METHODOLIGIES FOR CLIMATE PROOFING INVESTMENTS AND MEASURES UNDER COHESION AND REGIONAL POLICY AND THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY.

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1 METHODOLIGIES FOR CLIMATE PROOFING INVESTMENTS AND MEASURES UNDER COHESION AND REGIONAL POLICY AND THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY Identifying the cliate risks related to rural areas and April 2013

2 Disclaier The inforation and vies set out in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Coission. Neither the European Coission nor any person acting on its behalf ay be held responsible for the use hich ay be ade of the inforation contained therein. This is the annex to the technical guidance for cliate proofing the Coon Agricultural Policy as part of the project Methodologies for Cliate Proofing Investents and Measures under Cohesion and Regional Policy and the Coon Agricultural Policy (Contract No /2011/603488/SER/CLIMA.C3) by the Institute for European Environental Policy (IEEP) together ith Ecologic Institute, Milieu, GHK and Environent Agency Austria. This report is based on the findings fro the final report of this study; Hjerp, P., Volkery, A., Lückge, H., Medhurst, J., Hart, K., Medarova-Bergstro, K., Tröltzsch, J., McGuinn, J., Skinner, I., Desbarats, J., Slater, C., Bartel, A., Frelih-Larsen, A., and ten Brink, P., (2012), Methodologies for Cliate Proofing Investents and Measures under Cohesion and Regional Policy and the Coon Agricultural Policy, A report for DG Cliate, August This report should be quoted as: Hart, K., Bartel, A., Menadue, H., Sedy, K., Frelih-Larsen, A. and Hjerp, P., (2012), Methodologies for Cliate Proofing Investents and Measures under Cohesion and Regional Policy and the Coon Agricultural Policy Technical Guidance for Coon Agricultural Policy, A report for DG Cliate, August 2012.

3 1. IDENTIFYING THE CLIMATE RISKS RELATED TO RURAL AREAS This section provides a very brief suary of predicted cliate change ipacts relating to agriculture, forestry and biodiversity across the EU. It also provides an indication of the relative severity of s for each EU cliate region. This is provided siply as an indication of the type of evidence that ill need to be collated and interrogated at a uch greater level of detail to infor decisions about the prioritization of actions ithin RDPs. The inforation provided is derived fro the project Methodologies for cliate proofing investents and easures under Cohesion and Regional policy and the Coon Agricultural Policy (CAP) funded by DG Cliate action. The Annexes to the ain study report provide further details (see add link). This inforation should be suppleented ith data available at the national/regional level in individual Meber States Overvie The ain cliatic drivers are: rises in teperatures changes in precipitation patterns changes in intensity and frequency of eather events (such as extree precipitation, heat aves, cold spells and stors) rises in sea levels changes to ind patterns 1.2. Agriculture The ipacts of cliate change on the agricultural sector are extreely varied beteen and ithin regions. Most of the evidence relates to the effects of cliate change on agricultural production, particularly crop production (yields and location), ith little literature available that exaining the ipacts on livestock. The ipacts are necessarily generalised and ask high-ipact disturbances that ay occur ithin regions. It is iportant to note that there are considerable uncertainties inherent in the longer ters projections in ters of the likely scale and tiescale of the predicted ipacts. In addition, although any of the effects of cliate change involve constraints that need to be overcoe, the ipacts on production can be both negative and positive. For exaple, yield iproveents for soe crops have been predicted in Northern Europe as a result of increase CO 2 levels in the atosphere, although other factors such as predicted increases in ater scarcity, increased soil erosion and stor events are likely to constrain such increases in reality. Water scarcity is already being experienced in soe areas of Europe and longer and ore frequent droughts are anticipated in large parts of Southern Central and Eastern Europe, as ell as parts of Northern Europe, ith significant risks to crop yields. More arid conditions are likely to exacerbate soil degradation as a result of ind erosion and ill also cause heat stress for livestock. There is less clarity about the likely changes in precipitation that ight be experienced. An increase in agnitude and frequency of high precipitation events is likely in any parts of Northern, Central and Southern Europe hich could daage crops and lead to aterlogging and exacerbate soil erosion here bare soil exists. The higher incidence of these types of extree eather events (droughts, stors) are likely to severely disrupt crop production and increase the unpredictability and variability of crop yields. These

