Citrus Institute 2018
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1 Citrus Institute 2018 Photos: SWFREC Citrus grove, Plot O WEED MANAGEMENT IN CITRUS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Presenter: Ramdas Kanissery Weed Scientist, Southwest Florida REC Contribution from: Steve Futch Extension Agent IV, Multicounty, Citrus REC Lake Alfred
2 Weed management in FL citrus Big picture Impacts of weeds Yield loss from competition Serves as alternate host for pest and diseases INTRODUCTION Weed control Preventive Mechanical Chemical popular method Weed management programs Row middle Mechanical mowing Chemical mowing Under tree Utilizing herbicides Info credits: Steve Futch, 2017
3 Weed management in FL citrus Big picture Impacts of weeds Yield loss from competition Serves as alternate host for pest and diseases INTRODUCTION Weed control Preventive Mechanical Chemical popular method Weed management programs Row middle Mechanical mowing Chemical mowing Under tree Utilizing herbicides Info credits: Steve Futch, 2017
4 Weed management in FL citrus Big picture Impacts of weeds Yield loss from competition Serves as alternate host for pest and diseases INTRODUCTION Weed control Preventive Mechanical Chemical popular method Weed management programs Row middle Mechanical mowing Chemical mowing, wiping Under tree Utilizing herbicides Info credits: Steve Futch, 2017
5 Managing problematic weeds Challenges Minimizing crop injury
6 Managing problematic weeds Challenges Minimizing crop injury
7 Problem weeds in citrus Goat weed Dayflower Examples of problem weeds in citrus Spanish needle Pig weed Guinea grass Parthenium
8 Herbicide resistance and/tolerance is the major reason Herbicide Resistance - Inherited ability of a weed to survive & reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the weed - Naturally occurring OR Induced Herbicide Tolerance - Inherent ability of weeds to withstand a certain dose of herbicide - Repeated use of same product or mode of action - Age or growth stage of weed Eg., Glyphosate
9 Herbicide resistance and/tolerance is the major reason Herbicide Resistance - Inherited ability of a weed to survive & reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the weed - Naturally occurring OR Induced Herbicide Tolerance - Inherent ability of weeds to withstand a certain dose of herbicide - Repeated use of same product or mode of action - Age or growth stage of weed Eg., Glyphosate
10 Herbicide resistance and/tolerance is the major reason Four S of resistance/tolerance management scouting Switching chemistry/moa Selection of application timing sanitation
11 Problem weeds in citrus Spanish Needle - Herbicide tolerance
12 Problem weeds in citrus Ragweed Parthenium - Herbicide resistance - Herbicide tolerance
13 Problem weeds in citrus Pigweed - Amaranth - Herbicide resistance/tolerance - Seed bank formation in soil
14 Problem weeds in citrus Pigweed - 200,000 seeds per plant* *Data collected by researchers across the globe WSSA
15 Problem weeds in citrus Pigweed - Seed bank formation in soil - Compete for nutrients and moisture Giant Amaranth/Pig weed Immokalee, FL
16 Problem weeds in citrus Goat weed Herbicide tolerance Seed bank formation
17 Goat weed tolerance 5 weeks after treatment - Slow response to glyphosate products Roundup Powermax Roundup custom + NIS Rate: 2 lbs. A.E per acre Untreated
18 Dayflower - Monocot - Slow response to glyphosate Dayflower growing in the drip line under the citrus tree
19 Potential new weed watch in citrus Tropical whiteweed - Ageratum conyzoides - Also known as Billygoat weed Tropical whiteweed Flowers: Note blue or purplish hue of flowers
20 Potential new weed watch in citrus Tropical whiteweed - Ageratum conyzoides - Also known as Billygoat weed Tropical whiteweed leaves ovate and serrated
21 Managing problematic weeds Selecting the right herbicide program Synergy b/w herbicides Selecting proper adjuvants
22 Managing problematic weeds Selecting the right herbicide program Synergy b/w herbicides Selecting proper adjuvants
23 Herbicide classification - application timing HERBICIDE CLASSIFICATION PRE Emergent Foliar applied
24 Herbicide classification - application timing Residual or PRE-emergent: applied to soil - persist in soil and kill the emerging weed seeds and seedlings. HERBICIDE CLASSIFICATION PRE Emergent Minimum existent weed coverage to ensure max soil incorporation Rain or irrigation to activate
25 Major PRE-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Active ingredient Brand name(s) Bromacil Hyvar X Simazine Princep, Caliber 90, etc. PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES Diuron Direx, Karmex, etc. Norflurazon - Solicam PRE Soil residual Indaziflam - Alion Pendimethalin - Prowl * Please refer to Florida Citrus Production Guide for a complete list
