Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Transcription

1 Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Farmer Research Summit UI Campus, Urbana, IL January 8, 2016

2 Do Growers Adequately Manage Soybean?

3 The Soybean Yield Gap US average soybean yields are currently about 46 bushels/acre World record soybean yield of 161 bushels Illinois record of bushels in 2015

4 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success What Factors Have the Biggest Impact on Soybean Yield?

5 Not Secrets of Soybean Success, but Important to Overall Crop Productivity Corn yields 25 bu better when it follows soybean and needs lbs less nitrogen fertilizer

6 Not Secrets of Soybean Success, but Important to Overall Crop Productivity Soybean improves soil tilth compared to corn Soybean root system is a taproot while corn roots are fibrous

7 Soybean Improves Soil Tilth

8 Crucial Prerequisites, but not Secrets of Success Drainage Weed Control Proper Soil ph

9 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank 1 Factor Weather Given key prerequisites

10 Above Average Precipitation during June, 2015 Source: NOAA Midwestern Regional Climate Center

11 2015 Weather Challenges

12 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank 1 2 Factor Weather Fertility Given key prerequisites

13 Soybean Gets Some N from Fixation by Nodules

14 N Uptake & Partitioning for 60 Bushel Soybean N Uptake (lb N ac -1 ) Grain Flowers, Pods Stem, Petioles Leaves Soybean needs to accumulate 4 to 5 lbs of N per bushel half of which comes from the nodules Percent of Total (%) Days After Planting Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8 Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes, Growth Stage and three site-years during 2012 and Agron. J. 107: (2015)

15 Nitrogen Needs and Removal by 60 Bushel Soybean Crop Amount Required *Amount from Nodules Removed with Grain Net Removal from Soil lbs per acre * Assuming 50% of total N accumulation supplied by N fixation from nodules Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes, and three site-years during 2012 and 2013

16 Soybean Needs More N than it Can Get From Nodules N uptake or fixation (lb acre -1 ) Total N uptake Biological N fixation Yield (bu acre -1 ) Adapted from Salvagiotti et al Field Crops Res. 108:1-13.

17 N Uptake & Partitioning for 60 Bushel Soybean N Uptake (lb N ac -1 ) Grain Flowers, Pods Stem, Petioles Leaves Nodule activity slows at R5, at the same time that seed filling with N is beginning, resulting in extensive N loss from the leaves Percent of Total (%) Days After Planting Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8 Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes, Growth Stage and three site-years during 2012 and Agron. J. 107: (2015)

18 Can Supplemental Fertilizer N Increase Soybean Yield? Conducted at DK, CU, HB Illinois in 2015 Evaluated Eight N Sources: 1.) Unfertilized Control 2.) Ammonium Nitrate (AN) 3.) Ammonium Sulfate (AMS) 4.) Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN) 5.) Urea 6.) Urea + Limus 7.) AN + KNO 3 (KN) + AMS 8.) Environ. Smart Nitrogen (ESN) Applied at 100 lbs N/acre Broadcast applied before planting, and at V3, R1, R3 DeKalb Champaign Harrisburg

19 Response to N on Soybean DeKalb, IL (100 lbs of N applied / acre) Source Preplant V3 R1 R changes in bushels acre AN 7.9* 6.9* 11.4* 3.1 AMS 2.8* 2.5* 5.6* -1.5 UAN 0.3* 4.5* 9.4* 0.4 Urea 0.7* 2.8* 5.7* 0.8 Urea + Limus -0.4* 1.9* 11.3* -0.9 AN+KN+AMS 0.8* 3.6* 11.4* -1.3 ESN 0.7* 4.9* 6.8* 1.1 Control = 63.2 *significantly different than control

20 Response to N on Soybean Champaign, IL (100 lbs of N applied) Source Preplant V3 R1 R changes in bushels acre AN * AMS * UAN * Urea * Urea + Limus * AN+KN+AMS * ESN * Control = 73.3 *significantly different than control

21 Response to N on Soybean Harrisburg, IL (100 lbs of N applied) Source Preplant V3 R1 R change in bushels acre AN 0.4* 1.6* * AMS 1.4* 0.2* * UAN 7.3* 5.4* * Urea 2.9* 3.9* * Urea + Limus 5.1* 4.8* -3.6* 8.4* AN+KN+AMS 4.2* -2.1* * ESN 6.3* 0.6* * Control = 78.8 *significantly different than control

