Bio-Technologies for Cotton Production. K. R. KRANTHI Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India

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1 Bio-Technologies for Cotton Production K. R. KRANTHI Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India

2 Why are the yields low in India? Low plant density need more bolls per plant More bolls need long duration Moisture stress at boll formation stage Long vulnerable boll window

3 Why is the bollworm and whitefly problem so acute in India? 1. Long duration of reproductive phase long vulnerability 2. More fertilizers -more foliage -more pests 3. More insecticide ecology disrupted pest infestation

4 Cotton Scenario: India v/s Rest of World India Rest of the world Plant Population /ha 11, ,000 Bolls/plant for 4 t/ha Crop duration days Square-bolls days Productivity Kg/ha Genotype Hybrids Varieties Plants in meter row 1 to Seed Rate Kg/ha 2 12

5 Simple message More bolls per plant longer duration more pests moisture stress Few bolls per plant shorter duration escape pests escape moisture stress

6 Long Duration Hybrid Cotton Hybrids need more Nitrogen -more pests More pests more insecticides 14,000 Mt insecticides for bollworm per year J H 50% of total pesticides on cotton (5% area) Insect resistance to insecticides Yield losses US$ 1600 million per year

7 The cotton bollworm Yeh Dil Maange More!! Farmers with pesticide Yeh Dil Maange NO More!!

8 Bacillus thuringiensis

9 Development of Bt cotton Bt gene Cotton plant cell Bt Cotton

10 Bt Cotton was approved in 2002 in India 12.1 M hectares; 8.0 M farmers; 40 M workers US $ 3.2 Billion raw cotton exports in Bt Cotton Hybrids % Cotton Area is Bt Cotton

11 600 Cotton in India 140 % Bt Area 500 Kg/ha 120 Productivity (Kg/ha) % Bt Area Year Data: CAB cotcorp.gov.in

12 Chemicals in Cotton Fields Insecticides 000 tonnes Fertilizers '000 million tonnes For the past 50 years, USA has been using 0.4 to 0.5 million tonnes of nitrogen, but the yields have been increasing

13 Insecticide use (Kg/ha) on Cotton % Bt Cotton Insecticide Kg/ha % Bt Area Kg/ha insecticide

14 Fertilizer use M tonnes India United States

15 Global Cotton Scenario India ranks 32nd in 80 cotton countries Australia Mexico Brazil China USA Uzbekistan Pakistan India World World (excl. India) Lakh ha Bales kg/ha Rainfed % *Source: USDA -Cotton: World Markets and Trade July 2014

16 Productivity in India and Brazil 1600 India: 11.1 M ha; 32.5 M bales 1400 Brazil: 1 M ha; 11.9 M bales 1200 Kg lint/ha

17 Fertilizer use Kg/ha Australia Mexico Brazil China USA Uzbekistan Pakistan India World kg/ha N P K Total *Source: Agricultural Research Data Book, IASRI 2014

18 Major Challenges 1. Uncertain Greenhouse Gas Emission 2010 Climate 2. Unabated Soil Degradation 3. Declining Water Table 4. Insect & Pathogen Resistance to Chemicals 5. Declining Factor Productivity: Increasing Fertilizer & Pesticide Usage

19 Bio-Technologies Compact Varieties-Short Duration High Density Planting Mechanization Legume Based Cropping Systems Residue Recycling Soil Organic Enrichment Biotech Cotton IPM

20 What can we do for Sustainable Pest Management? Escape the bollworms... Compact variety 1. Suitable for high density 2. Resistant to jassids and whiteflies 3. Less need for fertilizers days duration 5. High harvest index Few bolls /plant -better the Quality Extra Long Staple 38 mm 32 g/tex long Staple 30mm 30 g/tex Desi Short Staple for Surgical and absorbent cotton Desi varieties for quality

21 What can we do for Sustainable Pest Management? Early sowing: 1. Reproductive phase in August to mid-september escapes the main bollworm peaks of mid-september to October 2. Reproductive phase gets adequate moisture 3. High density (20 times) 5-6 bolls per plant low vulnerability to pests and diseases

Legume crops harbour parasitoids and predators 3.