4 Flooding Coastal and River 2 Water scarcity -continuous/ drought 2 Air quality Disease/pest outbreak 2 Soil erosion Stors 2 Teperature extrees inc fires and changes over tie 2 Precipitation 2 higher teperatures and increased rainfall are also likely to lead to a noticeable increase in the incidence of disease, pests and pathogens, including the spread of invasive alien species. The table belo provides an overall assessent of the risks to the agricultural sector fro different ipacts of cliate change. Hoever, this should be treated ith care. It is extreely difficult to provide this kind of assessent for the agricultural sector for three reasons. Firstly, cliate change ipacts on the agriculture sector can be positive as ell as negative (for exaple in relation to the CO2 concentrations in the atosphere and the ipacts this ay have on yields). Secondly, this sort of regional assessent asks predicted local high-ipact disturbances, although these should be taken into account in adaptation strategies. Thirdly, for soe s, for exaple flooding or stor and pest outbreaks, it is not scale that atters, but the frequency, unpredictability and severity of their occurrence. AGRICULTURE Overall EU Assessent North - North-West - Southern High High High High Central & Eastern High 1.3. Forestry Effects of cliate change include increased risk of biotic (pests and diseases) and abiotic (droughts, stors and fires) disturbances to forest health. Hoever, the exact effects of cliate change on forests are coplex and not yet ell understood. The ipacts of cliate change ill vary throughout the different geographic regions of Europe, ith forest fires likely to doinate in southern Europe and the liited diversity of tree species in boreal forests enhancing the risk of significant pest and disease ipacts. Next to negative cliate change ipacts, especially in the long ter, opportunities arise as ell in the forestry sector. Evidence to date suggests that productivity in northern and central Europe has increased and is likely to continue to increase. Further, northard expansion of potential distribution of soe tree species is expected and potentially ore favourable conditions for suer recreation in ountainous regions ill exist (Lindner et al. 2010). Hoever, ith ore drastic changes in cliate toards the end of the 21th century, severe and ide ranging negative cliate change ipacts have to be expected in ost European regions (Lindner et al. 2008), ith the terranean region as the ost vulnerable to cliate change based on potential ipact assessent and adaptive capacity (Lindner et al. 2010). It is orth noting that there is lack of data, especially haronised data sets at an EU level to docuent these effects. Although there have been soe attepts to address this, gaps in the evidence base reain. One project that ais to iprove knoledge base is the EU funded BioSoil project hich deonstrated ho haronised soil and biodiversity data can

5 Flooding - Coastal 2 Flooding - River 2 Water scarcitycontinuous/ drought 2 Air quality Disease/ Pest 2 Soil erosion Stors 2 Ice/Sno (Winter extrees) 2 Teperature extrees inc fires 2 Teperature change over contribute to developing forest onitoring (of soils, carbon sequestration, cliate change effects and biodiversity. FORESTRY Overall EU Assessent High High North High High High North-West High High High High Southern High High Central & Eastern High -High High / High 3 High High Source: On assessent. Note the regional assessent reflects the general regional assessent of s fro cliate change Notes: 1. Scale is understood in ters of frequency, severity or extension, as appropriate. 2. Unpredictability of these s ay further aggravate high and ediu ipacts for these s. 3. High ipacts are likely in certain regions of South-Eastern ne MS (Roania, Bulgaria) and regions in Central Europe ith sei-arid conditions, eg in Hungary Biodiversity Studies largely sho that habitat destruction and degradation is currently the greatest to biodiversity; although cliate change is likely to becoe an additional profound and possibly greater. There is no a considerable body of evidence that cliate change is already having easurable biological and ecological effects on biodiversity (ie ecosystes, species and the genetic diversity of species) in Europe and globally. Species respond individualistically to cliate change, ith direct ipacts including changes in phenology, species abundance and distribution, counity coposition and ecosyste processes. Cliate change ill also lead to indirect ipacts on biodiversity through changes in the use of land and other resources. These ay be ore daaging than direct ipacts due to their scale, scope and speed. There is abundant evidence that species are responding to these cliate effects to soe extent by changing their behaviour (eg breeding earlier), their physiology (eg through natural selection of the best adapted genotypes) and by oving to ore suitable locations (eg to higher latitudes, higher altitudes on land and to deeper aters in the oceans)(huntley, 2007). These responses ay enable species to adapt and aintain their populations, albeit in different locations. Hoever, adaptation is constrained for any species because they have: Sall and fragented populations or ranges; Populations ith high rates of ortality or lo breeding productivity due to other pressures and therefore do not produce enough offspring to aintain populations levels ithout iigrants fro other populations (ie they are sink populations) and ay therefore already be ened; Biological constraints on dispersal and colonisation;

