Winter Wheat and Oat Variety for Grain 2014

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Morgan Hodges
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1 Winter Wheat and Oat Variety for Grain 2014 Variety Selection: Each year the LSU AgCenter conducts performance trials of commercial varieties and experimental winter wheat breeding lines throughout the state. These locations are representative of growing conditions that growers across the state experience. Additionally, the LSU AgCenter also evaluates a select group of commercially-available wheat varieties through on-farm demonstrations. It is recommended that managers and producers utilize data from both variety trials and on-farm demonstrations closest to their production locations, as the influence of the environment on yield can be substantial. Trials are conducted through cooperation between LSU AgCenter personnel and producers around the state. The yield data within this document is compiled to provide producers of Louisiana with unbiased information on variety performance under different soil types and environmental conditions. Grain Yield: Most producers agree that grain yield is the most important criterion for variety selection. However, there are many aspects of grain yield that need to be evaluated when selecting varieties. Two--year average yields are important because they give some indication of stability. This not only demonstrates the performance of varieties across various growing environments but also attempts to minimize environmental influence on variety performance (i.e. current year was better for early- or late-maturing varieties). Additionally, test weight is important wince varieties with low test weight may result in the producer being docked at the mill. Therefore, when evaluating variety yield performance, it is essential to utilize as many parameters as possible. Other Agronomic Variables: Heading day, plant height, lodging, and disease susceptibility are also important selection criteria. Heading day allows producers to gauge relative maturity of the individual variety. Earlier-heading and maturing varieties permit earlier harvest and timelier planting in a double-cropping system, while laterheading varieties guard against damage from a late spring freeze and can be planted a little earlier. Early-heading varieties should be planted in the second half of the recommended planting window to avoid the likelihood of spring freeze damage. Lodging resistance can be important in some year. Intense storms can occur during late grain fill and cause severe lodging, which results in lower test weight, decreased yields, and lower harvest efficiency. Disease susceptibility is very important in terms of yield and profitability. It should be noted, that varieties that are less susceptible to disease may not always produce the highest yields, especially if disease pressure is not presence. However, in high disease pressure situations, the resistance may result in higher yield high as well as enhanced profitability by saving the costs of fungicide applications. Therefore, managers and producers must weigh the benefits of disease susceptibility with potential yields. Crop Management: Variety selection is only the first step in making a successful crop. Proper management is necessary to enable a variety to achieve its yield potential. Therefore, a system based approach is critical in order to realize the true yield potential.

2 Planting dates Planting dates for Louisiana wheat depend on location and variety. For southern and central Louisiana optimum planting dates range from November 1 st through November 30 th. The optimum planting for northern Louisiana is slightly early, ranging from October 15 th through November 15 th. Early-heading varieties should generally be planted after the mid-date, while late-heading varieties can be pushed a little on the early side of the planting window. The temperature in north Louisiana is cooler in the fall and early winter, which slows growth down and prevents excess winter growth. It is important that the wheat crop to be well established and fully tillered before going into dormant in the coldest part of the winter. Additionally, due to the cooler conditions the threat for fall pests (Hessian fly, army worms, and rust) are decreased earlier in the fall compared to south and central Louisiana. While these dates are the optimum planting window averaged over years, the timing will vary in some years depending on weather patterns. Additionally, if wheat cannot be planted within these optimum windows, planting later than the optimum window would be preferred. Early planting can result in greater insect and fall rust establishment and also makes plants more prone to spring freeze injury due to excessive fall growth and development. Planting too late (more than 14 days after the optimum window) can result in significant stand loss due to slow emergence and seed rotting, and can decreased yield potential due to poor tillering and decreased canopy density. Planting rates Wheat can be planted with by broadcasting seed and incorporating; however, it is preferred that the seed be drilled. Drilling the seed increases the uniformity of depth and stand. If drill seeding, wheat should be planted at a rate of 60 to 90 pounds per acre of high quality seed into a good seedbed with adequate moisture. If the seed is broadcast, seeding rates should be increased to 90 to 120 pounds of high quality seed to account for decreased germination and emergence. This higher seeding rate should be adapted for conditions in which high germination or emergence is not expected, as with late-planted wheat or heavy, wet soils. Late-planted seed should be planted at a higher seeding rate using a drill to ensure rapid, adequate, and uniform emergence. Fertilization Nitrogen fertilization of wheat can be a challenging aspect of production. Total N application should normally range from 90 to 120 pounds per acre but this will vary depending on soil type and rainfall after applications. Timing of N application depends on several factors. The wheat crop needs adequate N in the fall and early winter to establish ground cover and properly tiller; however, excessive levels of fall N can result in rank growth and increased lodging potential, as well as a higher probability of spring freeze damage from early heading.. If the wheat crop is following soybeans, soil residual or mineralizable should be adequate for fall growth and no pre-plant N is needed. However, if the wheat crop follows corn, sorghum, rice, or cotton, the application of 15 to 20 pounds of N per acre would typically be beneficial. Where the wheat crop is planted later than optimum, additional N may be necessary to ensure adequate fall growth is achieve prior to winter conditions. If the wheat crop did not receive a fall application and appears to be suffering from N deficiency in January, the initial topdress N application can be made early to promote additional tillering. Early spring is when the majority of N for the wheat crop should be applied. There is no universal rule on how early spring N should be applied, each field should be evaluated based on tillering, stage of development, environmental conditions, and crop color. A crop that has good growth and good color should not need N fertilization prior to erect leaf sheath (Feekes 5), usually sometime in February. However, first spring fertilizer application should be applied prior to first node (Feekes 6) in order to insure optimum head development, tiller retention,

