Design of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill for Baghdad City

Transcription

1 Available online at WSN 90 (017) 1-10 EISSN 9-19 Design of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill for Baghdad City Takrid Munae Nafae 1,a, Haydar Ahed Al-Najar 1,b, Nabeel Hashi Aeen Al-Taeei 1,c, Huda Nassar Karkoush 1 Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Directorate, Baghdad, Iraq Iraqi Radioactive Sources Regulatory Authority, Baghdad, Iraq a-c E-ail address: taghreed_nafea@yahoo.co, alnajjar_194@yahoo.co, nabeelhaeen@googleail.co ABSTRACT Accuulation of unicipal solid waste in residential areas is one of the public health probles in Iraq. In the other hand, accurate and reliable inforation on solid waste generation rate are very iportant eleents to plan and ipleent solid waste anageent syste. The volue and surface area required for a landfill to dispose the unicipal solid wastes generated in Baghdad city is evaluated in this study. The per capita solid wastes generation rates are easured for a faily consists of 10 individuals by using portable balance (Salter, 0 to 10 kg). Probability sapling is used to deterine the iniu nuber of easureents needed to evaluate the ean of per capita solid wastes generation rate with a certain level of precision (a specified error level of 5% is selected corresponds to 95% confidence that the ean value is in accurate estiate of the true value). The results indicate that an area of approxiately 10 on a side is required for the next 0 years as a sanitary landfill for disposing the unicipal solid wastes generated in Baghdad city. Keywords: Municipal solid waste generation rate, landfill ( Received 0 Noweber 017; Accepted 18 Noveber 017; Date of Publication 4 Noveber 017 )

2 World Scientific News 90 (017) INTRODUCTION The growing volue of solid waste generated by counities is a concern for public health officials. Soe of the concerns include aesthetics (e.g., the visual appearance of any collection sites and odors associated with solid waste), the potential for groundwater containation, an increase in vectors (rodents, insects, etc.) that ay spread diseases, and other issues regarding sanitation. To handle these atters, boards of health and local health agencies ust deterine the appropriate eans of collecting, storing, and transferring wastes; the location of landfills; and the practice of recycling, when possible, to reduce costs and iprove environental conditions. In addition, boards of health ay be responsible for overseeing the regulation and licensure of the conditions and facilities of solid waste disposal. Solid waste results fro various sources, such as anial wastes, hazardous wastes, industrial and edical wastes, food wastes, ineral waste, and nonhazardous wastes. 0 to adjacent property line 100 to nearest residence Maxiu slope Ipereable cover natural clay Pereability < sand Leachate collection Groundwater flow Aquifer Monitor Wells Figure 1. Municipal solid waste landfill [4] Land application of solid wastes can be an effective way to recycle aterials and avoid the undesirable environental ipacts often associated with traditional ethods of waste disposal. The ain advantage of a sanitary landfill (Fig. 1) is that handling and processing of refuse is kept to a iniu. Handling is liited to the pickup and transport of the waste, the spreading of refuse, and covering with a suitable cover aterial. The critical factors which ust be considered include: the possibility of surface and groundwater containation, explosions fro gases generated by waste decoposition, airborne ash fro incineration, odors fro the coposting process, and the lack of suitable sites with the capacity for long ter use are critical factors which ust be considered. Design --

3 World Scientific News 90 (017) 1-10 authorities ust ake decisions which are critical to the areas surrounding the proposed sanitary landfill [1-1]. Proper design is vital to the successful operation of a landfill disposal facility in even the ost suitable location. All technological alternatives which eet equireents of the proposed landfill should be reviewed prior to incorporation into the design. The design should produce a landfill capable of accepting given solid waste aterials for disposal. To serve as a basis for design, the types and quantities of all refuse expected to be disposed of at the landfill should be deterined by survey and analysis. The ais of the current study are: - Evaluate the solid waste generation rate in Baghdad city. - Deterine the volue and surface area required for a landfill to dispose the unicipal solid wastes generated in Baghdad city.. MEASUREMENTS OF PER CAPITA SOLID WASTES GENERATION RATE The aounts of unicipal solid waste generated by a faily consists of 10 individuals per day were weighed using portable balance (type Salter, 0 to 10 kg) to deterine generation rate in Kg/person.day.. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTED DATA (SURVEY PLANNING AND DESIGN) Statistical analyses are concerned with two aspects related to accuracy and precision. First, the level of accuracy ust be specified. The paraeter is the error allowed and (1-α) is the corresponding confidence level. Secondly, a precision requireent (D) is the deviation fro the true value [1,1-]. If the easured values of the solid wastes generation rates are x 1, x, x n. Then the observed ean generation rates of saples of size n will be [1]: X n 1 n X i and the saple variance, a easure of the spread of data about the ean, is [5]: S (1) (Xi X) () n 1 Saple precision is prooted by collecting an adequate nuber of saples, which is apparent fro inspection of equation (). The variance, which is indirect easure of precision because it describes the spread of data about the ean, decreases as the nuber of saples (n) increases. Initial or previous data are usually necessary to deterine the nuber of saples required to achieve a given level of precision. The initial data provide preliinary estiates --