6 Flooding - Coastal Flooding - River Water scarcitycontinuous/ drought Air quality Disease Soil erosion Stors Ice/Sno (Winter extrees) Teperature extrees inc fires Teperature change over tie Bounded distributions (eg because they occur on isolated islands or ountains or at very high latitudes); Blocked dispersal routes (eg by sea, topography, otherise inhospitable habitats); or High dependence on other specific habitats and species that are ipacted by cliate change. It is particularly iportant to note that any, if not all species are likely to be affected to soe degree by the indirect ipacts of cliate change. This is because ost ill depend on another species (eg for food) or be affected by another species (eg as a predator, copetitor or parasite) that ill be affected by cliate change. The net results ill be that counities of species, and their food-ebs and predators etc that ake up ecosystes ill be increasingly disrupted. Three strategic actions needed for biodiversity adaptation are: Assess the vulnerability of species, habitats, and ecosystes to cliate change; Develop strategies and practical easures that increase the resilience of ecosystes, habitats and their associated species populations to cliate change, thereby iproving their adaptive capacity; Develop strategies and practical easures that accoodate changes by facilitating the oveent of species (and habitats) to ne areas ith suitable cliatic conditions. It is apparent that any of the easures that ill help to increases the resilience of existing populations ill also facilitate the oveent of species. This is because, for exaple, easures that increase habitat quality are likely to increase breeding productivity and therefore the recruitent of eigrants and their individual condition. Increasing eigration rates and the survival rates of eigrants ill increase the probability of successful dispersal and colonisation. Siilarly, actions that increase connectivity by reducing habitat fragentation ay help to increase the resilience of existing populations, e.g. by establishing larger and ore robust eta-populations. Therefore, any practical easures for biodiversity adaptation ill provide ultiple resilience and functional connectivity benefits. BIODIVERSIT Y Overall EU Assessent / / / u Uncert ain u u North Uncert ain u u u North-West Uncert ain u Southern u Uncert ain u u Central & Eastern Uncert ain u u

7 2. LIST OF AGRICULTURE OPTIONS This section sets out a series of options that could be funded through RDPs, divided into categories: land anageent, physical infrastructure and advice and training. These options have been identified as actions that are a priority for the forthcoing prograing period ( ) on the basis of an assessent that has taken into account the tiefrae in hich they are needed and their likely effectiveness. This assessent has been carried out at the EU level and this assessent ould need to be re-applied at the national/regional level hen deterining hich are a priority in relation to local priorities for cliate adaptation. More details on the options listed and inforation on cost benefit analyses, here these exist, can be found here [add link to the full study and the options database] Land Manageent Buffer strips (peranent vegetation) Buffer strips can include oodland, hedgeros, strips of grassland along ater bodies, grass argins, field corners, etc. Vegetated and unfertilized buffer zones act as a shield against overland flo fro agricultural fields and reduce run-off fro reaching the atercourse, thus decreasing erosion and the oveent of pollutants into atercourses. Cliate cliate scenarios) Cost-Benefit assessent: Risk of soil erosion, stors, flooding, flash floods High urgency for adopting this easure exists because it addresses pressing ater protection and biodiversity probles. Moreover, the ipleentation process requires a long tie investent (i.e. the political process needs tie to accept the easure, and the ipleentation itself requires several years to reach full effectiveness). The effect starts hen the vegetative zone has been established, including the developent of a good root syste. Buffer strips are effective under business-as-usual scenario as they preserve ecosyste services and functioning. Under other scenarios, they address cliate change ipacts across ultiple areas (e.g. soil, biodiversity, ater) as ell as enhance the adaptability of biodiversity to cliate change (via e.g. facilitated igration through connected natural netorks). Buffer strips can alost copletely offset run off and erosion in peranent crops and decrease daages caused by flooding events. RD Regulation Proposal Articles 18, 29, Ecological Focus Areas (Pillar 1) Available The easure supports the ipleentation of the Water Fraeork Directive, by contributing to achieving at least good ecological status for all surface ater bodies ithin a defined tietable (European Coission, 2000) as ell as the Nitrates Directive and EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020.

