prohibits the importation of boats and fishing equipment to Botswana without a permit. This incudes a forms of water transportation; outboard and inboard motor etc. The country is divided into six boat contro zones for the purpose of controing boat movement and registration. The Water Quaity and Poution Contro unit is responsibe for monitoring the quaity of water for both human and ivestock watering. In addition to this, the unit aso monitors water poution with the aim of monitoring water resources from

37 pouting activities. The unit aso contros the siting of industria deveopments to ensure that waste generation from such faciities woud not have a negative impact on the environment particuary on water resources. The Department of Water Affairs is the secretariat of the Water Apportionment Board which is a quasi-judicia body with powers to aocate water rights and waste effuents discharge permits Ministry of Agricuture Botswana s agricutura deveopment poicy responds positivey to the various circumstances invoving an inherenty poor natura resource base (soi and water) and high human growth rate. The Ministry of Agricuture is responsibe for increased food production, food security and management technoogies that must be deveoped with environmenta concerns and conservation of natura resources in mind. One of the major objectives of the Ministry of Agricuture is the conservation of agricutura and and resources for future generations. Different departments working on biodiversity incude Agricutura Research, Crop Production and Forestry, Anima Heath and Production, and Agricutura Resources Board. 3.4 Status of nationa in-situ and ex-situ conservation faciities In-situ Resources Nationa Parks and Game Reserves Botswana has set aside over 17% of her and area as Nationa Parks and Game Reserves. An additiona 22% of the country has been zoned as Widife Management Areas which have been earmarked for widife utiisation as the primary form of and use. The protected area system covers a ecosystem types represented in Botswana (see Figure 3.1).

38 Figure 3.1 Protected Areas in Botswana

39 28 Tabe 3.4 Nationa Parks and Game Reserves area Nationa Park Woodand (miombo), riparian vegetation, Nationa Arid shrub savanna, savanna, fossi rivers Fossi pan grassand, northern Kaahari tree and Centra Kaahari Game Reserve Game Reserve Mannyeanong Game 3 Reserve Gaborone Game Maun Widife Educationa Park bush savanna, northern Kaahari tree and bush savanna Ecosystem conservation Kaahari bush Ecosystem savanna, fossi rivers conservation and pans 5 3 Rocky hi cosed tree woodand Mixed bushved Ngamiand tree savanna, riparian vegetation Ecosystem conservation and Cape Vuture breeding site Educationa Species management Educationa Nnywane Dam Game Na Artificia wetand Bird sanctuary Reserve Francistown Game 10 Reserve (proposed) Mixed bushved Educationa avaiabe

40 Tabe 3.5 Private Game Reserves and Community Sanctuaries Protected area Mixed bushved Mokoodi Nature Mixed bushved Mashatu Game Reserve Mixed bushved Orapa Game Park 8.5 Mixed bushved Ecosystem conservation

41 Widife Management Areas Significant widife popuations occur outside protected areas. It has been by government that sustainabe consumptive and non-consumptive widife utiisation in areas deemed margina for agricuture may we yied an economic return greater than more conventiona activities incuding agricuture. Additionay, the estabishment of Widife Management Areas aows for ong term conservation of game popuations by providing extended habitats for widife. Not a proposed have been gazetted, particuary those in the southwestern part of Botswana. Just over haf of the and area set aside as have been gazetted to date (Figure 3.1) Forest Reserves Past efforts to conserve forestry resources incuded the gazettement of 1% of the country. Some indigenous trees have been protected which incude certain timber species such as and Natura History Monuments The foowing ist gives the names of the Natura History Monuments that have been identified to date. These sites have been approved by triba and oca authorities, however, these have yet to be gazetted.

42 31 Tabe 3.6 Natura History Monument identified as of 1997 Name of Monument Gcwihaba Category Geoogy/Cave system historic cave that needs tronger protection as too many ourists have affected!wadum Bone Cave Geoogy/Cave system Geoogy/Cave system Geoogy/Cave system r formations, initiay to for research fossi deposits, initiay for purposes but might be for imited tour groups of the cave systems in the area, might some accompanied tour Geoogy, Botany and formations V of the Museum s effort to the protection of this historicay important site is scenicay beautifu and has a ot of interesting and anima ife Nxazini Fossi Pan Deposits Unikae Water Spring Mosu Water spring Mmakagama spring Maziibgwa s Mowana Green s Gutsaa Baobab Baine s baobabs Botany/Historic Tree Geoogy/Fossi footprints Geoogy/Fossi bones and stone Geoogy/Natura spring Geoogy/Natura spring perennia perennia, Geoogy/Natura perennia spring Botany/Huge baobab tree Botany/Historic huge baobab Botany/Historic huge baobab historicay used as a ce preserve the pan deposits the prints so that catte and to not erase the prints of area so that shoud not take away Fossis and Protection of water source and surrounding area Protection of water source and surrounding area. Beautifu scenic views of Makgadikgadi Pans from above the springs Protection of water source and surrounding area. Beautifu scenic views of Makgadikgadi Pans from above the springs Ensure that this very big tree is protected. No one has engraver anything on this tree Ensure that the tree is not harmed Ensure that trees are not harmed

43 32 Tabe 3.6 Continued are conserved and are not riverbed in the midde of the viage. Need protection so that the viage deveopment does not affect the trees and to aow Protection of this attractive ediments some 800 miion Source: Nationa Museum, Monuments and Art Gaery