Workshop on Vulnerability, Impact and Adaptation Assessment for Climate Change: Approaches, Methods and Tools Completion Report

Transcription

1 Workshop on Vulnerability, Impact and Adaptation Assessment for Climate Change: Completion Report Meliá Hanoi Hotel Hanoi, Vietnam

2 1 Executive Summary Twelve technical officers and two executives from the focal Climate Change offices of seven Southeast Asian countries completed the workshop on Vulnerability, Impact and Adaptation Assessment (VIAA) for Climate Change: on July 2013 at Meliá Hanoi Hotel, Hanoi, Vietnam. The officials and technical staff come from Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines,, and Vietnam and belong to the Southeast Asian Network of Climate Change s (SEAN-CC) of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Co-organized for SEAN-CC by the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) and the Asia Pacific Adaptation Network (APAN), the workshop provided an overview of the approaches, methods, and tools in vulnerability, impact and adaptation assessment as inputs to planning of adaptations to climate change. The workshop is premised on assumption that reducing the dire effects of climate change begins with undertaking a thorough evaluation of specific vulnerabilities that would reveal high priority sectors where countries should focus in developing appropriate climate change adaption (CCA) initiatives. The workshop provided the overall context of the necessity of adaptation plans being grounded on sound and reliable data/evidences derived through application of vulnerability, impact and adaptation assessment tools and procedures. It discussed processes of integrating climate change adaptation in development plans at different levels, from international, to national and local and provided examples of VIAA methods, tools and data in the agriculture, forestry and biodiversity, coastal and marine resources, economic and water sectors. The workshop further provided two vulnerability frameworks and field-based experiences and insights on designing climate impact and vulnerability assessment from a project of the Food and Agricultural Organization titled Analysis and Mapping of Impacts under Climate Change for Adaptation and Food Security (AMICAF). Figure 1. The workshop participants, resource persons and workshop management team with Mr. Mozaharul Alam of UNEP seated at the center, Dr. Puja Sawhney of APAN at his left, and Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz of UPLB and SEARCA at his right.

3 2 It further discussed experiences in working with local governments in three Southeast Asian countries on vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning and insights on assessment and monitoring and evaluation for results-based adaptation planning. The workshop summarized the following barriers to mainstreaming climate change adaptation in development planning: 1) limited understanding of the nature and extent of risks and vulnerabilities; 2) information and data gaps in VIAA (30 s minimum climate data); 3) lack of capability and other resources; 4) lack of supportive policies, standards, regulations and design guidance; 5) existing legal or regulatory restrictions; 6) lack of availability or restricted access to finance; and 7) differences in willingness to accept uncertainties. Participants identified the methods and tools most applicable and practical in their respective contexts; and asserted their additional needs and requirements to be able apply them in mainstreaming CCA in their development plans and investments.

4 3 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary 1 Introduction 4 Workshop Proceedings 6 Session 1. Overview on Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation and on Vulnerability, Impact and Adaptation Assessment Session 2. Approaches to Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Options Session 3. Approaches to Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Options Session 4. VIAA Tools and their Application in Forestry and Biodiversity 11 Session 5. Coastal Vulnerability Assessments: Tools, Training and Networking Session 6. Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment Tools for Climate Change Adaptation in Water Resources Session 7. Economics and Climate Change 17 Session 8. Climate Change vulnerability and economic analysis of adaptation: Findings from a cross country project in Cambodia, Philippines and Vietnam Session 9. Planning, Implementation and Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation: Local Perspective Session 10. Assessment, Monitoring, Evaluation of Results-Based Adaptation Planning Synthesis of Presentations 25 Workshop Outputs 26 Session 11. Implications for Local s: Way Forward 27 Annex 1: Workshop Outputs on Contextualizing the Application of VIAA Tools, Approaches and Methods Annex 2: Workshop Evaluation 1-7 Annex 3: Workshop Agenda 1 Annex 4: Profile of Resource Persons 1-4 Annex 5: Directory of Participants, Resource Persons and Workshop Management Team Annex 6: PowerPoint Presentations

5 4 Introduction Background and Rationale Planning for climate resilience through Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) should address the specific vulnerabilities of a locality that are best assessed using credible and reliable methods and tools. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) thus requires Non-Annex I Parties or developing countries to provide data and information on their vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change, aside from adaptation measures being taken to meet their specific needs and concerns arising from these adverse effects 1. In this light, key actors in regional and sub-regional networks and national climate change programs need to be familiarized with vulnerability, impact and adaptation assessment (VIAA) and their current practices. Vulnerability, in the context of climate change, is defined as the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate variability or change. According to UNEP (2009), vulnerability is a function of exposure, sensitivity to impacts, and the ability or lack of ability to cope or adapt. Exposure pertains to hazards such as drought, floods, and other extreme weather conditions. The severity of the impacts not only depends on exposure, but also on the sensitivity of the specific unit exposed (such as an ecosystem, a watershed, an island, a household, a village, a city, or a country) and adaptive capacity (UNEP, 2009). As such, vulnerability varies widely across various sectors, peoples, and regions. These differences in the degree or level of vulnerability make up the bases for what is known as vulnerability assessment. Vulnerability assessment (VA) involves the objective evaluation of the effects and impacts of a particular hazard or combination of hazards on an entity or system; as well as the evaluation of the adaptive capacity of the systems such as agroforestry and coastal systems. Thus, VA requires the separate analysis of the probability of the occurrence of a hazard, and the propensity of the hazard to harm the system as well as the consideration of the capacity of the system to respond to minimise or eliminate the adverse effects and impacts of the hazard. VIA methods have been developed over the past s in natural hazards, food security, poverty analysis, sustainable livelihoods, and other related fields. These approaches, each with their own characteristics and data requirements, provide a core set of best practices for use in studies of climate change vulnerability and adaptation. This forum-workshop aimed to familiarize focal CCA points in the region with VIAA tools applied in planning CCA initiatives that address the projected impacts of climate change in the agriculture and NRM sectors of their respective areas. These CCA Focal Points are 1 UNFCCC

6 5 involved in the formulation of national communication plans, national adaptation plans, or developing adaptation projects. The forum-workshop presented and demonstrated methodological approaches for assessing capacities and gaps to carry out vulnerability, impacts and adaptation assessment. In the process, it provided a platform for sharing of appropriate and replicable practices and tools for proper VIAA towards shared understanding and consolidation of knowledge and experiences. Objectives The workshop aimed to equip members of the Southeast Asia Network of Climate Change (SEAN-CC) with the knowledge and skills to: 1. Locate VIAA in the mainstreaming of CCA in development plans and investments; 2. Identify and describe replicable approaches, methods and tools for assessing vulnerability of agriculture and natural resource management sectors to climate change and variability, and for assessing their impacts, on these sectors; 3. Narrate step-by-step the procedures and requirements of vulnerability, impact and adaptation assessment for CCA action planning; and 4. Plan how to integrate VIAA in CCA planning for development.

7 6 Workshop Proceedings Session 1. Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation and Vulnerability, Impact and Adaptation Assessment: An Overview Mozaharul Alam, UNEP-ROAP The session provided an overview of mainstreaming climate change adaptation (CCA) into the regional, national, and local level development planning. Because climate change is becoming not just an environmental concern but more of a development issue, the need to mainstream CCA into national planning as part of broader policies for development was emphasized in the session. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development is defined as the iterative process of integrating considerations of climate change adaptation into policy-making, budgeting, implementation, and monitoring processes at national, sector, and sub-national levels as well as the different key sectors such as water, health, agriculture, and natural resources. During the session, the impacts of climate change on development were discussed, pointing out that development planning should take into account the anticipated impacts of climate change particularly on the livelihoods, resilience, and health of the population in poor countries. The framework of mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development planning developed under the UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative (see Figure 1) was also discussed. This framework is comprised of the following major components: (1) finding the entry points and making the case; (2) mainstreaming adaptation into policy processes; and (3) meeting the implementation challenge. Figure 1. Framework of Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development

8 7 Inasmuch as mainstreaming CCA is an iterative process, this means that each component capitalizes on previous work or activities and depends on the country s circumstances, priorities, and needs. The whole process from inception through policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring requires the participation and cooperation of different stakeholders, including government policy-makers, implementing, development partners, the private sector, and communities. Examples of mainstreamed adaptation measures include revising regulations and standards (e.g. building codes) to reflect climate risks in terms of infrastructure; and building on early warning systems to include medium-term (and long term) climate impacts in the area of disaster risk reduction. The Four Steps to National Capacity Building on Climate Change is another approach towards mainstreaming CCA into any development planning and policy (See Figure 2) that was discussed in the session. Also known as the learning-by-doing approach, this four-step process includes: 1) awareness raising, 2) targeted information, 3) piloted activities, and 4) mainstreaming. Capacity building initiatives are needed at the policy level across all sectors to ensure that Steps 1-3 can be effectively integrated into the policy process. Various methods and tools used in assessing impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in agriculture and water sectors of seven SEA countries were also presented in the session. The session ended with the barriers affecting the mainstreaming of CCA in development plans. These barriers are as follow: Limited understanding of nature and extent of risks and vulnerabilities Lack of knowledge of adaptation (and effective implementation) Lack of supportive policies, standards, regulations, and design guidance Existing legal or regulatory restrictions Lack of availability or restricted access to finance Differences in willingness to accept uncertainties Figure 2. A Simple Step for Mainstreaming Source: Huq S. and Ayers, J Taking Steps: Mainstreaming National Adaptation. IIED Briefing. International Institute for Environment and Development.

