Common and Not So Common Fertility Issues in the Region for Soybean and Wheat

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1 Common and Not So Common Fertility Issues in the Region for Soybean and Wheat Dave Franzen, PhD Professor Soil Science NDSU Extension Soil Specialist Fargo, ND

2 The goal of any crop nutrition program is to apply nutrients that will make you $ and at least sustain future production

3 Start with odd products- Biologicals Expensive starter fertilizers Humic substances Foliar enhancers There is little scientific evidence that any of these are either more effective than their conventional counterparts (starters) or that they have any positive effect on yield under field conditions.

4 From a South Park episode, Underpant Gnome Business Planpermission pending.

5 You can find this link at the bottom of my home page <Dave Franzen NDSU> Type in product name or product category to view research papers on these products

6 SOYBEANS AND IRON CHLOROSIS Iron chlorosis is common in North Dakota

7 Iron chlorosis is yellowing between the veins of the youngest leaves. Chlorosis is not expressed until the first tri-foliates emerge. Iron is mobile in the plant through the mono-foliate stage.

8 Strategies to deal of IDC soybean- Choose the right fields- Avoid high carbonate, poorly drained\ and high EC Plant in greater than 15 inch rows Use tolerant variety Consider a cover crop at planting Use in-furrow o-o-eddha fertilizer

9 Soybean with 0 pounds N per acre application, without and with a cover crop. Soybean with 100 pounds N per acre application, without and with a cover crop. Lamb and Rehm, from Franzen et al., final North Central Soybean Research Report, 2007.

10 FeEDDHA Fertilizer Quality Due to differences in FeEDDHA isomer concentrations Fe 3+ Fe 3+ ortho,ortho FeEDDHA ortho,para FeEDDHA

11 The Shuttle Effect Soil ph Soil Fe Soil ph Fe Chelate Soil ph Fe Chelate Soil ph 1.0 Soil ph 1.0 H+ Fe 3+ e- e- Fe 2+ H+ H+ e- Soil ph 1.0 Soil ph Chelate

12 The Shuttle Effect Soil ph Soil Fe Soil ph o-o-feeddha Soil ph Soil ph 1.0 Soil ph 1.0 o-o-feeddha H+ Fe 3+ e- e- Fe 2+ H+ H+ e- Soil ph 1.0 Soil ph o-o-eddha

13 In soybean, in IDC field areas, 2 lb/acre Soygreen or equivalent ortho-ortho FeEDDHA can increase yield. - The ortho-ortho component is important - Do not substitute Fe for good field selection - Use of an IDC intolerant variety or seeding into a high salt soil (greater than 2 mmohs/cm) will result in disaster even with Fe fertilizer Use Fe fertilizer with tolerant variety in lower salt soil.

14 Air is 78% N 2, but plants cannot use N 2 directly

15 Roots absorb nutrients and interact with soils primarily from the root hairs

16 Bacteria are attracted to the root through chemical signals

17 Once in contact with the root hair, a root compound, lectin, binds the bacteria to the root hair cell wall

18 The bacteria releases a chemical that causes the root hair to curl and crack, producing a means of internal infection D.J. Gage, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2004:

19 Bacteria take over control of some cortex cells, transforming them into nodules, which contain colonies of bacteria called bacteroids, each containing up to 10,000 bacteria.

20 Bacteroids are bathed in nutrients from the host. Bacteria take N 2 gas from soil air and transform into NH 4 + using the enzyme nitrogenase.

21 NITROGENASE Nitrogenase is made up from one Fe-Mo (iron-molybdenum) protein and two Febased proteins. Iron and molybdenum deficiencies are therefore a problem for legumes in some situations.

22 NITROGENASE Nitrogenase activity takes place in an environment without oxygen Plant cells still must respire, so they carry oxygen within the cell through leghemoglobin (similar to animal hemoglobin. The pink color in nodules comes from leghemoglobin.