3 and head size. Crop N stress around jointing (Feekes 6) will result in yield losses. Any additional N applied following flag leaf typically contributes very little to crop yield. Splitting topdress N into two or three applications is common in Louisiana production systems due to the increased risk of N losses often associated with heavy rainfall, and out long growing season. Splitting N typically occur by applying fertilizer N at or just prior to jointing with a second application occurring 14 to 28 days later. About 50% of the topdress N is normally applied with the first split but this may be decreased if the first split is put out early and plants are not well-enough developed to take up that much N. Phosphorus, K, and micronutrients should be applied in the fall based on soil test reports. All fertilizers applied as well as lime should be incorporated into the soil prior to planting. Required lime should be applied as soon as possible as it takes time for the lime to begin to neutralize the acidity of most soils. The application of sulfur is a growing concern in Louisiana production system, with increasing deficiencies appearing every year. Often times, early spring S deficiencies are mistaken for N deficiencies and additional S is not applied. As sulfur is mobile, similar to N, the application solely in the fall will not be adequate. Supplemental applications of S with spring N applications are often warranted Growing Season: The wheat production season can be considered both a challenging and rewarding season. Total acreage was down from the previous year with approximately 175,000 total acres planted across the state (compared to nearly 225,000 the previous year). While prices at the beginning of the year were somewhat low, optimal planting conditions early with timely soaking but non-drenching rainfall early within the planting window allowed growers to plant higher acres than originally intended. However, these conditions did not persist. Later planted wheat suffered from increased precipitation and many areas exhibiting stand decline with many growers forced to replant. This replanted crop as well as later planting of the wheat crop last until mid- to late-december in many areas. While in most years, with increased management, this crop would still produce an adequate crop, the winter weather hampered development of this late-planted wheat. Winter conditions across the state of Louisiana were the coldest on record, with many experiencing frost and freezing conditions until late into the spring. This resulted in a very slow crop coming out of the vernalization period. At certain parts of the early spring the wheat crop was as much as 5-6 weeks behind in growth and development. However, conditions in late-april and early-may were cooler than normal and allowed the wheat crop to develop very well. Harvest was about 7-10 days behind normal and later-maturing varieties took advantage of the delayed summer and generally yielded very well. While the winter was more severe than previous years, no late-frost conditions during reproductive development occurred to limit yields, as was the case in the season. However, increased precipitation during harvest severely hindered harvest of the wheat crop. Harvest throughout the state varied from nearly complete to just beginning when a 14-day off-and-on precipitation event occurred. While these storms had little effect on lodging, the swelling and shrinking of the wheat seed within the head created many areas, particularly north Louisiana were harvest had just started, with low test weight wheat. Test eights in research plots dropped by as much as four pounds per bushel during this rain event. While yields were still high for these fields, dockage at the mill for low test weights decreased total profits. This year saw significantly less disease pressure in most areas of the state, while some areas had more normal pressure. Southern Louisiana, which typically has high disease incidence, had lower than normal rust incidence. However, northern Louisiana exhibited normal rust incidence, although rust

4 developed very late I the grain fill period and had little impact on yield. Generally insect pressure was higher than average across the state. Wheat yields for the state were exceptional considering the circumstances across the season. Many areas of the state saw greater than 90 bu/ac field averages. As mentioned previously, wheat quality was high for areas that were able to harvest prior to the rainfall and lower than average for those delayed by rain. While the last couple of years have been challenging for wheat producers around the state, our growers continue to produce high quality and high yield potential wheat crops.