9 8 During the Q&A part of the first session, issues on mal-adaptation and the time frame on when adaptation should take place rose. With this, it was acknowledged that decisionmaking in relation to respond to climate change is a subjective process a limitation each has to bear. Session 2. Approaches to Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Options Roberto Pedro C. Sandoval, Jr. UN-FAO, Philippines The second session dealt with the various approaches to assess impacts and vulnerability to climate change and adaptation options. It commenced by differentiating the two types of assessment to support climate change adaptation. These are: 1. Climate impact and vulnerability assessment. This involves the assessment of key changes in climate, climate change impact on different sectors, and vulnerability of livelihoods for strategic planning. Examples of outputs from the conduct of climate impact vulnerability assessment in agriculture include rainfall pattern, amount and area, frequency, intensity and duration of droughts and floods, soil erosion and soil nutrient cycle, etc. 2. Climate change adaptation options assessment. This deals with the assessment of effectiveness of different options in terms of suitability to a specific context. The outcome of this assessment can be in terms of improved water availability from soil and water conservation efforts, improved crop yield with new varieties or a change in farm management, and the like. The assessment of climate change adaptation options builds on climate impact and vulnerability assessment and examines the extent to which different adaptation measures may achieve adaptation goals. The result of assessment helps practitioners identify effective adaptation options. There are two interpretations of vulnerability in the context of climate change: outcome vulnerability and contextual vulnerability. Outcome vulnerability refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes and is characterized by the top-down approach. In contrast, contextual vulnerability is characterized by the bottom-up approach whereby vulnerability of social and ecological systems is determined by multiple factors and processes, and climate change is treated as one of the threats. This is an emerging concept in climate change work. From the session, several methods to measure vulnerability were named. These include dose-response models, integrated assessment models, scenario based approaches, household surveys, case studies, and open-ended interviews. These methods can be

10 9 categorized into: 1) experimental, 2) modelling, 3) meta-analysis, 4) survey, and 5) ethnographic. Climate impact and vulnerability assessments are intended to support decision-making, and should take into account the following key considerations: Literature review of the various methodologies available in vulnerability assessment; Identification of stakeholders (policy makers, communities, etc.); Assessment of information needs of stakeholders; Evaluation of role and capacity of stakeholders; and Design of assessments, including agreement of adaptation objectives by stakeholders. Establishing the goal and objectives of adaptation is also essential in designing a successful vulnerability assessment. The description of the goals of adaptation should be a collaborative endeavour engaging the participation of the different stakeholders. Essentially, the design of the vulnerability impact assessment is guided by the following questions: What is the target sector? What is the temporal scale the next few s to a hundred s? What is the spatial extent national, subnational, local community or household? What is the spatial resolution meters, km, hundreds of km, individuals, households, community, farm or watershed? Simple or complex/more advanced tools? To further demonstrate the concept of vulnerability assessment, vulnerability frameworks and field-based experiences and insights on designing climate change impact and vulnerability assessment were provided in the session. Examples were of climate change adaptation options assessments were also given. In the Q&A session, it was emphasized that the participants should be able to assist the government at the national and local levels in institutionalizing efforts of assessing vulnerability, impact, and adaptation in the short and long term planning issues on DRR and CCA. Session 3. VIAA Tools and their Application in Agriculture Rizaldi Boer CC-ROM SEAP, IPB, Indonesia This session began with an explanation of the major causes of changes in global temperature and the development of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES). Several studies conducted by various scientific groups and organizations reported that increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and stratospheric aerosols is the major factor that causes changes in global temperature. The IPCC SRES suggests that some driving forces of past and future GHG emissions include demographic change, social and economic development, and the rate and direction of technological

11 10 change. A recent UNDP study reported that climate is changing, and without mitigation, impact of climate change in developing countries s from now will become much more severe. Adaptation needs, climate proofing, building dams against floods, and changing crops will drastically increase in magnitude and will become impossible to handle. Thus, the global target is to avoid the increase of global temperature above 2 o C. Consequently, basic concepts on vulnerability, impact and adaptation assessment were discussed in this session. Climate change impact assessment was defined as research and investigations designed to assess possible impact of future changes in climate on human activities and the natural world. Climate change impact assessment is often integrated with the identification and assessment of possible adaptive measures to manage climate change, and the development of adaptation options should be based on our experiences in managing current climate risks. An evaluation of the effectiveness of current measures to manage future climate risk must be done to determine whether there is a need to adjust, expand, and/or enhance current practices or create new measures to adapt to climate change. The session, thus, outlined the three major steps in performing impact analysis as follows: a) develop the climate scenario, b) impact assessment, and c) adaptation assessment. Considering the various risks associated with climate change, it was stressed in the session the need to conduct climate change impact and adaptation assessment to know how important or serious the impacts of human-induced climate change are likely to be; to assess what can and should be done to prevent and modify these impacts; and to determine when and how it should be done. The assessment will assist decision-makers in developing strategies that would enhance coping capacity and thereby reduce vulnerability of communities. Vulnerability was further defined as a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. By implementing adaptation programs and actions, the level of exposure, level of sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of a locality may change, and these are expected to reduce its vulnerability or increase its coping range. One of the tools introduced in the session was the Quadrant Method in assessing vulnerability or coping range. The method defines exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indices, such that a high exposure and sensitivity index and low adaptive capacity index would mean a certain locality or area will have a narrow coping range and, therefore, its vulnerability to climate change is high. Another tool which can be used is the Climate Risk Assessment Tool which is based on historical data or the probability of having unexpected climate conditions/extreme climate events and projection (climate change scenarios) or the probability of having unexpected climate conditions/extreme climate events in the future. By applying climate risk assessment, level of exposure and sensitivity can be reduced and adaptive capacity can be increased with structural and non-structural interventions. To understand the impacts of climate change on the agricultural system, they were categorized into: 1) continued impacts which result in changes in yield due to temperature increase, change in season length, salinity increase in coastal areas; 2) discontinued impacts which result in increase in harvest failure due to increase of intensity and frequency of extreme weather and climate events (food, typhoon, drought, etc.), pest, and disease outbreaks; and 3) permanent impacts manifested in permanent loss of land due to inundation of agricultural land as a result of sea level rise. The session concluded by pointing out that the use of the vulnerability and impact assessment tools would be able to assist countries in:

12 11 1. Knowing relative positions of countries in terms of the vulnerability of their food systems to the impacts of climate change; 2. Understanding main drivers causing vulnerability of the food system to climate change impact basis for prioritizing adaptation actions (where and what); 3. Evaluating effectiveness of adaptation actions in reducing vulnerability of the food system; 4. Understanding factors that may inhibit effectiveness of adaptation actions; 5. Identifying commonalities across countries on factors causing vulnerabilities; and 6. Defining key regional policies and strategies to support countries in addressing impacts of climate change on food security. It was raised during the Q&A session that the key to increase adaptive capacity with limited resources is to increase productivity (i.e. rice, cassava, maize) with the same area. This could be a function of long-term research and strategies on new varieties that produce high yield. Session 4. VIAA Tools and their Application in Forestry and Biodiversity Elizabeth M. Philip FRIM and MNRE, Malaysia After the first three sessions gave an overview of VIAA tools and methods, the fourth session focused on assessing the vulnerability of forests, forest ecosystem services, and forest-dependent people. During this session, it was discussed that it is only in the forestry sector where synergies exist between adaptation and mitigation, such that harnessing adaptation-mitigation linkages can be more beneficial to local communities and at the same time address the impacts of climate change. These synergies enhance diversification of resources, reduce risk, protect livelihoods, and enhance forest resilience to climate change through sustainably managed forest resources. Several examples of adaptation options or measures which also contribute to mitigation by reducing carbon dioxide emissions or sequestering carbon along with implications for biodiversity conservation were presented. Some of these strategies include: 1) mangrove conservation, 2) sustainable forest management, 3) restoration of degraded wetlands, and 4) establishment of agroforestry in agricultural land. Recognizing that forests provide diverse ecosystem services that contribute to human wellbeing and reduce vulnerability, ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) has recently emerged as an approach to climate change adaptation. EBA basically looks at the conservation of a specific forest ecosystem service that will help people adapt to climate change, such as sustainable water management, disaster risk reduction, sustainable management of natural ecosystems including grasslands and croplands, establishment of diverse agricultural systems, development of village regulations that support environmental conservation efforts, and environmental education campaigns. The session also highlighted the effects of climate change on the various types of forest ecosystem such as tropical forest, montane forest, lowland forest, peat swamp, and mangrove forests. For tropical forest ecosystems, the potential effects of climate change include alteration in forest species composition; reduced seedling distribution and stunted

13 12 growth due to lower or increased rainfall; and heavier flowering and mass fruiting of dipterocarp species which lead to non-survival of seedlings. Forest floor species that thrive in high Relative Humidity (RH) will also be affected. A number of adaptation measures have been proposed to strengthen the adaptive capacity of forest ecosystems to climate change. However, the session stressed the need for science-based adaptation measures. Thus, tools for adaptation to climate change such as vulnerability assessment, climate change risk assessment, implementation of plans to reduce impacts, and action plans developed in times of extreme weather disturbances were presented. In closing, the session highlighted how climate change affects forest ecosystem services and underlying processes. Unless adaptation strategies are identified and carried out, loss of biodiversity will make forests more vulnerable to climate change. To strengthen adaptation measures, policymakers need better tools and data for science-based interventions that would address potential climate change impacts. Session 5. Coastal Vulnerability Assessments: Tools, Training and Networking Miledel Christine C. Quibilan UP-MSI, Philippines The session began by stating that the primary objective of coastal vulnerability assessment (VA) tools is to provide guidance for coastal climate change adaptation planning by measuring the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to a variety of climate-related hazards, such as changes in ocean temperature, sea level rise, and increased frequency of more devastating typhoons. The scope of coastal vulnerability assessment includes fisheries, coastal integrity, or the overall state of the coast and biodiversity therein. The tools used are mostly ecosystem-based with biophysical and socioeconomic components. The scale of application is the coastal barangay (village) with an average coastline of 9 km. These coastal barangays form a municipality. As iterated in the previous sessions, vulnerability to climate change depends on three key elements: exposure (E), sensitivity (S), and adaptive capacity (AC). Using the vulnerability assessment framework, vulnerability as defined in the context of coastal VA is a function of E, S, and AC whereby the level of E quantifies the intensity or severity of physical environmental conditions that drive changes in the state of the biophysical system. On the other hand, the level of S refers to the system s present state ( here-and-now ) for specific properties that respond to exposure factors arising from changes in climate. The level of E and S to climate change determines the AC of the system or its ability to cope with the impacts associated with changes in climate. The conduct of vulnerability assessment is composed of three major stages with each stage broken down into various steps. The three major components are: 1. Preliminary VA. This involves determining the scope and the scale of the VA, putting together the needed expertise and initial data scoping;