26 Major PRE-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Active ingredient Brand name(s) Bromacil Hyvar X Simazine Princep, Caliber 90, etc. PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES Diuron Direx, Karmex, etc. Norflurazon - Solicam PRE Soil residual Indaziflam - Alion Pendimethalin - Prowl * Please refer to Florida Citrus Production Guide for a complete list
27 Major PRE-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Norflurazon Solicam 80WP Inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis Chlorophyll destruction : no photosynthesis PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES PRE Soil residual Control of annual grass weeds and certain broadleaf weeds May be injected through low volume drip irrigation Use rate of 2.5 to 5 lbs/a Maximum 10 lbs/a/yr
28 Major PRE-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Active ingredient Brand name(s) Bromacil Hyvar X Simazine Princep, Caliber 90, etc. PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES Diuron Direx, Karmex, etc. Norflurazon - Solicam PRE Soil residual Indaziflam - Alion Pendimethalin - Prowl * Please refer to Florida Citrus Production Guide for a complete list
29 Major PRE-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Indaziflam - Alion Inhibit cellulose biosynthesis Interfere with cell wall formation and cell division PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES PRE Soil residual Control of broadleaf and grass weeds Often mixed with POST product Use rate of 5 to 6 oz/a Maximum 10.3 oz/a/yr
30 New PRE-emergent herbicide on the horizon Flumioxazin Chateau Inhibit PPO enzyme Accumulation of toxins in the plant PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES PRE Soil residual Control of grass weeds and broadleaf weeds Use rate of 6 to 12 oz/a Maximum 24 oz/a/yr
31 Herbicide classification - application timing POST-emergent: applied to foliage after weed emergence HERBICIDE CLASSIFICATION Usually no residual activity Require surfactants Foliar applied
32 Major POST-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Non-selective herbicides Active ingredient Brand name(s) Carfentrazone Aim EC Paraquat - Gramoxone POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDES Glyphosate Roundup, Touchdown POST Foliar applied Glyphosate + 2,4-D - Landmaster * Please refer to Florida Citrus Production Guide for a complete list
33 Major POST-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Non-selective herbicides Glyphosate Roundup, Glyfos etc. Mode of action Blocks the formation of essential amino acids Inhibit protein synthesis Effect Starvation and death of susceptible plants POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDES POST Foliar applied POST, non-selective, systemic For total or partial control of most weed species Rate lb A.E. Annual weeds Rate lb A.E. Perennial weeds
34 Major POST-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Non-selective herbicides Glyphosate Roundup, Glyfos etc. Mode of action Blocks the formation of essential amino acids Inhibit protein synthesis Effect Starvation and death of susceptible plants POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDES POST Foliar applied POST, non-selective, systemic For total or partial control of most weed species Rate lb A.E. Annual weeds Rate lb A.E. Perennial weeds Can be used for chemical mowing lb A.E
35 Major POST-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Glyphosate - used for chemical wiping row middles Carpet wiper Panel wiper Glyphosate wiping: 5 10% solution - carpet wiper 50 80% solution panel wiper
36 Major POST-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Selective herbicides Active ingredient Brand name(s) Fluazifop Fusilade POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDES Sethoxydim Poast plus POST Foliar applied Saflufenacil Treevix
37 Major POST-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Selective herbicides Fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade) - For POST emergent control of annual and perennial grass - No effect on broadleaf weeds POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDES POST Foliar applied Rate pts/acre Tree age: Non-bearing Do not apply to grasses under stress conditions
38 Major POST-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Selective herbicides Sethoxydim Poast, Poast plus - For POST emergent control of annual and perennial grass - No effect on broadleaf weeds POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDES POST Foliar applied Rate pts/acre Tree age - All Do not apply to grasses under stress conditions
