AMF in sustainable agriculture: Tools for farmers and policy makers

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "AMF in sustainable agriculture: Tools for farmers and policy makers"

Gerard West
6 years ago
Views:

1 AMF in sustainable agriculture: Tools for farmers and policy makers Chantal Hamel, Min Sheng,, Warren Eilers, Yolande Dalpe,, Catherine Fox, Ron Knox, Asheesh Singh

2 Canada s Agricultural Land A precious resource for the future!

3 Cropland Intensity (%) SPARC

4 Preserving Canada s Agricultural Land Median P level for North America is 31 ppm, with 42% testing less than 25 ppm, a middle-of of-the-road critical level (Fixen,, 2006 Better Crops 90: 4-7) 4

5 Environmental Quality

8 AAFC s only durum wheat program! SPARC varieties have made Canada the world s largest exporter of durum for pasta products!

Factorial arrangement of: 5 Genotypes representing 5 sub-populations according to the association mapping population phylogenetic tree With and without G.

10 Factorial arrangement of: 5 Genotypes representing 5 sub-populations according to the association mapping population phylogenetic tree With and without G. intraradices Premier Tech Ltd - 5 replicates in blocks - Pasteurized Bullin soil in 2-L 2 L milk cartons - Temperature 15/18 C C night/day - Grown to maturity in fall 2008 (low fertility) and winter 2009 (medium fertility level)

11 Response of Durum Wheat Cultivars to Inoculation with G. intraradices Blue arrow : Response under low fertility Red arrow : Response under medium fertility DT a % Mycorrhization Fall Winter 14 a % P % K % Mg % Fe % Zn % Cu Grain Yield Total Biomass Mongibello 15 b 10 b Strongfield 18 b 6 c AC Morse 8 c 8 bc Commander 31 a 6 c Protected LSD P < 0.05

12 Conclusion Phenotypic variation indicates that symbiotic durum wheat can be selected throught conventional breeding methods Markers are needed

13 Forecasting tools

14 Forecasting tools Forecasting AMF contribution to wheat P uptake To model the occurrence of AMF

15 How to estimate the AMF resource in soil? Bioassay? $$$ and excessively lengthy Real-time PCR? A unique sequence still unknown PLFA 16:1ω5? $$$ and unreliable at low density Another indicator? Already documented in soil maps?

16 Are soil type and climate good indicators? Approach km 48 fields: Black Chernozem Brown Chernozem Dark-Brown Chernozem Grey Luvisol Vertisol

17 Method PLFA Microbial biomass Soil sample PCR-DGGE AMF biodiversity Physicochemical analyses Soil description Climatic data Relationship between soil conditions and the abundance and diversity of AMF

18 FACTOR(2) FACTOR(3) FACTOR(4) FACTOR(1) Microbial PLFA profiles can be correctly classified in soil types (P P < ) Soil Order Black Chernozem BrownnChernozem Dark Brown Chernozem Luvisol Vertisol Canonical Discriminant Functions : Standardized by Within Variances :2.... i-15: i-16: a-15: :0.... i-17:0 + 17: :1ω9c : H-12:0.... NLFA 16:1ω :1ω5....

19 Sequences recovered from DGGE bands Most related isolate from GenBank Sequence similarity by BLAST (%) GenBank accession no. of the most related sequences Glomus sp1. Glo4 100% AF ; AJ ; AJ ; AJ G. sp2. MS Appelhans % EU G. mosseae 99% AY ; AJ ; AJ ; U ; U ; Z ; AJ ; U ; AJ ; U ; AJ ; AJ ; AJ G. hoi 98% AJ ; AF ; AF ; AF ;AF

20 Redundancy analysis shows a relationship between soil type and AMF spp distribution (P( = 0.01) Canonical axis G. sp.2 G. sp.1 Grey Luvisol G. hoi Dark Brown Chernozem G. mosseae Black Chernozem Dark Grey Chernozem Brown Chernozem Vertisol Canonical axis 1

21 The isolation frequency and species richness of AMF in different soil types Isolation frequency of AMF (%) Soil type Glomus sp.1 Glomus sp.2 G. mosseae G. hoi All AMF species Species richness Brown Chernozem Dark-Brown Chernozem Black Chernozem Dark-Grey Chernozem Grey Luvisol Vertisol

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Trends in canola production

22 Could canola reduce AMF detection in Black soil? Grey soils Dark Brown Black Brown Land area (000 ha) Trends in canola production Canada Saskatchewan

23 Canola Fact Sheet % of seeded areas 5,4 Mt 2 nd after wheat (11,3 Mt)

9000. Trends in summer fallowing in Saskatchewan Land area (000 ha) 8000

25 9000. Trends in summer fallowing in Saskatchewan Land area (000 ha) Years

26 Is the Brown soil zone DSE land and end of AMF range?

27 0.02 Mortierella verticillata AF Paraglomus occultum DQ Geosiphon pyriformis AM Glomus viscosum AJ Glomus spp Glomus verruculosum AJ Glomus fragilistratum AJ Glomus spp.1 Glomus mosseae AY Glomus coronatum AJ Glomus spp Glomus vesiculiferum L20824 Glomus manihotis Y17648 Glomus heterosporum AB Glomus proliferum AF Glomus spp.7 Glomus spp.3 Glomus spp.9 85 Glomus spp.5 Glomus spp.6 Glomus hoi AF Glomus spp.4 Scutellospora heterogama AY635832