5 Table 3. Performance of commercial wheat varieties across North Louisiana for North Region Average Grain Yield Test Head Plant Lod Leaf Bact Fus 2-Yr Wt Day Ht Score Rust eria Hbt Mean Mean AX BC SJ WN Brand / variety bu/a lbs/bu of yr in 0-9 % DYNA-GRO PIONEER 26R TERRAL TV USG PIONEER 26R AGS 2057 NA USG 3404 NA ARMOR VANDAL ARMOR HAVOC TERRAL TV SYNGENTA HARRISON TERRAL TV AGS DELTA GROW PIONEER 26R DELTA GROW 3200 NA TERRAL LA AGS DELTA GROW 7100 NA DYNA-GRO BALDWIN PIONEER 26R PROGENY USG USG TERRAL TV DIXIE GLORY NA DIXIE MCALISTER DIXIE XTREME PIONEER 26R ARMOR OCTANE JAMESTOWN TERRAL LA PIONER 26R SYNGENTA SY DELTA GROW DELTA GROW PROGENY AGS SYNGENTA COKER DYNA-GRO PROGENY DELTA GROW 2100 NA TERRAL LA AGS DIXIE KELSEY NA L-BRAND USG 3024 NA AGS AGS PROGENY Mean CV LSD Data from Alexandria, Bossier City, St. Joseph, and Winnsboro, LA. NS indicates non-significant differences among varieties.

6 Table 4. Performance of commercial wheat varieties across North Louisiana for two years Grain Test Heading Plant Lodging Stripe Leaf Bacterial Fusarium Pheno Yield Wt Day Ht Score Rust Rust Streak Hblight type Brand / variety bu/a lbs/bu of yr in 0-9 % % ARMOR VANDAL PIONEER 26R USG DYNA-GRO PIONEER 26R ARMOR OCTANE AGS USG TERRAL TV SYNGENTA HARRISON TERRAL TV PIONEER 26R TERRAL TV ARMOR HAVOC DELTA GROW AGS TERRAL TV DIXIE MCALISTER PROGENY PIONEER 26R DIXIE XTREME DELTA GROW PIONEER 26R SYNGENTA COKER TERRAL LA DYNA-GRO BALDWIN SYNGENTA SY CYPRESS JAMESTOWN DELTA GROW AGS L-BRAND PIONEER 26R USG PROGENY AGS PROGENY TERRAL LA DYNA-GRO OGLETHORPE AGS TERRAL LA AGS PROGENY Mean CV% LSD (0.10) NS Data from Alexandria, Bossier City, St. Joseph, and Winnsboro, LA for 2014 and BC, SJ, and WN for Bold 'Brand/variety' indicates the entry is commercially available, others are non-released breeding lines. NS indicates non-significant differences among varieties.

7 Table 1. Performance of commercial wheat varieties across South Louisiana for South Region Average Grain Yield Test Head Plant Lod Leaf 2-Yr Mean Mean BR CR JE Wt Day Ht Score Rust Brand / variety bu/a lbs/bu of yr in 0-9 % USG DELTA GROW TERRAL LA AGS JAMESTOWN AGS TERRAL LA PIONEER 26R PIONEER 26R SYNGENTA SY CYPRESS DYNA-GRO BALDWIN USG DYNA-GRO SYNGENTA COKER AGS L-BRAND PROGENY TERRAL TV PROGENY DYNA-GRO OGLETHORPE TERRAL LA AGS USG AGS DELTA GROW AGS DIXIE GLORY DELTA GROW Mean CV% LSD(0.10) NS Data from BatonRouge, Crowley, and Jeanerette. NS indicates non-significant differences among varieties.

8 Table 2. Performance of commercial wheat varieites across South Louisiana for two years. Grain Test Head Plant Lod Leaf Pheno Yield Wt Day Height Score Rust type bu/acre lbs/bu of yr in 0-9 % 0-9 TERRAL LA AGS TERRAL LA USG PIONEER 26R AGS JAMESTOWN DYNA-GRO BALDWIN SYNGENTA SY CYPRESS L-BRAND TERRAL LA AGS AGS PIONEER 26R AGS DYNA-GRO OGLETHORPE PROGENY SYNGENTA COKER DYNA-GRO PROGENY TERRAL TV MEAN CV% LSD (0.10) Data from 2013 and 2014 at Central Station (Baton Rouge), Rice Research Stations (Crowley), and Iberia Research Bold 'Brand/variety' indicates the entry is commercially available, others are non-released breeding lines. Lodging 0 = none and 9 = severe. Phenotype = visual appearance. 0 = excellent and 9 = ugly.