8 Buffer strips (peranent vegetation) There is also an obligation in the Pesticides Fraeork Directive to provide appropriately sized buffer zones in hich pesticides cannot be used and include these in the National Action Plans by The easure shos synergies ith options aied at benefitting biodiversity, as it provides an eleent in green infrastructure and reduced theral stress to the aquatic environent. There are also synergies ith river restoration easures, as buffer strips by increasing habitat quality in the riparian zone and reducing erosion. Maintenance of peranent grassland Species-rich, sei-natural peranent grasslands are accepted as iportant land use for addressing biodiversity conservation, ater regie and cliate objectives. Additionally, the conversion of forer arable land to grassland can be used at a sall field scale to take high risk areas prone to erosion and loss of nutrients/pesticides out of production. As conversion of arable or cropland to grassland is a difficult process, it is crucial to aintain existing peranent grasslands fro no and into the long-ter. Cliate cliate scenarios) soil erosion, stors, flooding, flash floods The easure addresses ultiple existing environental probles associated ith agriculture and is especially relevant also for itigation, and should be ipleented in the short-ter up to Peranent grasslands have proven effective in itigating s fro floods through their high capacity in subsurface storage. Wet grasslands in particular can serve as a buffer zone for agricultural runoff and contribute to reducing erosion. The easure is effective under business-as-usual scenario, and its relevance increases ith the severity of cliate change ipacts. RD Regulation Proposal Articles 18, 29, 31, Pillar 1 Greening payents The easure is relevant for the ipleentation of the Water Fraeork Directive, the Floods Directive, for biodiversity protection. Synergies ith other adaptation easures such as further conservation areas and habitat restoration, buffer strips, restoration of etlands and reducing grazing pressure to reduce risk of erosion fro flash flooding are possible. Further conservation areas and habitat restoration

9 Further conservation areas and habitat restoration Due to different cliate change ipacts, e.g. increasing teperature, flooding, etc., further conservation areas should be established and habitats should be restored. The focus is on habitats such as etlands and fens, hich are species rich and could function as flooding area, but are also iportant for aintaining ater balance. The focus is on the establishent of green corridors hich enable species to ove, e.g. in the north according to higher teperatures and cliate shifts. Cliate cliate scenarios) all s This option addresses a nuber of other pressing environental needs in the area of biodiversity protection and ater protection, and should be ipleented already in the short ter up to The easure can increase resilience in a ediu scenario ith a 2 C teperature. Due to existing probles it is already necessary under current cliate conditions (noregret). It is also robust under extree cliate change scenarios (> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Articles 29, 18, 31 Strong synergies ith biodiversity protection, ater protection, as ell as cliate change itigation. This easure is linked to a nuber of other options, especially grassland protection, buffer strips, and floodplain restoration. Conservation soil tillage Under conservation tillage the soil is still tilled, but is disturbed less. Reduced / conservation tillage can take any fors including ridge tillage (in hich ridges are ade in the field), shallo ploughing and rotovation or scarification of the soil surface. The easure has iportant carbon sequestration effect, leads to reduced erosion, can also reduce soil copaction, and increases soil ater holding capacity. Cliate cliate scenarios): soil erosion, stors, flooding, flash floods Due to the already existing proble of soil erosion and additional probleatic soil fertility the easure should be taken short-ter up to Conservation soil tillage is a easure ith a high positive effect on resilience of far level production regarding cliate risk. It is already effective under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities (no-regret). The easure is also robust under extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C).

10 Conservation soil tillage RD Regulation Proposal Article 29 The option has a positive effect on cliate itigation and the objectives of the Water Fraeork Directive (WFD). The easure shos especially synergies ith iproved cropping practices, such as intercropping, plant inter cover, residue anageent, etc. Further there are positive effects ith organic faring and different soil anageent easures. Reduce grazing pressure to reduce risk of erosion fro flash flooding When grazing pressure is too large (expressed in increasing nuber of livestock units per hectare), this leads to negative effects on the soil ater retention capacity and thereby increases risk for runoff and erosion. Reduced grazing prootes the rehabilitation of indigenous vegetation in any places and contributes to soil conservation and the regulation of ater flos, helping to reduce flash flooding fro heavy rains. Cliate cliate scenarios) soil erosion, flash floods, stors The option needs to be ipleented already in the short-ter, especially in areas ost prone to soil erosion (in particular highly sloping areas) hich are also areas prone to extree rainfall events. The option has ultiple benefits for several environental. The option is effective under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities (no regret). The easure ay be less robust under extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C) as it ay not sufficiently address increased risks of erosion in the ost vulnerable sloping areas, hich ay require change in land use (no grazing, or additional easures such as agroforestry, for exaple). RD Regulation proposal Article 29 Reduced grazing pressure can benefit biodiversity (coposition of species in the grassland) and it protects ater quality by reducing soil erosion. The option can be cobined ith other options related to livestock husbandry, such as livestock diversification or use of native breeds. Maintenance / reintroduction of terraces