22 What can we do for Sustainable Pest Management? 1. Nitrogen fixing crop based cropping systems 2. Legume crops harbour parasitoids and predators 3. Residue recycling, manures and composts 4. Less chemical fertilizers and less pesticide usage

23 What can we do for Sustainable Pest Management? 1. GM technologies for bollworms 2. Insecticides such as Chlorantraniliprole, Emamectin benzoate and Spinosad for bollworm management 3. Neem and bio-pesticides for sucking pest management

24 HDPS is a Global concept 4 g boll x 7 bolls per plant x 166,000 plants/ha = 4 t/ha

25 Hybrids -More bolls per plant 4 g boll x 100 bolls per plant x 10,000 plants/ha 4 t/ha

26 High Density Planting Systems (HDPS) Experience with two year farmer field trials 2012 (drought) & 2013 (Excess rains) High yields in rainfed & marginal soils Low Cost and Highly Sustainable The answer for India s yield enhancement NEED COMPACT VARIETIES

27 Experience with High Density Planting Early sowing The crop escapes bollworms & moisture stress Overcomes Flooding Coragen & Fame control bollworms effectively Less weed infestation less cost of weeding Less crop foliage -less nutrients needed Early & single picking less labour needed Less labour cost on sowing, weeding and picking Need planters to maintain proper spacing Low production cost Rs 13,000 to 17,000/ha

28 Marker Assisted Breeding for fibre traits Fibre strength in cotton can be enhanced by 1. Back-cross breeding of fibre genes for desirable traits using molecular markers 2. Mining genes from Ramie and utilizing them through biotech cotton 3. Sucrose phosphate synthase and extensin genes that enhanced fibre length and strength

Future GM Cotton fibers using silk genes from silkworm,

water proof and stretchable Silkworm silk: 5-10 times

29 Future GM Cotton fibers using silk genes from silkworm, Bombyx mori and spider Araneus sps. Spider silk: 5 times stronger than steel, twice as elastic as nylon. water proof and stretchable Silkworm silk: 5-10 times more extensible than cellulose. Better thermal properties A pencil thick spider silk strand can stop a boeing 747 in flight!!

Gene Discovery for RNAi, GM & MAS We will need new generation pest resistant varieties after next 5 years New genes for RNAi for pest control Trehalase Helicostatins Helicokinins Halloween Farnesoic

30 Gene Discovery for RNAi, GM & MAS We will need new generation pest resistant varieties after next 5 years New genes for RNAi for pest control Trehalase Helicostatins Helicokinins Halloween Farnesoic acid Allatostatins Allatotropins Juvenile Hormone acid O-methyltransferase Juvenile hormone esterase Epoxide hydrolase Adipokinetic hormone FLRFamide related peptide O-methyl transferase Chitin synthase Invertebrate specific arginine synthase New Lectin genes for sucking pest resistant GM cotton are being identified Marker assisted breeding for fibre quality, drought & biotic stress resistance

Insect resistant biotech cotton that silences gossypol Bollworms survive on cotton because they have an enzyme called P450 monooxygenase CYP6AE14 which digests

31 Insect resistant biotech cotton that silences gossypol Bollworms survive on cotton because they have an enzyme called P450 monooxygenase CYP6AE14 which digests gossypol. The new biotech cotton expresses dsrna of the enzyme. When bollworm eats the dsrna the enzyme is silenced and undigested gossypol remains in the stomach and kills

32 dsrna for RNA interference Juvenile Hormone Esterase Chitin Synthase A C1 C2 C3 M G1 G2 G3 G C1 C2 C3 C4 M 300bp 434 bp Trehalose Phosphate Synthase G1 G2 G3 M C1 C2 C3 454 bp Helicostatin G1 G2 M C1 C2 332 bp

GM crops to scare insects Insects release chemicals called alarm pheromones when they are scared by their enemies. This warns their colonies to escape.

predators or parasitoids, consists of the sesquiterpene (E)-farnesene (Ef).

33 GM crops to scare insects Insects release chemicals called alarm pheromones when they are scared by their enemies. This warns their colonies to escape. New biotech crops express alarm pheromones that scare the specific insect pests The alarm pheromone for many species of aphids, which causes dispersion in response to attack by predators or parasitoids, consists of the sesquiterpene (E)-farnesene (Ef). High levels of expression in Arabidopsis thaliana plants of an Efsynthase gene cloned from Mentha piperita were used to cause emission of pure Ef. These plants elicited potent effects on behavior of the aphid Myzus persicae (alarm and repellent responses) and its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (an arrestant response).