9 Parish: Community: Franklin Baskin, LA LSU AgCenter Wheat Demonstration Report Principle Investigators: County Agent: Cooperator: Crop: Previous Crop: Planted Plant Population: Soil Type: Fertility: Irrigation: Tillage Type: Date Planted: Date Harvested: Weed Control: Dr. Josh Lofton Carol Pinnell-Alison Brian Wilson w heat soybean Forestdale silty clay loam none conventional 11/13/13 6/9/14 Insect Control: Disease Control: Misc.: Planted w ith grain drill flat ground Variety Name Core Harvest Harvest Plot Row Acreage Dry 13% Bu/A Bu/A Rank Test Block Wt (lbs) Moist (%) Wdh (in) Lgh (ft) per plot Wt(lbs) Raw Adjusted Wt (lbs) AGS 2035 Y AGS 2038 Y AGS 2040 Y AGS 2060 Y Armor Vandal Y Coker 9553 Y Dixie McAlister Y Dyna Gro Baldw in Y Harrison Y Jamestow n Y Progeny 870 Y Terral 754 Y Terral 8861 Y USG 3120 Y USG 3833 Y

10 Parish: Community: Pointe Coupee McCrea LSU AgCenter Wheat Demonstration Report Principle Investigators: Dr. Josh Lofton County Agent: Miles Brashier/Steve Borel Cooperator: George Lacour Crop: Wheat Previous Crop: Corn Planted Plant Population: Soil Type: silt loam Fertility: 90lbsn split Jan March 40p 40K Irrigation: None Tillage Type: Minimum Date Planted: 11/13/13 Date Harvested: 9/6/14 Weed Control: Burn dow n Roundup/None after Insect Control: Disease Control: Mustang max at.025lbs./acre None Misc.: Variety Name Core Harvest Harvest Acreage Dry 13% Bu/A Bu/A Rank Test Block Wt (lbs) Moist (%) per plot Wt(lbs) Raw Adjusted Wt (lbs) AGS 2035 Y AGS 2038 Y AGS 2040 Y AGS 2060 Y Baldw in Y Coker 9553 Y Jamestow n Y Progeny P870 Y Terral 754 Y Terral 8211 Y USG 3120 Y

11 LSU AgCenter Wheat Core Block 2014 Parish: Community: Principle Investigators: County Agent: Cooperator: Crop: Previous Crop: Planted Plant Population: Soil Type: Fertility: Irrigation: Tillage Type: Date Planted: Date Harvested: St. Landry LeBeau Josh Lofton Vince Deshotel Tommy Rabilais Wheat Corn Sandy Loam None Conventinal 11/12/13 5/26/14 Weed Control: Sencor Insect Control: Disease Control: 1 application Misc.: 2014 Variety Name Core Harvest Harvest Plot Row Acreage Dry 13% Bu/A Bu/A Rank Test Block Wt (lbs) Moist (%) Wdh (in) Lgh (ft) per plot Wt(lbs) Raw Adjusted Wt (lbs) AGS 2038 Y AGS 2060 Y Coker 9553 Y DG Baldw in Y LA 754 Y LA 821 Y Progeny 870 Y Terral 841 Y USG 3120 Y Jamestow n R/O Y AGS 2040 R/O Y Varieties not harvested due to excessive rainfall during harvest (>7 days). AGS 2035 R/O Y

12 LSU AgCenter Wheat Demonstration Report Parish: Community: Tensas New ellton Principle Investigators: County Agent: Cooperator: Crop: Previous Crop: Planted Plant Population: Soil Type: Fertility: Irrigation: Tillage Type: Date Planted: Date Harvested: Weed Control: Dr. Josh Lofton Dennis Burns Heath Herring Wheat Milo 90 lbs/ac Sharkey Clay 127 lbs N + 20 lbs S No minimum 10/25/13 6/8/14 Insect Control: Disease Control: Prosaro Misc.: Variety Name Acreage Bu/A Rank per plot Adjusted AGS AGS AGS Armor Vandal Coker Dixie McAlister Harrison Jamestow n Progeny W Terral Terral LA USG USG

13 Acknowledgements: Steve Harrison, Professor and OVT Coordinator (School of Plant Environmental, and Soil Science) Josh Lofton, Assistant Professor and State Wheat Specialist (Macon Ridge Research Station) H.J. Rick Mascagni, Professor (Northeast Research Station) Daniel Stephenson, Professor (Dean Lee Research Station) Ronnie Levy, Assistant Professor (Dean Lee Research Station) Dustin Harrell, Assistant Professor (Rice Research Station) Blair Buckley, Associate Professor (Red River Research Station Sonny Viator, Professor (Iberia Research Station) Paul Trey Price III (Macon Ridge Research Station) Boyd Padgett (Dean Lee Research Station)

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