14 13 2. Vulnerability assessment. This involves characterizing the exposure and identifying the tools needed for measuring vulnerability; and 3. Post VA. This involves identifying adaptation options, prioritizing the options and finding the right plans in which to mainstream these options, allocating budget and implementing adaptation options, feedback and monitoring In terms of characterizing exposure, a map of the entire Philippine archipelago which had been delineated into eleven clusters depending on the type of exposure to changes in temperature, sea level rise, and extreme weather events was presented. The map shows the different parts of the country with a Relative Exposure Index (REI), such that there are areas with a rating of low, medium, or high REI. On the other hand, the sensitivity analysis was illustrated with the typical Philippine coast as an example in which the elements of sensitivity to climate change focused on fisheries, coastal integrity and coastal habitats (mangroves, sea grasses and corals). Furthermore, an overview of the three Coastal VA tools with focus on fisheries and coastal integrity was shown. These coastal VA tools are as follows: 1. Integrated Coastal Sensitivity, Exposure, and Adaptive Capacity to climate change in coastal areas (ICSEA-C-Change). This tool is used for scoping and rapid reconnaissance of the vulnerabilities of integrated ecosystem services (fisheries, coastal integrity, and biodiversity) to climate change such as sea level rise, waves, and storm surges; sea surface temperature; and extreme rainfall as exposure factors. It also measures integrated vulnerability of a coastal system to synergistic CC impacts. Data requirements include information from existing research and previous resource evaluations, e.g., provincial and municipal development plans, and Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment (PCRA). However, the tool must be complemented with other coastal VA tools for use in adaptation planning. 2. Tool for Understanding Resilience of Fisheries (TURF). This tool provides the necessary information that would guide decision makers on adaptation strategies for the Fisheries sector. The tool considers three climate hazards such as storm surge (waves) and changes in sea surface temperature (SST). The scope of the assessment is barangay (village) level. The variables incorporated in the tool relate to three major aspects: fisheries, reef ecosystem attributes, and more particularly, socioeconomic features. The tool needs primary data coming from focus group discussions, interviews, fish landing survey, fish visual census (FVC) as well as secondary data (municipal fisheries profile; information scoped by ICSEA- C-Change). 3. Coastal Integrity Vulnerability Assessment Tool (CIVAT). In assessing vulnerability using CIVAT, the vulnerability of the physical coast to erosion in relation to CC hazard variables is considered for Sensitivity, Exposure, and Adaptive Capacity. A distinct feature of the tool is its incorporation of variables relating to natural habitats and processes. The tool provides critical information when developing adaptation measures to maintain coastal integrity. This tool takes into consideration long-term shoreline trends using maps and satellite images. The tool

15 14 also sets guidelines on setback zones based on the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and zoning guidelines. The session emphasized that it would be best if users receive training on the correct application of the VA tools. The VA tools can be applied by coastal managers and field practitioners with assistance from marine experts and fisheries experts to interpret results and guide in the data collection. Vulnerability assessment is just a means to an end, the goal being having people start undertaking adaptations. The over-all goal of coastal adaptation is to increase resilience of the coastal ecosystem to climate change. The results of the entire coastal vulnerability assessment process and the lessons and insights gained can be integrated into the various CCA and disaster risk reduction plans at the local, national, and international levels. The session concluded by outlining the various challenges faced in conducting coastal vulnerability assessments. These challenges are: 1) VAs remain sectoral in nature, and 2) there is a need to link DRR and CCA. In terms of VA tools, challenges remain in data consolidation and validation; refining existing tools based on the lessons learned; possible inapplicability of tools in other countries; the need for new tools like decision-support tools, cost-benefit analysis tools; and the need to communicate CC with various audiences. On the conduct of VA/CCA trainings, however, the challenges lie in their high transactional costs; the need to institutionalize VA/CCA trainings; and the need to develop web portals for maximizing web-based trainings. Finally, networking on VA for coastal and marine resources requires more knowledge sharing fora; documentation of best practices on VA/CCA; and monitoring and evaluation in order to track whether the adaptation option has been implemented, whether they are succeeding, and whether they contribute to increasing resiliency. Issues regarding the applicability, urgency, and integration of the adaptation tools discussed in this session rose as important topics during the Q&A segment. Session 6. Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment Tools for Climate Change Adaptation in Water Resources Shamsudin Shahid Universiti Teknologi Malaysia This session gave a comprehensive presentation on the climate change impacts and vulnerability assessment tools for water resources, which includes an overview of the status of water resources in SEA and the challenges confronting the various sources of water for use by the agriculture and domestic sectors. It discussed the impacts of changing climate on irrigation demand, reservoir inflow, groundwater resources, water quality, water resources, and water demand and supply. Impact assessment tools for water, water vulnerability assessment tools, and selection of

16 15 suitable vulnerability assessment tools and adaptation measures for sustainable water resources management were also highlighted. The session reported that Southeast Asia (SEA) has one of the most abundant water resources in the world, where most of the countries have dense river network, huge groundwater storage, and other surface water resources. The average annual per capita water resources in the region is 12,980 m 3, which is almost double the world average. However, total water withdrawal is only 4.5 percent of the available water resources. Many countries in SEA receive more than 1,500 to 3,000 mm of rainfall annually. Most of the climate models project that area-mean precipitation over Southeast Asia will continue to increase with a median change of about seven percent in all seasons. In essence, water resources are still very reliable. In spite of these abundant water resources, the region faces a number of water challenges. Water demand in some river basins is now near the low-flow season discharge of the river system. Regarded as one of the most populated region in the world, the population has doubled in the last 40 s to an estimated 260 million; and is expected to rise to 320 million by The economies of the region are growing rapidly. The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for the region grew between five and ten percent per annum over the past decade. The threats posed by climate change may alter the hydrological process and river discharge. Over the past few decades, the region has observed changes in climate, such as increase in mean surface air temperature, sea level rise, heat waves becoming frequent, heavy precipitations, and frequency of droughts, flood, and landslide. Increase in temperature could result to increased evapotranspiration in rivers, dams, and other water reservoirs, leading to decreased water availability and increased water demand for irrigation, industrial and domestic sectors. Rising sea levels will result in the destruction of fresh water reservoirs in the coastal areas and degrade coastal aquifer due to saltwater intrusion. Much of the population in Southeast Asia is concentrated in coastal areas, which is important for economic activities such as agriculture, industry and tourism. This may lead to scarcity of fresh water sources and water stress in the coastal regions. On the other hand, increased variability in precipitation will lead to: 1) increased stream flow and floods during La Niña s, 2) increased sedimentation and reduction of the capacity of water reservoirs and the quality of surface water, and 3) decreased river flows and water level in many dams and water reservoirs during El Niño s. Using the CROPWAT model, a decision support tool developed by the Land and Water Development Division of FAO for the calculation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements based on soil, climate, and crop data, it is projected that there will be a decrease in annual irrigation requirement even though evapotranspiration from the crop field is projected to increase. The decrease in water demand is predicted as 6.4 percent during 2040 to 2069, and 15.3 percent during 2070 to Other projected impacts of climate change include decrease in total irrigation water demand due to the shortening of the

17 16 crop growing period and an increase in effective precipitation, and increase in the daily use of water for irrigation by an amount of 0.8 mm/day by the end of this century, among others. Reservoir inflow will also be affected by climate change, such that less inflow in January- February-March during 2010 to 2039 is projected due to the decrease of rainfall and increase in temperature. However, the inflow is projected to increase by 2.9 percent during 2040 to 2069, and will further increase by 22 percent during 2070 to The session briefly talked about the concept of water security. Water Security Index (WSI) is calculated by considering changes in net irrigation requirements, change in water demand, and change in water security. Above 40 WSI connotes water insecurity. Currently, the water security index in the developing countries of Southeast Asia ranges from It was also pointed out that the quantity of water available is not a problem in the region, but the quality of water is a growing concern. Sea water intrusion will alter the water quality of coastal water bodies. Increased erosion and sedimentation will reduce surface water quality. Higher precipitation will bring the groundwater table near the surface and make the groundwater system more vulnerable to pollution affecting water quality. Climate change will directly affect the demand for water; for instance, changes in demand will derive from industrial and domestic use, or from irrigation. Water demand for irrigation may increase as transpiration increases, owing to higher temperatures. Higher temperature will change the crop physiology and shorten the crop growth period, which in turn will reduce the irrigation days. These contradictory phenomena will change the total irrigation water demand, which is required to quantify for long term water resources planning and management. Vulnerability in the context of water resources refers to the susceptibility of a system (individual, community, place) to damage as a function of exposure to external forces (shocks, stress, disturbances), sensitivity of the system, and the ability of the system to respond (cope, recover, adapt). The use of water vulnerability assessment tools takes into account the following: 1. Water resources resource / supply, availability, access, use, quality and infrastructure available; 2. Economics capacity and equity; 3. Institutions governance and conflict; 4. Social eengagement, cultural capacity, knowledge and technical capacity; and 5. Other factors pertaining to the physical environment climate change and other environmental pressures. Using the same water vulnerability assessment tool in all places and at all scales, though, was not encouraged. Many indicators are not quantifiable in many regions, and there are areas in which data are not available to use a particular tool. The selection of the most suitable vulnerability assessment tool to use will depend on relevance, measurability, analytical soundness, and ease of interpretation. Improving water resource management is one of the key strategies to adapt to climate change. Water resource management can be supply-driven or demand-driven. Supplydriven approach to water resource management is more commonly used, and is structureoriented, such as investments in water projects combined with engineering and technical expertise to capture, store and deliver water and to make systems operate effectively. On the other hand, the demand side approach to water resource management is a nonstructural approach that encompasses demand management, education, and persuasion to coordinate water use.