11 Maintenance / reintroduction of terraces The easure includes aintenance and reintroduction of terraces hich had been reoved to increase field-plot size, have been converted to other land use (for exaple, hedges into grassland), or have not been aintained due to reduced labour availability or reduced cultivation. Terracing on sloping land is iportant for reducing soil erosion and surface run-off. Terraces, hich are labour intensive to aintain, help to preserve soil productive capacity, aintain landscape values, reduce risk of flooding and reduce pressures on ater quality. Terraces are also iportant for nature and habitat protection (stone-alls and hedges used in terracing, for exaple, create valuable habitats). Cliate cliate scenarios) soil erosion, stors, flooding, flash floods The option needs to be ipleented already in the short-ter, especially in areas ost prone to soil erosion (in particular highly sloping areas) hich are also areas prone to extree rainfall events. The option has ultiple benefits for several environental. The option is effective already at present under a business-asusual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities (no-regret). The option is robust under a ediu scenario and extree scenario. RD Regulation proposal Articles 18, 19, 29 The option has synergies ith cliate itigation (here terraces include planting of hedges, for exaple) because it allos for sequestration of carbon in bioass above ground, for protection of ater quality, as ell as protection of valuable habitats. The option effectiveness can be increased hen cobined ith other easures to protect against soil erosion and flooding, such as, for exaple, inter plant cover or conservation soil tillage. Diversified crop rotations Increasing the diversity of crop rotations consists of the inclusion of additional crop types in a planned sequence of crops on the sae piece of land. It has benefits for productivity, reduced runoff and erosion, increased organic atter and carbon sequestration, iproved soil quality, pest anageent, and better oisture efficiency. Crop rotations provide habitat and food to different species, thus prooting greater biodiversity. Cliate soil erosion, droughts, flooding, disease/pest outbreak, teperature extrees The easure should be ipleented iediately in the period up to 2020, as it brings ultiple benefits for the

12 cliate scenarios): Diversified crop rotations overall productivity and sustainability of faring (in particular soil productivity and avoided pest probles) over the long ter. This ultiple-benefit easure has several proven positive effects under business-as-usual scenario (a no-regret easure). It also has high robustness under ediu and extree scenario due to its iplication on the aintenance of productivity, pest anageent, and soil productivity. RD Regulation Proposal Article 29, Greening Payents Pillar 1 Crop rotations help to achieve objectives of the Nitrates Directive and pesticide legislation through reducing pollution in ater and soil, and reducing soil erosion. The easure contributes to landscape and ildlife enhanceent, biodiversity, cliate change and soil protection. There are strong synergies ith Water Fraeork Directive. Synergies ith the folloing adaptation easures are particularly relevant: organic faring practices, intercropping, plant cover in inter, pest/disease onitoring and integrated pest anageent, irrigation efficiency. Intercropping Intercropping consists of groing to or ore crops in proxiity in the sae field during a groing season in order to proote interaction beteen the. It can support yield iproveent and stability, by increasing resilience, protection against pests and diseases. Cliate cliate scenarios): soil erosion, stors, flooding, flash floods, disease Intercropping is an option hich should be started short-ter up to 2020 due to the already existing soil erosion probles. Furtherore, a slight increase of extree events is already expected in the next years. Intercropping has a high positive effect on resilience of far level production regarding cliate risk. It is already effective under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities (no-regret). The easure is also robust under extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Article 29 Co-benefits are especially strong ith Water Fraeork Directive (WFD). Synergies exist ith other cropping related options,

13 Intercropping especially catch crops and plant inter cover. Plant inter cover Farers can choose fro a variety of inter cover crops to add nitrogen, control eeds, protect soil and/or increase soil organic atter. Utilizing inter plant cover is not only a preventative easure to itigate cliate change ipacts, it is also an iportant ethod to iprove soil structure, and cost savings by reducing farers reliance on fertilizer. Cliate cliate scenarios): Cost-Benefit assessent: soil erosion, stors, flooding, flash floods, droughts Political processes to ipleent the easure and raising aareness aong farers also require tie. Given the high current rates of diffuse nutrient pollution and soil erosion, the easure should be ipleented iediately. There is high certainty that the easure can effectively reduce nutrient run-off and leaching, as ell as erosion and have secondary beneficial effects. The easure is effective under all scenarios. RD Regulation Proposal Article 29 Available The easure helps to achieve the objectives of the Water Fraeork Directive, the Nitrates and the Floods Directive, through protecting ater quality by preventing nitrate pollution in ground and surface aters and reducing potential daages of floods. Winter plant cover can be ipleented alongside buffer strips, and cobined ith catch crops, intercropping, and diversified crop rotations and organic faring. Organic faring Organic production ethods and practices coprise any of the land anageent options highlighted as priorities for cliate adaptation and can also contribute to cliate itigation, for exaple those relating to iproving soil organic atter, soil fertility and iproving the ater-holding capacity of the soil. The use of crop rotations should help avoid issues of pests and diseases associated ith onocultures. Through these sorts of anageent practices farland should be ore resilient to the ipacts of cliate change.. Cliate soil erosion, flooding, stors, teperature extrees,