23 N-fixation is energy intensive and comes with a cost It takes 10 lbs of carbohydrates to make 1 lb N 150 lbs N requires 1500 lbs carbohydrate

24 NITROGEN SOURCES AND SINKS Early in growth, carbohydrates are made in leaves (source) and are sent to the roots (sink) At early pod-set, carbohydrate direction changes, and pods become the major sink. Nodules begin to deteriorate and eventually disintegrate, dispersing bacteria into the soil.

25 Inoculants are specific for each legume Soybean Rhizobium is Bradyrhizobium, sp

26 When should an inoculum be used? Inoculate when growing soybeans the first few times. Consider inoculation when soybeans were last grown over four years ago.

27 Yield response of soybean to seed inoculation with or without previous soybean history* Soybean in rotation Number of sites Sites that had a significant yield response to inoculant yes 43 7 % no *Review of Midwest university studies by Bly and Gelderman (SDSU)

28 Yield with inoculated- vs. non inoculatedsoybean seed, Carrington, * NS Bu/acre inoculated no inoculation *several years of previous soybean production with inoculated seed. G. Endres, C. Bradley and B. Henson

29 Soybean Yield Response to Inoculation, Carrington, % Change from untreated check soy history B. Henson

30 Phosphorus and soybeans Soybean yields can increase when soil test levels are medium or below. Seed placed fertilizer is not the best way to fertilize soybeans. Broadcast P increases yields more than banded P.

31 Soybean Fertilizer Placement With a double-disc drill or air-seeder with 6-7 inch row-spacing, the maximum N to apply is about 10 lb/acre. HOWEVER,

32 WHY APPLY FERTILIZER WITH SOYBEAN SEED WHEN BROADCAST USUALLY YIELDS MORE??? EFFECT OF BAND VS BROADCAST ON SOYBEAN Yield, bu/acre Band Broadcast Nebraska Minnesota Bands are 2X2, Minnesota data from 7 inch rows.

33 Soybean response to broadcast vs banded P. G. Rehm, Nebraska. Ave of 3 site-years. P2O5, lb/a Broadcast Placement method Yield, bu/a 2 X 2 Band

34 Can you apply needed P for previous crop and let soybean feed on the residual? Yes if you have high (>15 ppm) P tests No for most growers.

35 Why are growers in the I states successful in putting P on for corn and letting soybeans feed on residual? Their P tests are almost all in the high range. Common P fertilizer rates in the I states are pounds per acre of , and sometimes higher, every other year.

36 Why do we fertilize every crop? Do most farmers really have a rotation? Most appear to have a crop selection, directed by market forces. Is soybean/snow/soybean really a rotation? (hint-no) NDSU/U of MN / SDSU researchers have long embraced the Sufficiency Approach to Fertilizer Application

37 Buildup-Maintenance- Fertilize the soil This results in a high fertility environment most economically justified in region with -very low crop failure frequency and -high crop yield potential

38 Sufficiency Approach- Fertilize the crop This results in a lower soil fertility environment economically justified in regions with -high crop failure frequency and -lower crop yield potential - The Northern Plains have no Class I soils due to climate. Ask any FFA/4H Soil Judging team veteran -In Illinois, I worked with older growers who farmed from 1940 s to 1988 and never experienced a crop failure until then. There was another in 2012.

39 In contrast, since I have been here, there have been at least 12 in the state or in regions of the state in 21 years. Prevent planting almost every year it has been available, and abandoned acres in some part of the region due to excess rainfall or drought nearly every year somewhere. Also, many of our fields yield potential is not only compromised by short growing seasons, but soil salinity. The I states are burdened by none of these conditions.

40 We re not Iowa Capital of North Dakota is Bismarck, not Des Moines. We grow soybean, they grow soybean, but soil, climate and soil factors are very, very different.

41 MES or MESZ vs MAP? MES is a MAP-based product with imbedded S and (MESZ) Zn, but the imbedding process is much more sophisticated than a gardenblend granule. S and Zn are very finely divided and scientifically dispersed within the granule uniformly for maximum effect. Is the P better than MAP- No

42 MES or MESZ vs MAP? S is half ammonium sulfate, half elemental S, so the ammonium sulfate part is useful and the elemental part only slightly so. I consider MES15 to be MES7.5, MES10 to be MES5 and so on. The Zinc part is mostly water soluble, but soybean and wheat do not respond to Zn in our area regardless of soil test, so it is a waste.