18 17 Approaches for water demand management can be total quantity or quota management. Total quantity control involves changing the patterns of crops and irrigation methods, as well as by adopting technological innovations. An example is where the agricultural sector reduces water consumption by changing the patterns of crops and irrigation methods, as well as by adopting technological innovations. On the other hand, quota management involves allocating each water user with certain water credits based on land area. Quota management system requires legislation, considering the technology to be used for water saving, metering and leakages, wastewater reuse, and water price. Session 7. Economics and Climate Change Herminia A. Francisco EEPSEA This session dealt with the economic perspective on climate change vulnerability, the economics of climate change, and dealing with uncertainty in economic analysis. To discuss the relationship between economics and climate change, the results of an EEPSEA-funded research study on climate change vulnerability mapping in SE Asia, which was published in 2010 was presented in this session. The study basically looked at how the various components of vulnerability (exposure to hazards, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) contribute to the overall vulnerability of selected Southeast Asian countries, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The study found that in Vietnam, hazard contributes more to vulnerability due to its exposure to sea level rise and susceptibility to flooding. On the other hand, low adaptive capacity has made Cambodia among the most vulnerable regions despite its relatively low exposure to climate hazards. The session pointed out that mapping is useful for policymakers; but the importance of having more inter-sectoral integration, consolidating efforts of different, and becoming open to different perspectives in looking at VAs were given more stress. Most economists work is focused on adaptive capacity, mainly because it can be measured based on selected socioeconomic variables, technology and infrastructure, the cost of adaptation options, and how to enhance these adaptation strategies. Climate Change Vulnerability: An Economic Perspective Climate change can be viewed as an economic problem while others would consider it more as a development or an environmental concern. It was pointed out in the session that climate change is an economic problem for the following reasons: 1) the emission of greenhouse gases imposes costs on others that are not borne by the emitter (an externality issue); 2) those costs will be felt over a long term period (discounting issue) and those most affected future generations cannot speak up for their interests (intergenerational equity); 3) climate

19 18 change impacts cannot be avoided and will be felt mostly by those with the least capacity to adapt (adaptation focus); and 4) the exact nature of costs is uncertain; they depend on local policies, institutions, and other local conditions (scenario analysis). Economists are called to estimate the damage and translate the impacts of changes in climate on various economic activities, such as agriculture and forestry, on public health, and on various ecosystems, into monetary terms. However, it is not easy to estimate or assign values to these impacts of climate change. There is a need to train people to measure these impacts that are attributed to climate change. The economics of adaptation argues that the benefits of adaptation to climate change outweigh the cost of adaptation (Stern 2006). According to Stern (2006), tackling climate change now is entirely possible and will only cost one percent of the total GDP. On the other hand, ignoring climate change will cost as much as USD 7,500,000,000 by 2050, which is roughly equivalent to 20 percent of the global GDP. Thus, adaptation pays in the long run, and the earlier effective action is taken, the less costly it will be. Economics is useful in deciding on a course of action or in evaluating options by showing the benefits and costs of these actions. Economics can also help in searching for: No regrets strategies provide benefits now with or without climate change Low regrets strategies provide climate change benefits for little additional cost or risk Win-win or co-benefit strategies reduce climate change impacts while providing other environmental, social, or economic benefits. Estimating the economic costs of climate change is challenging. But there are several tools that can be used in assessing adaptation options for climate change impacts. These include 1) Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), 2) Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), and 3) Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA). CBA is basically the comparison of the costs and benefits of a project. The various steps in CBA are as follow: 1. Identify all costs and benefits; 2. Make costs and benefits comparable by quantifying them in terms of monetary value; 3. Consider risk and uncertainty by performing sensitivity analysis/expected value calculation/scenario analysis or simulation; 4. Translate future values into today s value (present value) discount future benefits and costs; and 5. Make a recommendation based on net present value results. However, one major criticism of CBA in evaluating adaptation options is that everything is not about money or not all benefits and costs are measurable in monetary terms. CEA, as another economic tool, compares mutually exclusive alternatives in terms of their cost. It is useful when it is impossible to assign a monetary value to benefits of adaptation options. MCA, on the other hand, compares alternatives based on a set of criteria: social, economic, environmental, administrative feasibility, to name a few. Dealing With Uncertainty in Economic Analysis It is possible that one can come up with different analyses and results in economic analysis because of uncertainty. There are a number of reasons why uncertainties exist. Some of these reasons are: Lack of information on the precise benefits of a policy action given the underlying uncertainty in the science;

20 19 Lack of knowledge on what the future cost of the policy will be, given long-term horizons; Costs and benefits functions are likely to be highly non-linear but we do not know the forms of these functions; and There are so many unknowns and information is limited. Therefore, economists have a responsibility to work mostly with people who have the technical knowledge to help them with scientific predictions. There are several ways to deal with the said uncertainty through economics. These include (1) Undertaking sensitivity analysis by selecting the most critical variables, (2) Scenario building, (3) Expected value calculation, and (4) Simulation. Despite the fact that EEPSEA has been in existence for 20 s in the Southeast Asian region, there is still limited expertise on the Economics of Climate Change. Models to make economic analysis easier for those with limited economics training are needed. And lastly, there is a renewed call for greater integration between natural sciences and economics/social sciences. Session 8. Climate Change Vulnerability and Economic Analysis of Adaptation: Findings from a Cross-country Project in Cambodia, Philippines and Vietnam Bui Dung The Hue University, Vietnam This session focused on the results of the vulnerability and economic analyses of the research project entitled Building Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change in Southeast Asia funded by the International Development Research Center (IDRC) (through EEPSEA and IDRC s Climate Change and Water Program). The study primarily aimed to build capacities for research, planning, and action with respect to climate change, and economics of adaptation in selected provinces in Cambodia, Philippines, and Vietnam. Local stakeholders include governmental and administrative offices in the respective study areas of each country. The project was divided into three phases, namely: 1. Vulnerability assessment study taking into consideration the spatial and social dimension (level of exposure, level of sensitivity and adaptive capacities) using participatory approaches; 2. Economic analysis of adaptation; and 3. Adaptation proposal writing. The first two s of the project involved capacity building and collaboration between the local government and research institutions and working together to come up with vulnerability mapping and social vulnerability analysis, analyse economics of adaptation options, and propose adaptation strategies. Results of vulnerability mapping showed the following major determinants of vulnerability:

21 20 For Kampong Speu, Cambodia: low adaptive capacity was identified as the dominant determinant to vulnerability. For Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam: high exposure to and sensitivity to hazards of coastal and low lying areas; more vulnerable upland communes are due to fragile location and high poverty rate. For Laguna, Philippines: sensitivity and low adaptive capacity (e.g., unpreparedness, fragile location, lack of amenities, limited information on climate change and its impacts). At the household level, the study found that communities located in coastal areas are the most vulnerable, particularly in the Philippines and Vietnam. At the same time, communes in the upland areas of Vietnam and Cambodia were also found to be highly vulnerable. In terms of livelihood vulnerability, communities that derive their livelihood from upland crops and aquaculture got the highest vulnerability ratings. Poor infrastructure, either lack of or limited infrastructure, limited alternative livelihoods, and inadequate attention to long-term planning are the common major constraints to the improvement of communities resilience to climate change in the study areas. Based on the results of vulnerability analysis, adaptation options were assessed with the participation of multi-stakeholders. The research team evaluated and ranked adaptation options according to the criteria set by the stakeholders, and consulted with partner /offices on the feasibility and legality of these adaptation strategies. They evaluated adaptation options using cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and cost-effectiveness analysis. Some of the lessons learned in the conduct of the study are as follows: LGU staff can effectively take part in vulnerability indexing and mapping at local level (district/province). One important constraint to vulnerability assessment, indexing and mapping is the identification of relevant indicators; this in turn is constrained by the unavailability of data. Interdisciplinary and participatory approach should be adopted to ensure policy relevance and usefulness of research findings. Vulnerability indicators should be refined to better capture communities' vulnerability. Vulnerabilities may be disaggregated according to hazard, or specific community sectors. In particular, this session underscored the importance of participatory and interdisciplinary approaches in climate change adaptation research as well as in risk-based CBA to provide additional insight on the economic valuation of CC adaptation options. During the Q&A part, issues regarding the role of LGUs and NGOs in vulnerability assessment studies received prime importance. Validation of vulnerability data was also acknowledged.

22 21 Session 9. Planning, Implementation and Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation: Local Perspective Le Van Thu Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam This session aimed to provide a case of climate change adaptation (CCA) based on vulnerability, impact and adaptation assessment (VIAA) from the perspective of a local government unit. In Vietnam, national policy providing for VIAA and CCA is embodied in the following three documents: 1. Decision No.1819/QĐ-BTNMT dated November 2007 implementing activities on CCA; 2. Decision No, 158/QĐ TTg dated 2 December 2008, which approved the national program focused on global climate change adaptation; and 3. Document No. 3815/MONRE on the guidance of developing CCA Action Plans at the provincial level. Thua Thien Hue province is located at Central Vietnam and is considered a tourist spot. However, the locality faces many challenges, such as population pressure of 1,090,879 inhabitants within an area of 5,033.2 km 2. The province has a coastline of 128 km, lagoon acreage of 22,000 ha, and has within its jurisdiction Son Cha Island with an area of 1.6km 2. Thua Thien Hue province is significant in that it was the capital of Vietnam from 1802 to 1945 and is a center of tourism, education and health care in Central Vietnam. The province has two world heritages, beautiful and romantic scenery, is rich in natural and human resources, and belongs to Vietnam s actively developing regions. However, Thua Thien Hue is under pressure. Eighty percent of its population lives in the lowlands comprising 30 percent of the area of the province. Its economy is characterized by increasing exploitation of natural resources and widening gap between the rich and poor. The area is vulnerable to natural disasters and climate change causing landslides, typhoons, floods, drought, soil erosion, and general environmental degradation. In 2001 to 2005, the province developed and approved its Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Strategy and Action Plans. On 27 May 2011, its Provincial Steering Committee to implement the National Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Action Plan was established. A Local Consultant Network was established on 2 June 2011 and the Provincial CCA Action Plan was developed and approved on 3 February At the provincial level, existing policies on CCA include the Environmental Protection Action Plan towards communities resilient to climate change. It was established and approved by the Provincial Peoples Committee (PPC) on 20 August Relevant Departments and communities have cooperated with international organizations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to carry out some projects on CCA, such as Development Workshop France (DWF), Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET), and Earth Observatory /Singapore. The ICZM Strategy aimed for sustainable development in Thua Thien Hue province and was made up of four strategic components, namely: 1) capacity building on ICZM, comprising