INDIGENOUS GM-COTTON WITH NEW GENES Desi Varieties: RG-8,

Varieties: Surabhi, Anjali, LRA 5166 & G-Cot 10 Cry genes:

for CLCuV resistance CesA genes and Susy genes identified

disease resistance dreb 1A and BcZF 1 genes used for

34 INDIGENOUS GM-COTTON WITH NEW GENES Desi Varieties: RG-8, PA 402, PA 405, PA 255, DLSA 17 & Jayadhar Hirsutum Varieties: Surabhi, Anjali, LRA 5166 & G-Cot 10 Cry genes: Cry1Ac, Cry1Aa3, Cry1F & Cry2Aa rep and acp and scp genes for CLCuV resistance CesA genes and Susy genes identified for fibre strength Chitinase and Xa21 genes used for disease resistance dreb 1A and BcZF 1 genes used for drought resistance CotPI introgressed into Gcot-10 for bollworm resistance

Marker Assisted Selection & Resistance Breeding 1. 2.

35 Marker Assisted Selection & Resistance Breeding Bacterial leaf blight resistance Nematode resistance Cotton leaf curl virus resistance Molecular characterization of core-germplasm. Association Mapping

ELISA and Strip tests for GM seed purity Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab2, Cry1F,

DETECTION kits to unambiguously detect all the 22 events that are

All the kits have been validated and commercialized Patents granted

36 ELISA and Strip tests for GM seed purity Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab2, Cry1F, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1C, Cry1B & Vip3A Molecular diagnostic PCR EVENT DETECTION kits to unambiguously detect all the 22 events that are commercially cultivated GM-cotton world wide. All the kits have been validated and commercialized Patents granted in China, Mexico, South Korea, Uzbek & South Africa. 50,000 kits sold: Resource generation of Rs 2.2 crores

37 Immuno-Strips to detect Substandard Pesticides

38 Insecticide Resistance Detection Kit

Development of prediction models & validation 1. Cotton area and Production Prediction. Database development 2. Cotton Price Prediction. Database development of Indian and global markets 3.

39 Development of prediction models & validation 1. Cotton area and Production Prediction. Database development 2. Cotton Price Prediction. Database development of Indian and global markets 3. Pest and Disease Forecasting. 4. Farmer usable pest scouting gadgets 5. insect resistance development to Bt cotton / insecticides Stochastic modeliing. Insect Resistance Database and IRM strategies. 6. E-KAPAS network to connect 100,000 farmers for technology dissemination and back-stopping

Implements Designed, Developed & Validated by CICR Self propelled Check

Actual field capacity was 0.51 ha/h with 88 % field efficiency.

215/ha remarkable less than any other traditional method Solar Knap Sack

Light weight and works non-stop Bullock drawn precision planter with an

40 Implements Designed, Developed & Validated by CICR Self propelled Check row planter (CICR & DrPDKV) A 3-row, self propelled check row planter with pneumatic metering. Cost saving over traditional was 75% due to proper placement of seed. Actual field capacity was 0.51 ha/h with 88 % field efficiency. Cost of operation was Rs. 215/ha remarkable less than any other traditional method Solar Knap Sack Sprayer Patent F.No 1559/Mum/09 Rs o tilt. Light weight and works non-stop Bullock drawn precision planter with an innovative vertical rotor metering mechanism (Patent pending). Reduced seed damage and uniform seed placement. Germination percentage: 98% Seed rate: 4.2 kg/ha. The field capacity of the implement was 4.5 hrs/ha.

0 lakhs 4.20 hrs per ha 4.0 hrs per ha Cost of picking Rs 1.2 per kg Rs 7.

41 CICR PRECISION COTTON HARVESTER Indigenous prototype for small farm holdings Specifications CICR Harvester Imported Pickers Rs 4.0 lakhs Rs 25.0 lakhs 4.20 hrs per ha 4.0 hrs per ha Cost of picking Rs 1.2 per kg Rs 7.0 per kg Cost of picking Rs 2400 per ha Rs per ha Expected Cost Time taken

0 Million registered looms, 1500 spinning mills, and 280 composite mills 8.

42 Cotton is the largest employer Total Raw cotton : US$ 11.0 Billion Raw Cotton Export (2011): US$ 3.2 Cotton and Textile exports: US$ 22.0 billion (One-third of foreign exchange earnings) 17.0 Million registered looms, 1500 spinning mills, and 280 composite mills 8.0 Million Farmers, 40 Million employed in Textile industry Triple productivity What will it mean to India? Employment for 120 million persons Earn US$ 220 billion textile export Oil worth US$ 8.0 Billion

43 Simple small ideas can lead to big things Thank You

Problems and Prospects of the Commercial Aspects of Cotton Biotechnology in India

1 1 1 1 1 1 TITLE: DISCIPLINE: AUTHOR: Problems and Prospects of the Commercial Aspects of Cotton Biotechnology in India Genomics and Biotechnology C.D. Mayee Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board