28 Grey soils Dark Brown Vertisols Black Brown

29 Conclusions Soil type influences AMF spp distribution Vertisols and Black and Brown Chernozems may need inoculation The effect of soil type could be compounded by the effect of climate Vertisols were in the Brown soil zone Cropping practices must be considered 9 AMF detected in GNP, but only 2 in cropped soils in the Brown soils zone There is no unique indicator of AMF among soil factors

30 NEXT STEP

31 Include Soil AM Potential in Soil Fertility Model $ Benefits $ P fertilizer Soil Soil test test Soil P supply AMF Quantity? Quality? AMF inoculant

32 A mechanistic Nutrient Forecasting Model Wheat yield = f wheat P content Wheat P content = f (soil P supply capacity + size of mycorrhiza/soil interface)

33 Environmental attributes Concept for development of AMF Biodiversity Indicator Model Soil type (SR) Landscape (LR) Climate (CR) Inherent Environmental Response IER = SR + LR +VR Agricultural attributes Management practices (MPR) i.e. Tillage system Vegetation (VR) Agricultural Influences Agri = LUR + MPR Amendments Land use (LUR) i.e. Crop type Crop rotation AMF Biodiversity Indicator Model SBI = (IER) + (AGRI) Prediction of potential landscape capacity for supporting AMF (Adapted from Fox 2005)

34 INHERENT ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE Potential response to soil, landscape, climate and vegetation attributes Population response Distance accross region IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL INFLUENCE Potential amplitude change of the Inherent Environmental Response as an outcome of Agricultural Influences Population response Distance accross region (Adapted from Fox 2005)

35 Thanks to: MOE AAFC

36 Modelizacion de la contribución n de los hongos MA a la nutrición n N y P de los cultivos de trigo Los modelos fueron construidos con los datos proviniendo de las análisis de los suelos y tejidos de planta de trigo de la investigación % N en el trigo (%) = x x x x4 x1: Tamaño de las hifas (mm) x2: Rato de colonización con hongos MA (%) x3: Materia orgánica contenido (%) x4: Concentración de N total (%) % P en el trigo (%) = x x x3 x1: Tamaño de las hifas (mm) x2: Concentración de Cu (μg kg -1 ) x3: Olsen-P concentración (μg kg -1 )

37 Relationship between soil properties and AMF distribution * Bulk Soil bulk density SOM Org. matter Soil bulk density * T5-T8 and P5-P8 are mean temperature and precipitation in May, June, July, August

38 Cropland Intensity (%)

Minister Ritz officially opens the Terra Grains Fuels Ethanol Facility (August 8, 2008) (From right to left) Federal Agriculture Minister, Gerry Ritz with Bill Boyd,

Plaine, SK. This facility is the largest wheat-based ethanol plant in the world. Will Triple. Daily Wealth, March 10, 2008) Wheat and soybeans are at all-time highs.

39 Minister Ritz officially opens the Terra Grains Fuels Ethanol Facility (August 8, 2008) (From right to left) Federal Agriculture Minister, Gerry Ritz with Bill Boyd, Saskatchewan Minister of Energy & Resources and Tim LaFrance, President of Terra Grains Fuels at the grand opening of the new Terra Grain Fuels ethanol facility in Belle Plaine, SK. This facility is the largest wheat-based ethanol plant in the world. Will Triple. Daily Wealth, March 10, 2008) Wheat and soybeans are at all-time highs. Corn is near a 50- year high. Canadian fertilizer stock Potash Corp. is up 500%. Farm-equipment maker AGCO is up 200%. Crop genetics and chemicals company Monsanto is up 300%. (Tom Dyson Why Grain Prices

40 Wheat Country

41 Bio Fuels an exciting opportunity for prairie agriculture

43 Include Soil AM Potential in Soil Fertility Model $ Benefits $ Soil Soil test test Soil P supply AMF P fertilizer

44 Include Soil AM Potential in Soil Fertility Model $ Benefits $ P fertilizer Soil Soil test test Soil P supply AMF Quantity? Quality?

Constraining soilemitted. from crop production on the Canadian semiarid prairies. Reynald Lemke Research Scientist Agriculture and AgriFood Canada

Constraining soilemitted. from crop production on the Canadian semiarid prairies. Reynald Lemke Research Scientist Agriculture and AgriFood Canada Constraining soilemitted GHGs from crop production on the Canadian semiarid prairies Reynald Lemke Research Scientist Agriculture and AgriFood Canada Constraining Soil-Emitted GHGs from crop production