39 Goat weed Dayflower Examples of problem weeds in citrus Spanish needle Pig weed Guinea grass Parthenium
40 Fusilade Poast, Poast plus Goat weed Dayflower Effective on Spanish needle Pig weed Guinea grass Parthenium
41 Sethoxydim - Poast, Poast plus Spot treatment % v/v solution - Surfactant 1% COC - Read label for directions Guinea grass growing close to citrus
42 Selective herbicides Saflufenacil (Treevix) - For POST emergent control of broadleaf weeds - No effect on grasses PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES POST Foliar applied Rate 1 oz/acre Not more than 3 oz/a/yr Must be applied with a surfactant
43 Goat weed Dayflower Examples of problem weeds in citrus Spanish needle Pig weed Guinea grass Parthenium
44 Saflufenacil - Treevix Goat weed Dayflower Effective on Spanish needle Pig weed Guinea grass Parthenium
45 Saflufenacil Treevix is effective on Parthenium weed Trial conducted at Wauchula, FL Information credit: Steve Futch
46 Considerations for selecting herbicide programs Weed profile in the grove Type of weed: grass, broadleaf, sedges Growth stage : seedling, mature, seed production SELECTING HERBICIDE PROGRAM Citrus tree age Young groves require greater attention Choosing the right herbicide program: Higher sensitivity of young tree trunks Soil and Weather
47 Considerations for selecting herbicide programs Weed profile in the grove Type of weed: grass, broadleaf, sedges Growth stage : seedling, mature, seed production SELECTING HERBICIDE PROGRAM Citrus tree age Young groves require greater attention Choosing the right herbicide program: Higher sensitivity of young tree trunks Soil and Weather
48 Considerations for selecting herbicide programs Weed profile in the grove Type of weed: grass, broadleaf, sedges Growth stage : seedling, mature, seed production SELECTING HERBICIDE PROGRAM Citrus tree age Young groves require greater attention Choosing the right herbicide program: Higher sensitivity of young tree trunks Soil and Weather
49 Herbicide movement in Florida citrus production Water holding capacity Common Citrus production Soil types Entisols Flatwood Spodosols Some regions within the state are prone to leaching due to high amount of rainfall and inherent soil type
50 Adsorption coefficients of PRE-emergent herbicides used in FL citrus Active ingredient K OC ml/g Bromacil 32 Simazine 130 Diuron 480 PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES PRE Soil residual Norflurazon Indaziflam Pendimethalin 700 < ,200 Source 9 th edition of the Herbicide Handbook (Senseman, 2007) The data of Indaziflam were taken from USEPA (2011)
51 Managing problematic weeds Selecting the right herbicide program Synergy of herbicides Selecting proper adjuvants
52 Herbicide synergy Mixing herbicides Synergy effect: The total effect of mixing herbicides is greater or more prolonged than the sum of the effects of the two taken independently. HERBICIDE SYNERGY additive * = 2 synergy * = 3 antagonistic * = 1 or less
53 Herbicide synergy Mixing herbicides in one application Synergy effect: The total effect of mixing herbicide is greater or more prolonged than the sum of the effects of the two taken independently. HERBICIDE SYNERGY additive * = 2 synergy * = 3 antagonistic * = 1 or less
54 Herbicide synergy Mixing herbicides in one application Advantages Reduce application number & cost Broad-spectrum & prolonged weed control HERBICIDE SYNERGY However, Need to ensure Mixing compatibility Proper adjuvant selection Absence of any antagonistic effects
55 Herbicide synergy Mixing herbicides Advantages Reduce application number & cost Broad-spectrum & prolonged weed control HERBICIDE SYNERGY However, Need to ensure Mixing compatibility Label, Jar test Proper adjuvant selection Absence of any antagonistic effects
56 Herbicide synergy in citrus weed management Trial conducted in Immokalee, FL
57 Herbicide synergy in citrus weed management Johnson grass Spurge Nutsedge: yellow and purple Pusley Goatweed
58 Herbicide synergy in citrus weed management
59 Managing problematic weeds Selecting the right herbicide program Synergy of herbicides Selecting proper adjuvants
60 Surfactants indispensable adjuvant/ingredient for POST emergent herbicides SURFACTANTS Spray drop Surfactants reduce the surface tension of spray droplets
61 Surfactants indispensable adjuvant/ingredient for POST emergent herbicides SURFACTANTS Spray drop Spray drop Spray Droplets with low surface tension are more likely to be retained and penetrated onto plant surfaces Info credit: PSU extension
62 Surfactant addition = better weed control for POST-emergent herbicides SURFACTANTS Source: Bob Hartzler, ISU Weed Science