23 22 nine action plans; 2) protection of resources and environment, comprising seven action plans; 3) Integration of natural disaster management (NDM) with coastal resource management, comprising three action plans; and 4) effective and sustainable use of resources, comprising eight action plans. Component 1 on capacity building included environment and biodiversity monitoring, awareness-raising on environmental protection, and total bacteria count (TBC) and cleaning of the beaches. Component 2 on protection of resources and environment included establishment of eight protection areas for aquatic species in Cau Hai Lagoon in Tam Giang. Component 3 included building structures and carrying out measures to protect the coastline. Component 4 included developing the master plans and tourist development plans by private sector entities, mostly resorts, and a provincial action plan on climate change adaptation approved on 5 February This plan was premised on Vietnam experiencing serious impacts of climate change, with 80 percent of the population of Thua Thien Hue residing in vulnerable lowlands. It essentially aims to 1) raise awareness on CCA in the communities; 2) assess the impacts of climate change on various sectors and areas in the province; 3) prepare an integrated provincial action plan on CCA to be developed into a master plan and action plans of relevant sectors and localities, along the provincial socio-economic strategy for 2020 and next decades; and 4) develop institutions for implementation of the plan. Titled Building Resilient Asian Cities or M-BRACE, the plan was set for three s from 2011 to 2013, aimed to develop a climate change-resilient Hue City. M-BRACE was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through ISET/National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategy Studies (NITPASS). In realizing the plan, Year 2011 was devoted primarily to project preparation and start-up. In 2012, the project prepared a report of the general situation of Thua Thien Hue, which includes a survey report and a vulnerability assessment report. For 2013, the targets include development of an action plan for climate change research, development of interventions, and project development for submission to donors and funders. The project will close in March Along these M-BRACE plans, the project has carried out small projects in relevant sectors and districts as supported by various foreign donors. The outputs of M-BRACE so far include the following: 1. Vulnerability assessment (VA) a. General report b. Workshop and survey report c. Matrix for present VA, with the following components: National Scenarios P. Socio-economic Dev. Scenarios Master plan and socio-economic development plan Hydrometeorologic models d. Matrix for future VA based on that of present VA 2. Map of Hue City 3. Inundation Map 4. Exposure Map 5. Resilience Map 6. Present VA Map 7. Master Plan for VA Map VA Map 2050

24 23 In conclusion, the session stressed the following key points: 1. A prevailing lack of knowledge and experience on VIAA and CCA at the local level; 2. Although national and provincial action plans were established and issued, implementation is not good enough; 3. Apparent disharmony between economic development and CCA, natural resource management (NRM) and environmental protection (EP); 4. A need to further reinforce national action plans and provincial action plans on CCA; 5. A need to simplify and summarize the VIAA process; and 6. A need to strengthen regional and international cooperation on CCA. Session 10. Assessment, Monitoring, and Evaluation of Resultsbased Adaptation Planning Roberto Pedro C. Sandoval, Jr. FAO-Philippines The session was introduced with a framework showing where assessment, monitoring, and evaluation (AME) activities occur within a project cycle, and within the broader policy and programme cycle, as they relate to five steps of the planning process: conceptualization, preparation, appraisal and approval, implementation, and evaluation. The latter three steps basically form the project cycle. This framework was adopted from the Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook, a recent FAO publication. Designing a Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system is challenging especially when it comes to deciding which indicator will match with a particular goal to measure a project's success. Assessment, monitoring, and evaluation are integral parts of climate change adaptation planning and implementation. Assessment activities contribute to defining indicators, baselines (situations at the beginning of the intervention), and baseline projections (without intervention). On the other hand, M&E activities set baselines, define indicators, measure progress, and evaluate successes and setbacks in adaptation interventions. The session outlined the steps in preparation and appraisal of the planning process as follows: 1. Identifying contribution to adaptation. This considers how a certain intervention would contribute to increasing the adaptive capacity of a community. 2. Creating adaptation hypothesis and theory of change. This is done at the different levels, from community to the national level, and takes into account the various stakeholders and project beneficiaries. It outlines in a participatory and gender-sensitive way the possible options and their expected changes and results across activities, expected behaviour changes, outcomes, and impacts. This is where adaptation needs are defined. 3. Developing adaptation-associated indicators. Indicators are developed based on the above hypotheses and changed expectations. 4. Developing results-based management. It provides a framework where M&E is used to drive stakeholders to focus much more on results rather than inputs and activities. This can be done by using a participatory M&E approach and applying learning by doing. 5. Carrying out of appraisal. This involves reviewing the AME design in terms of risks, technical and social feasibility, robustness, efficiency, and safeguards.

25 24 The session further underscored the importance of learning as a continuous process in M&E. It was pointed out that M&E is not to be carried out only by experts; but should involve the participation of local stakeholders, as it builds their capacity and gives them a sense of ownership. In the light of considerable uncertainties in CCA interventions, the learning process significantly helps in adaptive management during implementation. As mentioned, one of activities under assessment in a results-based framework is defining a set of indicators. The development of indicators should be guided by the SMART Criteria Simple, Measurable, Attributable, Reliable and Time-bound. The SMART Criteria was expanded to include the following parameters: 1. Validity. Does the indicator measure a change in climate risk or vulnerability? To what extent? 2. Precise and specific meaning. Do stakeholders agree on exactly what the indicator measures in this context? This is because definitions vary from one institution to another. Vagueness leads to confusion. 3. Practical, affordable and simple. Is the data available at reasonable cost and effort? Is it realistic to collect and analyze information? 4. Reliability. Can the indicators be consistently measured against the adaptation baseline over the short, medium and long term? 5. Sensitivity. When the respective climatic effects or adaptive behaviours change, is the indicator susceptible to those changes? 6. Clear direction. Is it certain that an increase in value is good or bad and for which particular aspect of adaptation? 7. Utility. How useful and relevant are the data collected? Can it be used for other projects? Does it measure achievable results? 8. Owned. Do stakeholders agree that the indicator makes sense for testing the adaptation hypothesis? Considering the above criteria, there are actually four types of Indicators quantitative, qualitative, proxy indicators (used when one cannot directly collect data for the indicator), and indices. In determining baseline and baseline projections, one should take into account that baseline data is used to check/evaluate short-term project results. Baseline projection, on the other hand, provides counterfactuals and is used for long-term impacts of adaptation interventions. There is a need to constantly update baseline projections, as climate change evolves over time. This requires revising or changing adaptation interventions to reflect baseline projections. The following challenges with respect to climate change impacts and adaptation AME were presented: 1. Definition and goals terminologies may differ from one stakeholder to another. At the start of the project, the stakeholders should arrive at common definitions and goals. 2. Multi-sectoral issues and engaging stakeholders 3. Scales, leakage, permanency, externality and ancillary impact 4. Availability of data and Information 5. Working with uncertainties 6. Attribution difficulty 7. Inadequate capacity for AME 8. Practicality of methods and tools

26 25 Synthesis of Presentations Rex Victor O. Cruz, UPLB The various sessions of the workshop gave the participants a glimpse of the entire process of adaptation planning, starting with the assessment of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, which are needed to be able to assess the vulnerability of selected sectors of agriculture, forests, biodiversity, coastal and marine resources, and water resources, to climate change up to monitoring and evaluation. The main points of the workshop are: Climate change impact assessments are based on projected scenarios of future climate change and these are usually presented as changes in temperature, precipitation, and rise in sea level, among others. A number of exposure assessment (climate projection) tools are available based on available information and data. The results of these models provide information on the potential impacts of climate change. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change to these key sectors of the economy is essential in designing future development activities, coping and adaptation capacities and strategies, and integrating these adaptation strategies into development planning. Two frameworks were presented to define vulnerability in the context of climate change. Both frameworks define vulnerability as a function of exposure to climate variability, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity; such that the vulnerability level of a sector or system increases as the level of exposure and sensitivity increases. On the other hand, the level of vulnerability decreases as the adaptive capacity or coping range increases. A number of approaches may be used to assess vulnerability. These are: top-down approach, bottom-up approach, and a combination of both approaches. The results of studies offer opportunities for integrating climate change adaptation into policies and development planning. A range of methods and tools in the assessment of climate change impact in the water sector is also available. Embedded in these tools are different hydrologic models to come up with indices. Additional tools not mentioned earlier include geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing. In selecting suitable Vulnerability Assessment tools, the following factors must be considered: 1) relevance, 2) measurability /results validated, 3) analytical soundness, 4) ease of use, 5) availability of data, and 6) availability of expertise. Adaptation assessment tools were also discussed. In contrast with vulnerability assessment, adaptation assessment focuses on the adaptive capacity and adaptation measures required to improve the resilience or robustness of the system exposed to climate change. It requires evaluating how well different practices and technologies will avoid adverse climate change impacts. In evaluating a set of adaptation options that have been identified, economic tools that can be used include Benefit-Cost Analysis, Cost Effectiveness Analysis, and Multi-Criteria Analysis, with their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Another approach to adaptation assessment is by ranking them into levels of regret : win-win, no regret, and low regret. The economic analysis of climate change, as with all scientific knowledge, will always contain some degree of uncertainty. There are several ways to deal with

27 26 uncertainty, namely, scenario building, sensitivity analysis, expected value calculation, and expert judgment. The need to integrate CCA into development planning as part of broader policies and practices was emphasized, in as much as climate change has evolved into a development issue. Two frameworks in mainstreaming CCA into development planning were presented. Assessment, monitoring and evaluation are integral parts of climate change adaptation planning and implementation. Assessment activities contribute to defining indicators, baselines (situations at the beginning of the intervention), and baseline projections (without intervention). The development of indicators should be guided by the Extended SMART Criteria (Simple, Measurable, Attributable, Reliable and Time-bound) to include validity, sensitivity, and reliability, among others. The following common constraints to adaptation planning have been identified: 1. Limited understanding of nature and extent of risks and vulnerabilities; 2. Information and data gaps in VIAA (30 s minimum climate data); 3. Lack of capability and other resources; 4. Lack of supportive policies, standards, regulations and design guidance; 5. Existing legal or regulatory restrictions; 6. Lack of availability or restricted access to finance; and 7. Differences in willingness to accept uncertainties. Workshop Outputs The participants analysed the application of VIAA Tools, Approaches and Methods in CCA Planning by working on a matrix provided by the Technical Coordinator. The matrix allowed them to identify some of the key constraints or prerequisites to apply the tools, approaches, and methods in VIAA presented by the experts. The key constraints were categorized into technical/ knowledge, financial, policy, institutional, and other constraints that do not fall into these categories. The workshop aimed to come up with a consolidated matrix of tools and requirements which may serve as a basis for developing a regional strategy for enhancing the use of these VIAA tools. This regional strategy can come in the form of capacity building, research or agreements or collaboration and networking. These workshop outputs are presented in Annex 5..