4 World Scientific News 90 (017) 1-10 of X and S before the rando sapling design is finalized. The nuber of saples required for a designated level of precision ay be calculated by: t S n D () where t = students two-sided t-distribution with (n-1) degrees of freedo for a confidence level of (1-α)%. S = the saple variance for the initial data. D = a specified liit relative to the saple ean. The interval X (bs/ n 1),X (bs/ n 1) [] is a rando interval having a probability of 95% of including the true ean solid wastes generation rates. The value of b is selected fro the t distribution table []. 4. VOLUME REQUIRED To estiate the volue required for a landfill, it is necessary to know the aount of refuse being produced and the density of the in-place, copacted refuse. The volue of refuse differs arkedly fro one city to another because of local conditions. The recoended forula for estiating the annual volue required []: V LF PEC D c (4) where V LF = volue of landfills,, P = population, E = ratio of cover (soil) to copacted fill, Vsw V E V sw c V c = volue of cover,, V sw = volue of solid waste,, C = average ass of solid waste collected per capita per year, kg/person, D c = density of copacted fill, kg/. (5) 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Six preliinary per caput solid wastes generation rates easureents were carried out with the following results: 0.05, 0.0, 0.05, 0.075, 0., and 0.15 kg/capita.day. Based on this inforation, the observed saples ean and variance are estiated to be kg/capita.day and (kg/capita.day), respectively. A specified error level of 5% is selected -4-

5 World Scientific News 90 (017) 1-10 corresponds to 95% confidence that the saples ean value is an accurate estiate of the true value. For the students t table, t 95% =.571 (the = 0.05 colun is used because 0.05 = 0.05 or 5% which is the error level for the 95% confidence level). The nuber of easureents required for 95% confidence liits with 0.07 kg/capita.day deviation fro the true value is estiated to be 15.7 saples, round up to 1 saples. Seventeen solid wastes generation rate easureents were carried out in Baghdad Al- Jadida district. The observed ean generation rate is kg/capita.day. Accordingly, the interval fro X = 0.0 kg/capita.day to X = kg/capita.day or ± kg/capita.day is an approxiate 95% confidence interval for the true solid wastes generation rate. The variation of solid wastes generation rate along the sapling period is shown in Fig. (). The observed solid wastes generation rate range fro to 0. kg/capita.day. The frequency distribution of the observed solid wastes generation rate is shown in Fig. (). 41% of the observed generation rates fall in the range fro to 0.07 kg/capita.day. Table (1) shows coparison between the estiated aount of solid waste generated per person created by residences over one day on Baghdad city and other worldwide values. The data listed in Table (1) shows that the solid waste generation rates differ considerably fro country to another due to different incoe rates and life styles. Generally, the value estiated in Iraq Baghdad is approxiately close to the value reported in Nigeria, Vietna and Ethiopia, but considerably lower than the values reported in USA and Poland. The landfill space does Baghdad city requires for 0 years of operation is coputed by using the following assuptions: A cell height of.4, 0.15 of soil is used for daily cover, 0. to coplete the cell; and a final cover of 0. for every stack of three cells. The copaction is assued to be noral. For assued Baghdad's population of 7 illion persons, the ass generated per year is estiated as below: kg day kg Mass persons day.person year year The ean density of the copacted solid waste is 10 kg/ [], with a copaction ratio of 4.18 (copaction ratio is the ratio of the density after copaction to that as discarded, that is, before pickup by collection vehicle []), the density of the copacted fill is estiated to be: kg kg Dc For a five-day week, the daily volue of solid waste and the area over which it will be spread are estiated as follows: kg/ year V 44kg/ 1 5week / year 1 5days/ week 41.7 day If this is spread in 0. layer, then the area would be: -5-

6 World Scientific News 90 (017) / day day This is equivalent to on each side. This sees to be reasonable for a large counity such as Baghdad. If 0.15 of soil is used as cover each day, then 0.45 will be placed each day and it will take ( )/0.45 /day = 5 days to coplete the cell (the 0.15 is the addition to daily cover to coplete the cell with 0. of cover). At this rate, a stack of three cells will be copleted every three weeks (15 working days). The soil volue separating a stack of three cells will be about: 0. (thick).4 (high) (long) cells = 4.5 To account for two sides of the cell, this nuber needs to be ultiplied by two: 4.5 = cells stack The soil volue per stack of three cells is calculated as follows: lifts cell cells stack Plus the 0.15 of additional soil to bring the weekly cell cover to 0. is: Plus the additional 0. to bring the final cover to 0.: = The total soil volue, including the for the sides of the stack, is: = 8.047, The volue of V sw would then be: V sw day day stack stack The value of E in equation (4) would then be: E Then equation (4) is used for estiation of volue requireent for 0 years: V LF kg/ year years kg/ --

7 Solid Waste Generation Rate (kg/capita.day) 0/4/00 /4/00 5/4/00 /4/00 1/4/00 0/4/00 19/4/00 18/4/00 17/4/00 1/4/00 1/4/00 11/4/00 9/4/00 8/4/00 7/4/00 5/4/00 4/4/00 World Scientific News 90 (017) 1-10 Since the average landfill depth will be three.4 cells plus an additional 0. final cover, the area will be: A LF (.4) Sapling Date Figure. The variation of solid wastes generation rates along the sapling period Table 1. Coparison between the estiated unicipal solid waste generation rates per capita on a daily basis on Iraq and other worldwide values. Country city Solid waste generation rates (kg/capita.day) Reference Iraq Baghdad Current study Kashir Pakistan [7] California USA 5.4 [8] Poland Oregon.19 [9] -7-

8 World Scientific News 90 (017) 1-10 Nigeria Port Harcourt 0. [10] Vietna Mekong Delta 0.85 [11] Ethiopia 0.5 [1] South Africa 0.7 [1] Frequency Distribution (%) Observed Generation Rate (kg/capita.day) Figure. Frequency distribution of the collected data. CONCLUSION A siple ethod for estiating the solid waste generation rate in Baghdad city was developed by weighing the aounts of unicipal solid waste generated per day by a faily consists of 10 individuals. A total of 17 easureents were taken at 00 to deterine the average solid waste generation rate. The ean solid waste generation rate estiated in this study (0.107 kg/capita.day) was found to be lower than values reported in the literature. An area of approxiately would be required for the next 0 years for disposal of solid wastes generated in Baghdad city. -8-

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