43

44 2000 S deposition 2013 S deposition

45 Relative corn yield to S test, IA, Sawyer Relative Yield (%) Relative Yield Without S Application Extractable Soil Sulfate-S (ppm)

46 Crop Potassium (K) Removal Plant K content in crops Crop Grain Stover Total K 2 O removal- grain* lb/bu K 2 O Lb K 2 O/a Corn Wheat Soybean * 130 bu/a corn, 50 bu/a wheat, 40 bu/a soybean

47 2 1

48

49 N recommendation 2014 to Eastern ND - Conventional Till - High productivity - After soybean - Organic matter 4% - Soil test 30 lb N/acre - $8 wheat - 50 cent N Recommendation 155 lb N

50 N recommendation 2014 to Eastern ND - Conventional Till - High productivity - After soybean - Organic matter 4% - Soil test 30 lb N/acre - $5 wheat - 50 cent N Recommendation 120 lb N

51 Most profitable N recommendation lb N lb N Should you plant Faller this year??? Will the increase in yield offset discount?

52 Variety Likely Bushels Likely Protein Faller $350 Glenn $400 Return $5 wheat- Discount 75cents per pt

53 Apply N in an efficient manner- Put urea in the soil Ammonia at least 4 inches deep In soils with high N loss risk, consider split application with stream-bars to avoid wet May/early June period. Get supplemental N on by early jointing

54 Active optical sensors have been identified as a tool to increase nitrogen-use efficiency Greenseeker (Trimble) Holland Crop Circle Sensor (Holland Scientific)

55 Yield, bu/acre Greenseeker 4-5 leaf Spring Wheat INSEY vs Yield, 2 sites 2013 y = -5E+08x 2 + 1E+06x R² = Greenseeker INSEY Crop Circle Red Edge NDVI INSEY, Spring Wheat, Flag leaf, 2 Sites/Varieties 2013 Per Cent Grain Protein y = ln(x) R² = Crop Circle Red Edge NDVI INSEY

56 An ESN blend before or at planting may also delay N release later into the season. Results from Montana and South Dakota are mixed. MT results indicate little gain from ESN over urea, but they are in a dry environment. South Dakota results showed increase in grain protein with use of ESN.

57 Finney et al., 1957, Agronomy Journal

58 Finney et al., 1957, Agronomy Journal

59 Protein response of post-anthesis N-Pact application, 3 gal/acre. Valley City, 2008

60 2009 Carrington, ave. 2 sites, post-anthesis application for protein enhancement. Schatz Irr Faller Lebsock average 13 untreated check 10 gal UAN 12 gal Coron 2 gal Coron Faller yields over 100 bu/acre Slide courtesy of Greg Endres, NDSU, Carrington REC

61 Wheat yield increase from broadcast or Banded P. Average of six sites, Zubriski, P 2 O 5 applied, lb/a Banded with seed Broadcast

62 Banded P vs Broadcast in Wheat, Rasc, MB Rate of P 2 O 5, lb/a 25 banded 25 broadcast 50 banded 50 broadcast Wheat yield, bu/a Most studies resulted in about 10% yield increase with banded over broadcast for wheat

63 Sulfur? Sulfur deficiency has been common in many soils the last couple years and the frequency of problems is increasing. Especially important for wheat but not so much for soybean.

64 Carrington, 2014 (Teboh and Zilahi-Sebess) Wheat response to S Sulfur rate, lb/acre Yield, bu/acre Protein, % $ Return- $69.60 net

65 - Avoid products of questionable need - Select proper fields for soybean production - Use o-o-feeddha in furrow at planting - No N is required for soybean - Inoculant on previous soybean ground optional - Apply N to wheat based on N calculator - Use a high efficiency N application method - Plant a higher protein wheat variety - Consider S for wheat - Don t fall asleep if conditions for loss occur- be ready to supplement N/S