28 27 Session 11. Implications for Local s: Way Forward Mozaharul Alam UNEP ROAP The local government is a key stakeholder in the vulnerability assessment process in terms of the vital services they provide to the community and how these services are affected by climate change. The local government is the level closest to the people directly affected by the hazards posed by climate change. Hence, the local government and institutions, by virtue of the services that they provide to the community, can be vital entry points in assessing climate change impacts and mainstreaming climate change adaptation plans at the local and sectoral planning level. This session provided examples on some local government functions and activities which could be affected by climate changes and fluctuations. Discussed here were key climate influences and possible effects of climate change for each of these functions. One of the vital functions or services that the local government provides to the community is water supply and sanitation. Unfortunately, the asset/s or resources that will be most likely affected by climate change is the management of surface and groundwater, including groundwater acquifer, rivers, lakes, wetlands, ponds, among others. The key climatic changes or climate influences that the services are exposed to include changes in rainfall and temperature, and salinity intrusion. The potential impacts or possible effects due to climate change are as follows: variation in availability of volume of water; reduced water quality (saline, weed growth, pest species); and reduction of water retention capacity (sedimentation). This type of analysis at the local governance level can be useful in guiding policymakers in identifying adaptation options and where to focus adaptation efforts to address climate change. Here, the critical role of local government and institutions in facilitating adaptation to climate change is quite evident. The challenges faced by the local government would be in terms of adequacy (will existing measures be able to handle future problems?) and effectiveness (will existing measures be able to withstand climate change?). Given the complexity and changing nature of the problems in coping with climate change, there is, therefore, a need for vertical and horizontal integration of all efforts at the national and local level and across different sectors of the local government.

29 Annex 1 Workshop Outputs

30 Workshop Outputs on Contextualizing the Application of VIAA Tools, Approaches and Methods in CCA Planning TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD Framework for Mainstreaming CCA in Development finding the entry points and making the case COUNTRY Indonesia Philippines Cambodia Malaysia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others National action plan some National law for long GHG, Indonesia climate ministries/departm National council on National budget is term development change sectoral road ents prepare climate change was still dominant plan has been map, Nation action plan climate change established in 2008 established adaptation response Mainstreaming adaptation into NSDP and policy processes Improve technical capacity and knowledge Research is currently in progress for model adaptation for rice in specific northern areas. needs more learning and Support from DPs and other sources of funding Need more collaboration from the central government and local municipalities National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC), National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) and guidelines for Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP). More comprehensive CCSP policy National policy on Climate Change Philippine Climate Change Commission attached to the of the President is lead policy-making body. Priority institutions of government and universities National, Ecotown Project - is a municipality or a group of municipalities wherein our goal is to build the adaptive capacities of women and men in their communities and increase the resilience of these vulnerable communities sectors and natural ecosystems to climate change.

31 2 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD mainstreaming adaptation into policy processes meeting the challenges of implementation COUNTRY Malaysia Vietnam Indonesia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others Need more funds from international Critical issues need Technical persons are / to be highlighted adequate to address collaboration (cost for adaptation the issues between various vs. losses from CC) parties Need technical expertise/knowledge Green building, green infrastructure, green waste, green water already applied in Indonesia Exposure Assessment/Downscaling of GCM Scenarios Tools Currently Malaysia use 3 Regional Climate Models : i) Regional Hydroclimate Model which coupled the Malaysia Atmospheric and Hydrological Model ii) PRECIS Model iii) Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) Statistical Improve technical Downscaling Cambodia capacity and Method knowledge Indonesia already applied although lack of data Need funding support Many local governments have limited budget Need more financial in order to maintain the Supercomputing and computer facilities for downscaling activities. Need financial support from sources All ministries have prepared strategic plan for each sector National, Ministry of public works is the focal point NAHRIM, UKM, MMD Existing institutions: MoE Role of statistical bureau is very important Many local governments are not concerned with the issue on CC

32 3 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD PRECIS Magic Scengen MAKESENS Trend Analysis COUNTRY Malaysia Cambodia Malaysia Vietnam Cambodia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others There are a lot of expertise throughout the country in statistical downscaling capabilities Improve technical capacity and knowledge Malaysia has sufficient technical knowledge to run PRECIS. In the future, Malaysia will continue the downscaling process with the latest model RegCM4 together with PRECIS using latest RCP's scenario. Uses PRECIS to develop climate change scenarios Improve technical capacity and knowledge Need financial support from sources PRECIS is freely available especially for the non-annex I countries. RegCM4 also is free regional climate model need financial support to collect data and run the model Need financial support from sources Existing institutions: MoE, MOWRAM, CNMC National, No policy yet None Data collection Existing institutions: MoE National,

33 4 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD Tool COUNTRY Impact Assessment Tools for Water SEA-BASIN VIC SWAT WatBal IHERCRES Falkenmark Indicator Cambodia Vietnam Indonesia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others Build technical capacity and knowledge no (our institute used to apply it) Need financial support from sources yes, we need financial support to collect data and run the model National budget still dominant Existing institutions: MoE, MOWRAM, CNMC, CDRI, RUA, ITC None None Data collection Ministry of Public Works already applied National, CropWat + Indonesia National budget still Ministry of

34 5 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD ClimWat - irrigation demand (FAO) FAO-56 Model Water Security Index WEAP COUNTRY Vietnam Indonesia Cambodia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others dominant Agriculture is the focal point Our institute used to apply it Build technical capacity and knowledge yes, we need financial support to collect data and run the model National budget still dominant Need financial support from sources None None Ministry of Agriculture is the focal point Existing institutions: MoE, CDRI TANK Cambodia Build technical capacity and knowledge Need financial support from sources Existing institutions: MoE, MOWRAM, CNMC ISIS Cambodia Build technical capacity and knowledge Need financial support from sources Existing institutions: MOWRAM, CNMC Malaysia Watershed Environmental Hydrological Model (WEHY), Expert in Storm Water Some of the model are quite expensive and some of them are freely available Various government and universities

35 6 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD COUNTRY Impact Assessment Tools for Ecosystems BIOME4 for Ecosystem Productivity Vietnam Impact Assessment Tools for Agriculture MOSAICC FAO's Regional Rice Model in Climate Change DSSAT Indonesia Cambodia Malaysia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others Management Model (XPSWMM), WEAP, MUSIC, HECHMS, SWAT, HVB, MIKE- BASIN, MIKE-11 Need technical knowledge Build technical capacity and knowledge Widely used by several research institutes and research organizations need financial support to collect data and run the model National budget still dominant Need financial support from sources More research funds focusing on adaptation related research are required. Downscaling on several provinces/ granary/ plantation None More comprehensive results need to be presented to the policy makers. Extensive use of various reports on climate change National, None agency for meteorology, climatology and geophysics is still working on it Existing institutions: MoE, MOWRAM, CNMC and universities

36 7 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD COUNTRY Impact Assessment Tools for Coastal Areas Wave Exposure model Cambodia needs TNA Indonesia Sensitivity Assessment Tools robustness/health of community, Cambodia individual, sector, ecosystem age, education, income, location Indonesia Vietnam Cambodia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others areas Build technical capacity and knowledge Improve technical capacity and knowledge Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical supports for applying these tools technical capacity and knowledge Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, UNs National budget still dominant Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC etc National budget still dominant Need financial support to collect data Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC etc Integrate into CC planning development None Integrate into CC planning development Existing institutions: MoE, MAFF Ministry of marine and fishery is the focal point MoE, MAFF, MoP, RUA, RUPP, NCDM Some ministries are preparing this None MoE, MAFF, MoP, RUA, RUPP, NCDM

37 8 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD geography (location in relation to rivers, community center, slope, elevation, etc) Adaptive Capacity Assessment COUNTRY Indonesia Cambodia Indonesia Cambodia Indonesia Vulnerability Assessment Tools Quadrant Method Indonesia Vietnam CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others National budget still Some ministries dominant are preparing this Improve technical capacity and knowledge Improve technical capacity and knowledge Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC, etc. National budget still dominant Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC, EEPSEA, Etc. National budget still dominant National budget still dominant Integrate into CC planning development Integrate into CC planning development MoE, MAFF, MoP, MoWRAM Some ministries are preparing this MoE, MoWRAM Some ministries are preparing this National Council on Climate Change has prepared this CCROM IPB is one of the research institutions for this.

38 9 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD Web Diagram Climate Risk Assessment Matrix COUNTRY Indonesia Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Improve technical capacity and knowledge Experts are there but need more participation in the climate change committee group National budget still dominant Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC, EEPSEA, etc. National budget still dominant Specific funds allocated for research. Integrate into CC planning development Economic tools should be highlighted for agriculture especially on specific crops National Council on Climate Change has prepared this MoE, MoWRAM National Council on Climate Change has prepared this CCROM IPB is one of the research institutions for this. CCROM IPB is one of the research institutions for this.

39 10 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD I-C-SEA C Climate Change TURF CIVAT COUNTRY Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful

40 11 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD EEPSEA Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping Method COUNTRY Cambodia Adaptation Assessment Tools BCA Cost Effectiveness Vietnam Malaysia Vietnam CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others because we need it to research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Improve technical capacity and knowledge Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Technical expertise is there among research institutes. Need more participation of research economists/ academics Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to research further about climate change. It Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC, EEPSEA etc Need specific funds from the government to addresses the issues for a long term planning Integrate into CC planning development MoE, MoWRAM None None Data collection Need more participation of policy makers and local governments Universities/ government / local None None Data collection

41 12 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD Valuation Techniques Dealing with uncertainties - Sensitivity analysis - Scenario Building - Expected value calculation - Simulation (probabilitistic) COUNTRY Vietnam Indonesia Malaysia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Yes, this is quite new for us. It is helpful because we need it to research further about climate change. It would be great if we get technical support for applying these tools Technical expertise is there among research institutes. Need more National budget still dominant Specific research funds related to CCA None None Data collection Climate change committee to obtain more data from Ministry of Environment and NGO are still working on it Universities some universities (IPB, UI, ITB etc) and research institutions (CCROM, LIPI,CIFOR) are still working on it

42 13 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD COUNTRY - VRA Cambodia Crystalball V&A assessment techniques Cambodia Cambodia Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Extended SMART Agroecosystem analysis Cross-cut Tools Geospatial Images (Landsat and SPOT5) Indonesia Malaysia CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others participation of research economists/ academics research using specific tools Build technical capacity and knowledge Build technical capacity and knowledge Build technical capacity and knowledge already applied in Indonesia 1) Topographic 100- meter contour dataset 2) SRTM-3 DEM dataset at 3-arc second resolution; 3) Landsat-5 images (GeoCover dataset) at Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, U.SAID, MRC, etc Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC, etc. Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC, etc. Integrate into CC planning development, NetCom Integrate into CC planning development, NetCom Integrate into CC planning development, NetCom MoE, MAFF, RUA MoE, MAFF, RUA MoE, MAFF, RUA Some ministries are preparing this.