14 cliate scenarios): Organic faring droughts Organic faring should be ipleented already short-ter up to First cliate change ipacts are seen already today and ill increase in the next years. Through organic faring the resilience of fars for different ipacts and challenges hich already occur at the oent, can be increased. The option ill increase the resilience of far production regarding cliate change in a ediu scenario ith a 2 C teperature. Due to existing probles it is already necessary under existing cliate conditions (no-regret). It is also robust under extree cliate change scenarios (> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Article 30 There are synergies ith the Water Fraeork Directive (WFD), Nitrates Directive and biodiversity policies. Many co-benefits for other exist. E.g. options regarding soil erosion like conservation soil tillage. Furtherore, land use options and cropping practices have synergies ith organic faring, e.g. intercropping, crop diversification, residue anageent, etc. Use of adapted crops The easure involves the use of crops hich can deliver ore stable yields under changing cliate conditions, or hich have loer ater deand. Depending on the local cliate and soil conditions, this ay involve the sitch in varieties of crops, but also the sitch fro one type of crop to another. Policy support ay be given as a stiulus to farers to select crops hich have ore stable yields but loer axiu yield, or hich have significant environental benefits in ters of reduced pesticide or ater use. Cliate cliate scenarios) teperature extrees, ater scarcity, droughts, stors, disease Much of crop sitching occurs autonoously on fars as a standard practice. Additional support should be provided in the iediate period up to 2020 to deal ith rapid changes that farers do not address autonoously. This is a no-regret option. It is already effective under business-as-usual scenario. Under extree scenario, crop adaptation ill still be effective, but it ould require ore severe changes in the choice of crops. RD Regulation Proposal Article 29

15 Use of adapted crops The use of adapted crops can have benefits for other environental objectives, including itigation (if this includes inclusion of catch crops, for exaple). The easure is closely linked and can reinforce the benefits of other cropping adaptation easures such as diversified crop rotations, intercropping, and inter plant cover. Use of native breeds to proote genetic diversity The easure supports the use and preservation of native livestock breeds. These ay be better adapted to regional conditions, increase the genetic diversity of livestock population, and thus provide a potential pool of genetic aterial hich ay be very valuable for future breeding purposes and for increasing adaptability and resilience of production. Given changes in cliate, native breeds that are adapted to the likely future cliate of the area need to be prioritised. These ay not be the sae as the breeds that have traditionally been used in a particular region. Cliate cliate scenarios): Teperature extrees, diseases, indirect: drought The easure should be ipleented in the period up to 2020, to avoid further loss of native breeds The easure is effective under business-as-usual scenario as it contributes to the preservation of biodiversity. cal breeds ay also be used as part of arketing strategy by fars to add value to their production. The easure is further iportant and robust under ediu (2 C ) and extree scenarios ((> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Articles 29, 19 The easure has strong link to biodiversity protection. The easure has synergies ith livestock diversification, iproved anial rearing conditions (soe breeds ay be better adapted to local eather conditions and thus their inclusion ould reinforce the effect of iproved conditions). Pest/disease onitoring and integrated pest anageent Integrated pest anageent is a ultidisciplinary, ecologically based pest anageent syste hich ill allos groers to iniise the use of pesticides and thereby reduce the risk of cheical run-off and ater pollution; it can facilitate responses to increased risk of pest and disease occurrence under cliate change. Monitoring is a necessary requireent to react quickly to pest and disease occurrence to iniize daage to crops. Cliate Teperature extrees, disease/pest outbreak

