Advantages of organic

Transcription

1 Advantages of organic farming: Environment and economical characteristics Urs Niggli

2 promote: Organic Agriculture - visit:

3 Pioneer institute in OF research since 1973 ww.fibl.org ww

4 Challenges and threats in future agriculture 60 % of ecosystem services are degraded because of few provisionary services (food, timber, fiber), Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Agriculture exploits in a unsustainable way its most important natural production factors like soil fertility, biological diversity and water (Pimentel et al., 1995, and others.) Agriculture is a high energy input production sector although it could be energy-autarchic and could mitigate GHG emission i considerably (Smith et al., 2007). Agriculture is insufficiently prepared to cope with unpredictability and adaptation to climate change (Lobell et al., 2008)

5 Challenges and threats in future agriculture Radical change of research in agriculture needed: Degradation of ecosystems limits or reverses productivity gains. Ecosystem research is the only approach to cope successfully with food security. Interdisciplinary research indispensable. Involving of indigenous/tacit knowledge of farmers crucial. Very critical assessment of technology impact urgent. Johannesburg Report of IAASTD (2008) International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development

6 Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi Secretary-General of UNCTAD ww.fibl.org ww

7 30 % of fertile soils lost by erosion in the last 40 years. Presented at: Organic Agriculture and Legal Framework. Second Round Table of the Eastern European Countries. Kyiv, Ukraine, November 5&6, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, CH-Frick. Current erosion rate: 10 million hectares per year Pimentel et al., 1995, Science

8 Carbon losses (decomposition of SOM) through intensive croppping in UK & Wales: 1978 to gcper kg soil per year = 8 % of the emissions of the industry ww.fibl.org ww Bellamy et. al.: NATURE, Vol 437, September 2005,

9 DOK long-term field experiment, Switzerland Presented at: Organic Agriculture and Legal Framework. Second Round Table of the Eastern European Countries. Kyiv, Ukraine, November 5&6, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, CH-Frick. running since year crop rotation (P-WW-Veg-WW-WB-GC-GC) 0 bio dynamic - organic - IP - conventional Loess soil, 833 mm precipitation, 9.4 ºC temperature Mäder, P., Fließbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P. und Niggli, U., 2002: Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296:

10 Selected results of the DOK trial (CH) Organic Conventional Winter wheat 4.7 t/ha 5.6 t/ha Yield - 15% - 60% Fertilisation 122 kg/ha 360 kg/ha NH 4 NO 3 Equivalent - 30% Energy 340 l/ha 570 l/ha Diesel Equivalent - 97% Plant protection g/ha 6.0 kg/ha Active Ingredients Soil fertility 40 t/ha 24 t/ha Microbial Biomass GHG emissions per ton (entire rotation) + 60% - 18 % Mäder, Fliessbach, Niggli (2002), Science 296

11 DOK trial: Soil fertility, biomass, stability Bio-dynamic Farming IPM, stockless Mäder et al. 2002, Science

12 DOK trial: Percolation stability and run-off otos: Flies ssbach Nov v Biodynamic Farming F IPM, stockless Mäder et al. 2002, Science

13 Floods and water erosion ww.fibl.org ww

14 OA: multi-targeted approach to sustainability IPM IP stockless ohne Wirtschaftsdünger Yields (3 x 7 years) Erträge Nutrients efficiency Düngereffizienz (N,P,K) Energy efficiency Energieeffizienz Soil percolation stability Perkolationsstabilität Soil aggregate stability Krümelstabilität Abundance of beneficials Häufigkeit von Nützlingen Earthworm biomass Biomasse von Regenwürmern Microbial biomass Mikrobielle Biomasse Enzyme activities Bodenenzyme Mycorrhiza Symbiontische Mykorrhizapilze Energy efficiency of MO Energieeffizienz MO Weed diversity Beikräuter-Vielfalt IPM mit Wirtschaftsdünger plus manure Ökologisch Organics - 50% 0% + 50% + 100% Mäder et al. 2002, Science

15 Co-benefits of organic farming Nitrate pollution reduced by 35 to 65 %. No herbicide and pesticide residues in soils, water and foods. Strongly reduced soil erosion or even restored carbon storage by using leguminous plants, green manure and recycling livestock manure. Higher diversity it on farm, field, species and crop genetics level. Improved water use efficiency. Reduced fossil fuel use.