43 14 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD COUNTRY CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others 30-meter resolution; 4) US Geological Survey (USGS) data on the region s topography at 1km grid resolution; 5) US Geological Survey (USGS) data on the region s land use/land cover and vegetation cover at 1km resolution; 6) US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) data on the region s land and vegetation cover at 30 seconds and 10 minutes resolutions, and topographic data at 1km resolution; 7) United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UN FAO) data on the region s soils at 30 seconds resolution; 8) MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) datasets. 9) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometry

44 15 TOOL, APPROACH, METHOD COUNTRY CONSTRAINT/PREREQUISITE to APPLICATION Technical /Knowledge Financial Policy Institutional Others (AVHRR) GIS/Geospatial Analytical methods Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Build technical capacity and knowledge already applied in Indonesia Technical expertise available in the country, including on Agro Ecological Zoning Need financial support from UNEP, UNFCCC, USAID, MRC etc More research funds that focuses on CCA Integrate into CC planning development, NetCom Policy on improving agricultural inputs may also addressed the issues on CCA MoE, MAFF, RUA Some ministries are preparing this. Research institutes and universities Only limited local government applied

45 Annex 2 Workshop Evaluation

46 2 Annex 3 Workshop Agenda TIME DAY 1 10 JULY, DAY 2 11 JULY, WEDNESDAY THURSDAY 8:00 8:30 a.m. Registration Opening Program, Review of Day 1 and Expectations Check Overview of Day 2 8:30 9:30 and Workshop Overview Dr. RVO Cruz Mr. Mozaharul Alam, UNEP; Dr. Gil C. Saguiguit, Jr., SEARCA; Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz, UPLB VIAA Tools for Climate Change Adaptation in Water Resource Management* Dr. Shamsuddin Shahid, UTM, Malaysia Overview on Mainstreaming CCA and 9:30 10:30 on VIAA Mr. M. Alam 10:30 10:45 Coffee/tea Approaches to Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to 10:45 12:00 Climate Change and Adaptation Options Dr. Roberto Pedro C. Sandoval, Jr. UN FAO Philippines 12:00 1:15 p.m. Lunch 1:15 2:25 p.m. 2:25 3:35 VIAA Tools and their Application in Agriculture* Dr. Rizaldi Boer, IPB, Indonesia VIAA Tools for Climate Change Adaptation in Forestry and Biodiversity* Dr. Elizabeth M. Philip MNRE, Malaysia Economic Tools for CCA Planning and Evaluation Dr. Herminia A. Francisco, EEPSEA Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation in Three Southeast Asian Localities Dr. Bui Dung The, Hue University, Vietnam Planning, Implementation and Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation: Local Perspective Mr. Le Van Thu, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam 3:35 3:50 Coffee/tea VIAA Tools for Climate Change Adaptation in 3:50 5:00 Coastal and Marine Resources* Ms. Miledel Christine C. Quibilan, UP MSI, Philippines 5:00 5:30 Management of Learning Dr. Maria Celeste H. Cadiz, SEARCA Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation for Results-based Adaptation Planning Dr. RPC Sandoval, Jr. Management of Learning Dr. Puja Sawhney, APAN DAY 3 12 JULY, FRIDAY Review of Day 2 and Overview of Day 3 Dr. RVO Cruz Workshop: Context- Specific Application of VIAA Tools for CCA Planning Dr. RVO Cruz Presentation of Workshop Outputs and Discussion Dr. P. Sawhney and Team of Resource Persons/Facilitators Continue Presentation Dr. P. Sawhney and Team of Resource Persons/Facilitators Implications for Local s: Way Forward Mr. M. Alam Wrap-up, Synthesis and Feedback Exercise Dr. RVO Cruz / Ms. RB Bantayan Closing Exercises Mr. M. Alam Dr. P. Sawhney Dr. MCH Cadiz

47 3 Annex 4 Profiles of Resource Persons Mr. Mozaharul Alam is the Regional Climate Change Coordinator, Regional for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Environment Programme,. He is responsible for overseeing and facilitating the development and implementation of all UNEP climate change related projects in the region.dr. Alam also served as coordinator of the climate change program at the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies. He has conducted and coordinatedsignificant amounts of research on climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, designed and implemented a community based adaptation (CBA) project in Bangladesh, and provided technical inputs to CBA projects in Africancountries. A contributing author to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Mr. Alam has been a member of Bangladesh delegations at international climate change negotiations and was one of the coordinators of the G77 and China Adaptation Building Blocks Ad hoc Working Group on Long term Cooperative Action (AWG LCA) under the Bali Road Map. Dr. Roberto Pedro C. Sandoval, Jr. is Climate Change and Food Security Specialist of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Manila, Philippines. He is currently working on an interregional project on the Assessments of Climate Change Impacts and Mapping of Vulnerability to Food Insecurity under Climate Change to Strengthen Household Food Security with Livelihoods Adaptation Approaches (AMICAF). This pilot FAO project covers climate change impact, crop yield, hydrology and provincial agricultural market modelling; household-level food insecurity vulnerability analysis; community-based adaptation; and institutional/policy analyses. Roberto also provides technical backstopping to other climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction activities/projects of FAO Philippines. He joined FAO in 2011 as a Climate Change Adaptation Specialist for a joint UN program sub-component on Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation Capacity of Communities in Contiguous Fragile Ecosystems. Dr. Rizalidi Boer is the Executive Director of the Center for Climate Risk and Opportunity Management in Southeast Asia and Pacific, Indonesia. Dr. Boer finished his M.Sc. Agroclimatology at Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia and his Ph.D. in Agriculture at the University of Sydney, Australia. He is one of the lead authors of the FourthAssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize thathe shares with former US Vice-President Al Gore and IPCC s whole scientist contingent. At his university, he teaches at the Department of Geophysics and Meteorology and heads the Climatology Laboratory. Since 1995, he has been actively involved in various regional research activities related to climate variability and climate change. He is frequently invited by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat to be part of the expert review team of the National GHG Inventory of Annex 1 countries. He is also the President of the Indonesian Society on Agriculture Meteorology and the chairperson of the RA V Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology for the World Meteorological Organization.He has served as consultant of numerous projects on climate change in SEA funded by ADB, GIZ, UNDP and JICA.

48 4 Dr. Elizabeth M. Philip is the Head of Climate Change and Forestry Programme in the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). During her 20 s tenure, she has spearheaded more than ten projects dealing with plant resource documentation, arboriculture, and environmental and forestry issues. She was directly involved in the preparation of the Second National Communications to UNFCCC. In addition, she oversees the implementation of REDD+ in Malaysia. She is tasked with developing the National REDD+ Strategy. Dr. Philip has actively participated in many discussions related to climate change, biodiversity and arboriculture in international, regional and national levels. In addition, she is a member of a number of international and national technical committees. She is a certified arborist by the International Society for Arboriculture (ISA). She was also involved in the development of the National Biodiversity Policy. Ms. Miledel Christine C. Quibilan is a Coastal Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Specialist at the Coral Community Ecology Laboratory of the Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines. She is a coral reef ecologist by training and dedicated marine conservationist with more than 15 s of basic and applied research experience. She has been involved in various research projects incountry and in the region, like UNEP Global Environment Facility (GEF) South China Sea Program and the Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape focusing on the protection, conservation and management of coral reefs. She worked as a Marine Protected Areas Specialist at Conservation International - Philippines and provided technical guidance to local governments in the establishment of ecologically-functioning marine protected area networks in marine corridors such as the Verde Island Passage. Her interest in climate change-related issues started when she studied the ecological and socio-economic impacts of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event that led to massive coral bleaching. She spearheaded the Vulnerability Assessment (VA) of the Verde Island Passage to Climate Change and a follow-up mangrove adaptation project funded by USAID Coral Triangle Support Partnership. She also served as the project coordinator of a USAID-funded grant to provide regional level training on climate change adaptation (CCAs) and vulnerability assessments and to initiate the formation of a learning network on CCA with the six countries involved in the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI). She is presently a Coastal VA and Adaptation Consultant (as Lead Trainer) for on-going projects funded by the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and USAID through their Ecofish Project. In addition, Ms. Quibilan is a part-time consultant for climate-smart development planning for GIZ under their Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Project. She is based at the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute. Dr. Shamsuddin Shahid is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. His main research interests include Climate Variability and Changes, Climate Change Impacts on Hydrological Processes and Water Resources, Water Resources Management, and Natural Hazards vulnerability and risk. He has more than 17 s of research and teaching experience in hydrology and water resources in different countries like Bangladesh, India,, Malaysia, South Africa and Germany. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur (India) in He did his postdoctoral research in Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena-Germany under Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship Program. He worked as a researcher and lecturer in many reputed institutes like Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)-, Rhodes University-South Africa, University of Malaya-Malaysia, Indian Institute of Technology-