22 Response to N on Soybean Average 3 Locations (100 lbs of N applied) Source Preplant V3 R1 R changes in bushels acre AN 4.0* 4.2* 5.3* 5.7* AMS 2.7* 1.6* 3.5* 3.2* UAN 3.5* 4.1* 3.8* 3.1* Urea 2.3* 2.9* 3.2* 3.1* Urea + Limus 1.6* 3.3* 3.7* 4.2* AN+KN+AMS 2.6* 1.4* 4.5* 3.6* ESN 3.2* 2.7* 4.3* 3.1* Control = 71.7 *significantly different than control

23 Can Supplemental Fertilizer N Increase Soybean Yield? 2015 Studies Although variation by site, R1 and R3 were the most effective Nitrate containing, and controlled release sources (ESN or Limus urea) were the most effective at all stages Substantial increases for a given site from having the right source at the right time

24 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank 1 2 Factor Weather Fertility Given key prerequisites

25 Typical Fertilization for Corn and Soybean in Illinois 180 lbs N, 90 lbs P 2 O 5 and 100 lbs K 2 O per acre applied to corn. No S or micronutrients No fertilizer applied to soybean

26 Nutrient Uptake and Removal by Nutrient 60 Bushel Soybean Required to Produce Removed with Grain Harvest Index lbs per acre % N P 2 O K 2 O S Zn (oz) B (oz) Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes, and three site-years during 2012 and Agron. J. 107: (2015)

27 Nutrient Uptake and Removal by Nutrient 60 Bushel Soybean Required to Produce Removed with Grain Harvest Index lb acre -1 % N P 2 O K 2 O S Zn (oz) B (oz) Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes, and three site-years during 2012 and Agron. J. 107: (2015)

28 Typical Fertilization for Corn and Soybean in Illinois 180 lbs N, 90 lbs P 2 O 5 and 100 lbs K 2 O per acre applied to corn. No S or micronutrients No fertilizer applied to soybean

29 P and K Uptake and Removal by 60 bu Soybean vs 230 bu Corn Nutrient Required to Produce Removed with Grain Remain in Stover Corn Soy Corn Soy Corn Soy lbs per acre P 2 O K 2 O Corn data from Agron J. 105: (2013); Soybean data from Agron. J. 107: (2015)

30 K Uptake & Partitioning for 60 Bushel Soybean K Uptake (lb K 2 O ac -1 ) Grain Flowers, Pods Stem, Petioles Leaves Most (50%) K accumulation is in the stem and leaf petioles Percent of Total (%) Days After Planting Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8 Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes, and Growth Stage three site-years during 2012 and Agron. J. 107: (2015)

31 P Uptake & Partitioning for 60 Bushel Soybean P Uptake (lb P 2 O 5 ac -1 ) Grain Flowers, Pods Stem, Petioles Leaves Season long uptake and no reservoir of P in the stem and leaf petioles Percent of Total (%) Days After Planting Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8 Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes, Growth Stage and three site-years during 2012 and Agron. J. 107: (2015)

32 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank Factor Weather Fertility Genetics/Variety Given key prerequisites

33 All Soybean Varieties are Not Created Equal Variety Yield Variety Yield bu acre -1 bu acre varieties with high-input management at Champaign, IL 2012

34 All Soybean Varieties are Not Created Equal Variety Yield Variety Yield Variety Yield bu acre -1 bu acre -1 bu acre varieties with standard management at Champaign in 2015

35 All Soybean Varieties are Not Created Equal MG Yield MG Yield MG Yield bu acre -1 bu acre -1 bu acre varieties with standard management at Champaign in 2015

36 All Soybean Varieties are Not Created Equal Variety Yield Variety Yield Variety Yield bu acre -1 bu acre -1 bu acre -1 S28-D S30-V AG S25-L AG S35-A R2C R2C AG AG R2C HS39A R2C S37-Z R2C R2T HS31A varieties with standard management at Champaign in 2015

37 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank Factor Weather Fertility Genetics/Variety Given key prerequisites

38 Soybean is Indeterminate! Flower and leaf development at the same time! Closest leaf provides most of the energy for pods at that node! Typical plant has 20 nodes Source: Fig. 14 from Pedersen, 2009, Soybean Growth and Development.