16 cliate scenarios) Pest/disease onitoring and integrated pest anageent The easure should be ipleented iediately as it addresses pressing probles of pesticide pollution of ater bodies and daage caused to biodiversity. The easure is effective under business-as-usual scenario, and its iportance increases under ediu and extree cliate change. RD Regulation Proposal Articles 29, 19 The easure is linked to the ipleentation of Pesticide Directive, Water Fraeork Directive and biodiversity protection. The easure is closely linked to cropping practices such as diversified crop rotations and intercropping, as ell as buffer strips and far advice. Afforestation (e.g. of cropland and grassland) Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest or stand of trees in an area here there is not currently one. Targeted planting can reduce pollutant sources and interrupt pollutant pathays as ell as assist in sedient control, flood alleviation, carbon sequestration and the provision of recreational opportunities, aongst other benefits. For the easure to be beneficial and not have negative effects on other environental objectives (especially biodiversity), species planted ust be native and planting has to be situated in appropriate locations and NOT on natural/sei-natural grassland. Cliate cliate scenarios) flooding, flash floods, stors, soil erosion Targeted afforestation can address existing probles ith ater pollution, soil erosion and flooding, and should be ipleented already in the period up to It is effective under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities here it is appropriately located and using native species. The option has positive ipacts on different environental objectives also in a ediu scenario ith a 2 C teperature and is robust under extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Articles 23, 22 When appropriately placed, it has synergies exist ith objectives under Water Fraeork Directive (WFD). The option is closely linked to buffer strips (here these are larger strips and planted ith trees), as ell as flood alleviation easures.

17 Establishent of agroforestry systes Groing farland trees (tree crops, shelterbelts, hedgero, alley cropping) is a practice of alloing trees and crops to gro together. The species, location, layout, and density of the planting depend on the purpose and planned function of the practice. The easure is a ultipurpose easure contributing to reducing ind erosion, protection of crops, and provision of shelter for structure and livestock, habitat creation for ildlife and carbon sequestration. Cliate cliate scenarios) flooding, flash floods, stors, soil erosion The easure is ultipurpose easure, addressing existing environental probles hich also affect far resilience, and should be ipleented already in the period up to It is effective under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities hen appropriately designed. The option also has benefits for soil protection and flood protection in a ediu scenario ith a 2 C teperature and depending on the design and location of the syste is robust under extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Articles 24, 19, 35 The easure has ultiple benefits for other environental objectives, including biodiversity, ater protection and carbon sequestration. It has synergies ith flood protection easures, iproved anial rearing conditions and soil anageent easures Infrastructure Options Iproveent of anial rearing conditions (shading, sprinkler to cool livestock) This includes shading, shelters and sprinklers to cool livestock outside in order to decrease the stress that anials experience during hot eather, thereby safeguarding their productive capacities (in ters of quality and quantity of production). Cliate cliate scenarios): Teperature extrees, hail, stor Especially in regions ith high risk of increasing teperatures, the option needs to be ipleented in the short-ter up to Furtherore, for green options (groing of trees) soe years after initiating are needed to reach the effect. The effectiveness is ediu, because the option can reduce the air teperature, but only by liited aount of degrees. In the ost European regions the options is not necessary under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate

18 Cost-Benefit assessent: Iproveent of anial rearing conditions (shading, sprinkler to cool livestock) variabilities. The option is hoever not very robust to extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Articles 18, 34, 23, 29 Synergies exist ith options regarding anial health and elfare, especially the European Coission s Strategy for the Welfare and Protection of Anials and the European Convention for the Protection of Anials Kept for Faring Purposes and the corresponding Council Directives for the anial health rules governing production, processing, distribution and introduction of products of anial origin for huan consuption. The option shos positive effects on other options regarding anial health and elfare such as pest and disease anageent and livestock diversification. Available Cooling of stables Includes passive cooling through the design of housing and active cooling through cooling pads and other technologies. Cliate cliate scenarios): Teperature extrees Especially in regions ith high risk of increasing teperatures, the option needs to be ipleented in the short-ter up to In the ost European regions the options is not necessary under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities. The option is hoever not very robust to extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C), especially passive cooling systes have a liited effect by extree heat. RD Regulation Proposal Articles 18 Synergies exist ith options regarding anial health and elfare, especially the European Coission s Strategy for the Welfare and Protection of Anials and the European Convention for the Protection of Anials Kept for Faring Purposes and the corresponding Council Directives for the anial health rules governing production, processing, distribution and introduction of products of anial origin for huan consuption.