49 5 Kharagpur (india), Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO) and Rajshahi University-Bangladesh. He is the lead author of over 30 research articles published in internationally reputed journals including Climatic Change, Hydrological Processes, Water Resources Management, Natural Hazards, Climate Research, International Journal of Remote Sensing, etc. He also co-authored two books and four book chapters. Dr. Herminia A. Francisco is the Director of the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA). EEPSEA receives funding support from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Dr. Francisco leads the Program in developing capacity for environmental economics research to address priority environmental and natural resource use problems in the region. Prior to taking the post as Director of EEPSEA, Dr. Francisco was stationed in Cambodia for two s where she managed the capacity building training and research grant activities for select institutions in Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam. Dr. Francisco also taught for several s at the University of the Philippines Los Bañosand was also involved in providing consultancy services to several international organizations before joining EEPSEA. Her written works dealt on economics of soil erosion and conservation, pricing of environmental services, and institutional issues governing management of common pool resources. She co-edited two books that feature the collection of environmental economics research works in Vietnam and the Philippines. Her recent publication includes Adaptation to Climate Change:Needs and Opportunities in Southeast Asia in the ASEAN Economic Bulletin, April 2008 and the Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia, January Dr. Bui Dung The is the Director of the of Science-Technology, International Cooperation and Postgraduate Education, Hue University, Vietnam. He is also a senior economist of EEPSEA. Heholdsan M.Sc. in Development Management and a Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics. His main areas of interest are land use, forest management, and community development. He is currently working on globalization and aquaculture in ThuaThien Hu and Water for Food or Ecosystem. His recent publications include: 1) Payment is good, control is better: Why forest environmental services have so far remained incipient in Vietnam,CIFOR, 2005 (with Wunder S. and Ibarra, E.); and 2) Rewarding Upland Farmers for Environmental Services: Experience, Constraints and Potential in Vietnam, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional, 2004 (with Dang Thanh Ha and Nguyen QuocChinh). Mr. Le Van Thu was recently appointed as Expert of Investment Promotion at The People s Committee of ThuaThien Hue Province, Viet Nam. Prior to his appointment as Expert of Investment Promotion, he served as coordinator of M-BRACE/ ISET Program in ThuaThien Hue in which he was involved in the conduct of VIAA in Hue City, Viet Nam. He was also part of the team which implemented the mangrove forest restoration project for Perfume River Delta, ThuaThien Hue Province. In addition Mr. Le Van Thu is a member of International Coastman Network/ InWent/ German; a standing expert of lagoon research project, Department of Science, Technology and Environment of ThuaThien Hue

50 6 Province; and a key partner of Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) and PEMSEA Networkof Local s for Sustainable Coastal Development (PNLG) in Viet Nam.As Coordinator of Viet Nam Netherlands Integrated Coastal Zone Management in ThuaThien Hue Province from , he was responsible for organizing a local consultants network of 30 members tasked to develop Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Strategy and Actions Plans for ThuaThien Hue Coastal Province. At the same time, he served as the Coordinator of Coastal Cooperation Program which aimed todevelop the wetland restoration project for O Lau River Delta in ThuaThien Hue. He is one of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Experts responsible for developing the ICM strategy at the provincial level in Viet Nam, such as innghe An Province, SocTrang Province. Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz is Professor of Watershed Management and Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Los Baños. A former Dean of the College of Forestry and Natural Resources at the same university he now leads, Dr. Cruz led more than 20 research studies/projects in climate change studies, forestry and watershed management. He holds the rank of Scientist III under the University of the Philippines (UP) Scientific Productivity Program. He has published/written/presented more than 70 technical papers locally and internationally on various topics including watershed management, forestry, land use planning and climate change. He was a member of the Working Group II of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), among the 2007 recipientsof the Nobel Peace Prize as Principal Lead Author of the Second Assessment Report ( ), Lead Author of the Third Assessment Report ( ) and Coordinating Lead Author of the Fourth Assessment Report ( ); and was one of the early proponents of climate change studies in the Philippines. He is a member of the UPLB Interdisciplinary Committee on Climate Change and led the vulnerability and adaptation assessment for the forestry sector as a contribution to the preparation of the Philippine Second National Communication to be submitted to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

51 Annex 5 Directory Resource Persons, of Participants, and Workshop Management Team Resource Persons Name and Title Position Organization Dr. Roberto Pedro C. Sandoval, Jr. Climate Change and Food Security Specialist Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations- Philippines 29 th Floor Yuchengco Tower 1, RCBC Plaza 6819 Ayala Avenue, Makati City 1200 Philippines phone to 360 fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization roberto.sandoval@fao.org Dr. Rizaldi Boer Executive Director Center for Climate Risk and Opportunity Management in Southeast Asia and Pacific Institut Pertanian Bogor Kampus IPB Baranangsiang, Jalan Raya Pajajaran Bogor 16143, Indonesia phone fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization rizaldiboer@gmail.com Dr. Elizabeth M. Philip Head, Climate Change and Forestry Programme, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) and Head, REDD Unit Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia Wisma Sumber Asli, No.25 Persiaran Perdana, Presint Putrajaya, Malaysia phone fax philip@nre.gov.my

52 2 Name and Title Position Organization Ms. Miledel Christine C. Quibilan Coastal VA and Adaptation Specialist Coral Community Ecology Lab Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City Philippines 1101 phone fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization Mobile: Dr. Shamsuddin Shahid Associate Professor Department of Hydraulics & Hydrology Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia phone fax Mobile number sshahid@utm.my; sshahid_ait@yahoo.com Name and Title Position Organization Dr. Herminia A. Francisco Director Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia Worldfish Headquarters Penang, Malaysia h.francisco@cgiar.org Name and Title Position Organization Dr. Bui Dung The Director of Science-Technology, International Cooperation and Postgraduate Education Hue College of Economics, Hue University, Vietnam 100 PhungHung Str., HueCity phone fax Mobile number buidungthe@yahoo.com

53 3 Name and Title Mr. Le Van Thu Position Expert on Investment Promotion Organization The People s Committee of Thua Thien Hue Province 16 Le Loi St., Hue City Hue Province, Vietnam phone fax lvthu.ubnd@thuathienhue.gov.vn; autumnle1958@gmail.com Participants Name and Title Position Organization Mr. Chhun Seiha Vice Chief Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation, Climate Change Department, Ministry of Environment 48 Samdech Preah Sihanouk Blvd, Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia phone fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization ch_seiha@yahoo.com Mr. Heng Chan Theoun Deputy Director Climate Change Department, Ministry of Environment 48 Samdech Preah Sihanouk Blvd, Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia phone fax Mobile number hcthoeun@gmail.com Name and Title Position Organizatio n Mr. Ardiyanto Aryoseno Staff Working Group on Adaptation, National Council on Climate Change Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan No 13. Lantai 18. Jakarta Indonesia

54 4 phone fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization ardiyanto.dnpi@gmail.com Dr. Hadi Sucahyono Head Sub-Directorate of Policy and Strategy, Directorate General of Human Settlements, Ministry of Public Works JALAN PATTIMURA 20, JAKARTA phone fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization sucahyono1@yahoo.com Mr. Vilakone Maniphousay Technical r Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Lao PDR Phone fax Name and Title Position Organization vilakhonemp@gmail.com Mr. Ammone Sitaphone Technical r Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Lao PDR phone fax yim_ammone@yahoo.com

55 5 Name and Title Position Organization Mr. Mohd Syazwan Faizal Mohd Research r National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Lot 5377 Jalan Putra Permai, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia phone fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization syazwan@nahrim.gov.my Mr. Mohammad Hariz Bin Abdul Rahman Research r Strategic Resource Research Center, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) PO box 12301, General Post, 50774, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia phone fax Mobile number hariz@mardi.gov.my Name and Title Position Organization Ms. Harriet Tauli Climate Change Commission Room 238 Mabini Hall, Malacañang Compound, San Miguel, Manila 1005 Philippines 2nd Upper Floor, Little Presidents Learning Palace Bldg., 1558 J.P. Laurel cor. Matienza Sts., Malacañang Complex San Miguel, Manila 1005 Philippines phone ; fax ; Mobile number hatauli@gmail.com

56 6 Name and Title Position Organization Mr. Anuchat Tangphoomrapeewong Policy and Plan Analysis r The Climate Change Policy and Strategy Section, of Climate Change Coordination, of Natural Resources nad Environmental Policy and Planning 60/1 Soi Phibun-Wattana 7 Rama VI Road, Samsen-Nai, Phayathai, Bangkok phone fax Mobile number anuchataggie11@gmail.com Name and Title Position Organization Ms. Chanthip Nawachaisena Practitioner Level, Environmental r of Climate Change Coordination, of Natural Resources nad Environmental Policy and Planning 60/1 Soi Phibun-Wattana 7 Rama VI Road, Samsen-Nai, Phayathai, Bangkok phone fax Mobile number b @hotmail.com Name and Title Position Organization phone fax Mobile number Mr. Vuong Xuan Hoa Researcher Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 5162 Nguyen Chi Thanh St., Dong Da District, Hanoi Vietnam hoa.vuongxuan@gmail.com; hoa.vuongxuan@imh.ac.vn

57 7 Name and Title Position Organization Mr. Nguyen Trung Thanh Official Department of Environment, Ministry of Transport 80 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi Vietnam phone fax Mobile number thanhmt@mt.gov.vn Name and Title Ms. Pham Thi Tra Ny Position Official Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Organization Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 5162 Nguyen Chi Thanh St., Dong Da District, Hanoi Vietnam phone fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization phamthitrany87@gmail.com Ms. Myriam Fernando Senior Advisor ASEAN-German Programme on Response to Climate Change (GAP-CC) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Menara BCA, 46th Floor Jl. M.H. Thamrin No.1 Jakarta 10310, Indonesia phone fax Mobile number myriam.fernando@giz.de

58 8 Workshop Management Group Name and Title Position Organization Mr. Mozaharul Alam Climate Change Network Coordinator Regional for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP) United Nations Environmental Programme 2nd Floor, Block A, UN Building Rajdamnern Avenue, Bangkok phone / fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization Dr. Puja Sawhney Coordinator of the Regional Hub for Asia Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Network (APAN) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies 604 SG Tower 6F, 161/1 Soi Mahadlek Luang 3. Rajdamri Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, phone ext. 16 fax Mobile number Name and Title Position Organization Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz Chancellor and Professor of Forestry and Natural Resources University of the Philippines Los Baños College, Laguna Philippines 4031 phone fax Mobile number

59 9 Name and Title Position Organization Dr. Maria Celeste H. Cadiz Program Head Knowledge Management Department, SEARCA College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4031 phone , 2365 to 67 loc. 173 fax Name and Title Position Organization Ms. Rosario B. Bantayan Program Specialist Knowledge Management Department, SEARCA College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4031 phone , 2365 to 67 loc. 403 fax Name and Title Position Organization Ms. Hanh Le Climate Change r Southeast Asian Network of Climate Change s (SEAN-CC) UNEP - Regional of Asia Pacific UN Building, Rajdamnern Nok Ave Bangkok phone fax Mobile number Hanh.Le@unep.org Name and Title Ms. Wanapa Chanvirat Position Team Assistant Organization Climate Change NetworkUNEP/ROAP UN Building, Rajdamnern Nok Ave Bangkok phone fax Mobile number wanapa.chanvirat@unep.org

60 10 Name and Title Ms. Maria Cristina L. Decena Position Assistant Organization Knowledge Management Department, SEARCA College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4031 phone , 2365 to 67 loc. 417 fax Mobile number