16 Carbon sequestration in long term experiments ww.fibl.org ww

17 Per ton emissions of GHG: organic vs. conventional ww.fibl.org ww

18 Improved management of livestock manure and on-farm production of nitrogen Global potential to use 160 million tons of nitrogen (and other nutrients) from livestock manure more efficiently on cropland (calculated on the basis of 18.3 billion farm animals/fao) Global potential to produce 140 million tons of nitrogen on cropland (Badgley et al., 2007)

19 Biodiversity: organic versus conventional Taxon Positive Negative No difference Birds 7 2 Mammals 2 Butterflies 1 1 Spiders 7 3 Earthworms Beetles Other arthropods Plants 13 2 Soil microbes 9 8 Total Hole et al., 2005

20 Utilizing diversity functionally ww.fibl.org ww

21 Biodiversity and landscape ww.fibl.org ww

22 Animal Welfare ww.fibl.org ww

23 Nutritional benefits of organic produce: e.g. secondary plant metabolites Presented at: Organic Agriculture and Legal Framework. Second Round Table of the Eastern European Countries. Kyiv, Ukraine, November 5&6, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, CH-Frick. Organic has higher content than conventional no differences Organic has lower content than conventional

24 Milk quality (2005/2006) Effect of organic and conventional production systems North East England p< Wales 0 RRR-alpha beta lutein zeaxanthine CLA omega-3 tocopherol carotene Vitamin E Vitamin A (carotenes) poly-unsaturated Fat-soluble Vitamins fatty acids Milk survey in QLIF: DARCOF (DK), IGER (Wales), University Newcastle, Granolo (I)

25 Development of organic agricultural land and wild collection areas ww.fibl.org ww

26 Growth of the global market for organic food (In US Dollars) Billion US Dollars Source: Organic Monitor (Sahota 2008)

27 Growth of the European market for organic food (in US Dollars) Billion US Dollars Source: Organic Monitor (Sahota )

28 Growth of the German market for organic food (in Euros) 6'000 5'300 5'000 4'600 Euros 4'000 3'000 2'000 2'050 2'700 3' '120 3'500 3'900 1' Source: Hamm, University of Kassel, Germany

29 Per capita consumption of organic products 2000/2007 (based on retail sales); the ten leading countries in Europe Presented at: Organic Agriculture and Legal Framework. Second Round Table of the Eastern European Countries. Kyiv, Ukraine, November 5&6, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, CH-Frick. France (2006) 27 Belgium (2006) 27 Netherlands (2006) 28 Italy (2006) 32 Sweden (2006) 42 UK (2006) 47 Germany (2007) 64 Denmark (2006) 80 Liechtenstein (2006) 86 Austria (2007) 89 Switzerland (2007) Euros per year Source: Survey of Aberystwyth University, Agromilagro Research, FiBL, ZMP

30 Retail sales with organic products 2007, the ten leading countries USA (2006) 13'359 Germany (2007) 5'300 UK (2006) France (2007) Italy (2006) 2' '800 1'700 Netherlands (2007) Switzerland (2007) Austria (2006) Canada (2006) Sweden (2007) '000 4'000 6'000 8'000 10'000 12'000 14'000 Million Euros Source: Survey of Aberystwyth University, Agromilagro Research, FiBL, ZMP

31 Profitability of organic farms Farm Net Value Added per Agricultural Work Unit ww.fibl.org ww

32 Profitability of organic farms Farm Net Value Added per Agricultural Work Unit, 2001 ww.fibl.org ww

33 Profitability of organic farms Farm Net Value Added per Agricultural Work Unit, 2001 ww.fibl.org ww

34 Profitability of organic farms Farm Net Value Added per Agricultural Work Unit ww.fibl.org ww Nieberg, Offermann, Zander, 2007

35 Thanks! ww.fibl.org ww

36 Review studies Stolze, M., A. Piorr, A. Häring and S. Dabbert (2000) The environmental impacts of organic farming in Europe. Organic farming in Europe, Volume 6, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Stuttgart El-Hage Scialabba, N. and Hattam, C. (2002) Organic agriculture, environment and food security. Environment and Natural Resources Series No. 4, FAO. Rome, 258 pp. Mäder, P., Fliessbach, A., Dubois, D, Gunst, L., Fried P. and Niggli, U. (2002) Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296, p Hole D G, Perkins A J, Wilson J D, Alexander I H, Grice P V and Evans A D, 2005: Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? it?biological i l Conservation 122,