19 Cooling of stables The option shos positive effects on other options regarding anial health and elfare such as disease anageent and livestock diversification. Irrigation efficiency A shift fro the gravity irrigation to odern pressurised systes (e.g. drip and sprinkler irrigation) and iproved conveyance efficiency provide an opportunity for reduced ater deand in irrigation. Cliate cliate scenarios): ater scarcity, droughts Especially in regions ith already existing periods of ater scarcity the option should be ipleented in short-ter (up to 2020). Furtherore, the reneable cycle of irrigation systes has to be taken into account. The option ill strongly increase the resilience of far production regarding cliate change in a ediu scenario ith a 2 C teperature. It is already effective under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities (no-regret) due to the existing ater scarcity probleatic. The easure is not robust to extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Article 18 High synergies exist ith Water Fraeork Directive (WFD). Synergies are seen ith other ater-related options, like ater etering and on far harvesting of ater. On far harvesting and storage of rainater (sall scale reservoirs, ethods for ater collection, aste ater reuse) Syste designs for rainater harvesting range fro a siple barrel at the end of a donspout to a coplex ultiple end-use syste using a large cistern. The easure helps to itigate flooding by reducing runoff at ties of high rainfall and reduces pressures on ater resources during ties of ater scarcity. Ipleenting rainater harvesting systes also reduces non-point source pollution such as pesticides, fertilizers and petroleu products that containate rivers and groundater. Cliate ater scarcity, droughts, flooding/flash floods Especially in regions ith already existing periods of ater scarcity the option should be ipleented in short-ter (up

20 cliate scenarios): Cost-Benefit assessent: On far harvesting and storage of rainater (sall scale reservoirs, ethods for ater collection, aste ater reuse) to 2020). The option ill increase the resilience of far production regarding cliate change in a ediu scenario ith a 2 C teperature. It is effective under a business-as-usual scenario ith existing cliate variabilities only in a liited aount of European regions here ater scarcity is already a proble and enough rain exists in inter. The easure has a liited robustness to extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C) depending on inter rainfall. RD Regulation Proposal Article 18 High synergies exist ith Water Fraeork Directive (WFD). Synergies are seen ith other ater-related options, like ater etering and irrigation efficiency. Available 2.2. Far Manageent Livestock diversification Livestock diversification can reduce far vulnerability and help to generate ne incoe. At far level, diversification can be ipleented by introducing ne species and breeds. Moreover, iproving the suitability of local breeds to ne environental conditions through crossing is a ore systeic task of agricultural research. Cliate cliate scenarios): Teperature extrees, diseases Livestock diversification at far level should already be ipleented in the iediate period up to 2020 as a eans of econoic diversification, as ell as to address overgrazing in soe areas. The easure is effective under all scenarios, and its relevance increases ith ediu (2 C ) and extree scenarios ((> 4 C). RD Regulation Proposal Article 29 The easure has strong link to biodiversity protection. The easure has synergies ith use of native breeds to proote genetic diversity, the easure reducing grazing pressure (for exaple, by shifting fro cattle to sheep or goats) and iproved anial rearing conditions (soe breeds

21 Livestock diversification and species ay be better adapted to local eather conditions and thus their inclusion ould reinforce the effect of iproved conditions). Insurance schees Insurance schees are a specific category of econoic instruents. Their ai is to take aay the burden of losses due to cliate or eather extrees and ake the ipacts of such events bearable. Cliate cliate scenarios): all s Insurance schees can be ipleented quite quickly, so that at first (up to 2020) insurance schees should be provided for those areas here high daages costs are expected in the iediate future (e.g. for hailstors hich can destroy the hole yield of a vulnerable region, or for flooding events). The increased resilience is ediu, due to the liitations on the insurance su. For soe events and regions insurance schees ay be necessary already under a business as usual scenario, but for the ost events and regions that is not the case. Due to liited insurance sus the option has a liited robustness. RD Regulation Proposal Articles 38, 37, 39 - Synergies exist ith regarding use of other crops or diversification of crops. Furtherore insurances sho positive effects for the adaptation of buildings Advice Far Advice Provision of inforation and guidance tailored to the needs of individual farers enable iproved decision-aking capacities in response to cliate change risks. Cliate all s The delivering of inforation and guidance is short-ter option hich should be ipleented up to The effect of the option is high, if the inforation and guidance reach the target group and an ipleentation of practical easures are perfored. Due to already existing

22 cliate scenarios): Far Advice probles, e.g. regarding soil erosion and soil fertility, the options is necessary under existing cliate conditions and under a business-as-usual scenario (no-regret). The effect of the option is kept also under extree cliate scenarios (> 4 C), but the effect also depends on robustness of the suggested easures. RD REGULATION PROPOSAL Articles 16, 15, Far Advisory Service Pillar 1 Synergies are strong ith different environental objectives, including Water Fraeork Directive (WFD). Far Advice has positive effects on any different easures, hich can be prooted by providing guidance for farers, e.g. cropping practices, soil and ater related options.