63 POST herbicides benefit most - from the use of appropriate surfactants Glyphosate + Non-ionic surfactant Paraquat + Crop Oil Concentrate Treevix + Methylated Seed Oil
64 Water conditioner important component of herbicide mix Considered essential for herbicides like glyphosate WATER CONDITIONER Hard water: contains high concentrations of Interaction b/w cations and the herbicide dissolved minerals reduce efficacy Example: Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Fe 3+ Glyphosate is NOT absorbed in this form Information Credits: Sarah Lancaster, UF IFAS
65 Water conditioner important component of herbicide mix Ammonium sulfate (AMS) WATER CONDITIONER Information Credits: Sarah Lancaster, UF IFAS
66 Water conditioner important component of herbicide mix Ammonium sulfate (AMS) WATER CONDITIONER AMS disassociates when added to water Information Credits: Sarah Lancaster, UF IFAS
67 Water conditioner important component of herbicide mix Ammonium sulfate (AMS) WATER CONDITIONER Sulfate binds to cations Ammonium binds to glyphosate Information Credits: Sarah Lancaster, UF IFAS
68 Water conditioner important component of herbicide mix Ammonium sulfate (AMS) WATER CONDITIONER Application rate is 7 to 18 lb/100 gal 8 to 10 lbs/100 gal common rate Must be added to tank before herbicide Sulfate binds to cations Ammonium binds to glyphosate Glyphosate is absorbed in this form Information Credits: Sarah Lancaster, UF IFAS
69 Managing problematic weeds Challenges Minimizing crop injury
70 Improper herbicide application Inadequate weed control Potential for herbicide phytotoxicity to citrus trees
71 Herbicide phytotoxicity to citrus Glyphosate - Contact injury on foliage
72 Herbicide phytotoxicity to citrus Glyphosate - Contact injury on fruits Photo Credits: Steve Futch
73 Herbicide phytotoxicity to citrus Paraquat - Contact injury on foliage & fruits Photo Credits: Steve Futch
74 Herbicide phytotoxicity to citrus Diuron Contact phytotoxicity Photo Credits: Steve Futch
75 Herbicide phytotoxicity to citrus Indaziflam - Alion PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES Contact phytotoxicity
76 Spray coverage - Herbicide product - Application speed - Ground conditions - Application pressure - Boom height - Angle of the OC nozzle
77 Spray coverage - Herbicide product - Application speed - Ground conditions - Application pressure - Boom height - Angle of the OC nozzle
78 Herbicide boom spraying - OC nozzle angle Information Credits: Steve Futch
79 Herbicide boom spraying - OC nozzle angle Off center nozzle on the end of the boom 0 0 Information Credits: Steve Futch 40 0
80 Reach of the spray is impacted by the OC nozzle angle - Greater OC nozzle angle - Off Center (OC) Nozzle angle - Higher and further beyond the end of the boom spray is directed - Increases the chances for foliage and fruit phytotoxicity in citrus Ref: Steve Futch et al Study conducted at the CREC, Lake Alfred
81 Reach of the spray is impacted by the OC nozzle angle OC nozzle at 10 o OC nozzle at 40 o 16 inch 11 inch 5 inch Ref: Steve Futch et al Study conducted at the CREC, Lake Alfred
82 Reach of the spray is impacted by the OC nozzle angle Increased OC nozzle angle spray droplets may drift into citrus foliage and fruits
83 Reach of the spray is impacted by the OC nozzle angle Increased OC nozzle angle spray droplets may drift into citrus foliage and fruits Optimum OC nozzle angle adequate coverage under tree no herbicide injury
84 Apply accurately.. Maintain proper boom height/angle Deliver the herbicide to the target Avoid tree foliage, and fruit contact Application volume GPA for under tree GPA for chemical mowing Operate equipment safely SAFE HERBICIDE PRACTICES
85 Citrus weed management: summary Challenges Managing problematic weeds Opportunities Selecting the right herbicide program - POST & PRE - Selective herbicides Synergy b/w herbicides - Mix compatibility Selecting proper adjuvants - Surfactants - Water conditioners Minimizing crop injury Avoid foliar and fruit contact - Proper OC nozzle angle
86 Citrus weed management: summary Challenges Managing problematic weeds Opportunities Selecting the right herbicide program - POST & PRE - Selective herbicides Synergy b/w herbicides - Mix compatibility Selecting proper adjuvants - Surfactants - POST - Water conditioners Minimizing crop injury Avoid foliar and fruit contact - Proper OC nozzle angle
87 What are the top three most problematic weeds on your grove?
88 What are the top three most problematic weeds on your grove? Every weed on the planet
89 Thank you Contact Ramdas Kanissery UF/IFAS SWFREC 2685 State Road N Immokalee, FL Phone: (239) rkanissery@ufl.edu SWFREC weed science team
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