Good Agricultural Practice in Organic Farming. Wijnand Sukkel 2004

Transcription

1 Good Agricultural Practice in Organic Farming Wijnand Sukkel 2004

2 Personal introduction Wijnand Sukkel Organic Agronomist Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Applied Plant Research (PPO)

3 Elements for succesfull organic production Farm Knowledge Craftmenship Entrepeneurship Market

4 Do not start with this

5 Toolsbox: farming methods Crop rotation Soil cultivation Crop protection Weed control Fertilisation/Nutrient management Ecological infrastructure management

6 Emphasis in farming methods soil structure crop rotation organic manure green manure soil cultivation conventional organic nutrient supply crop rotation organic manure green manure mineral fertiliser weeds crop rotation cropping system mech. control pesticides pests and diseases crop rotation cropping system/ resistant varieties pesticides

7 Influence crop rotation soil life soil structure release nutrients crop rotation diseases and pests soil born pest and diseases weeds

8 Crop rotation Crop choice (team of players) Crop frequency Crop sequence Spatial layout

9 Balanced Crop choice High and low nutrient demand Nitrogen fixating crops Intensive and superficial rooting High and low weed suppression High and low labour demand Different species and families

10 Crop Rotation Example 1. Potatoes 2. Grass/clover 3. Onions 4. Springwheat 5. Carrots 6. Peas

11 Crop frequency, general recommendations effective for crop specific soil born pests and diseases 1 in 6 for species 1 in 3 for families Take also green manures into account

12 Crop sequence Soil structure Pests and Diseases Weed control

13 Crop Rotation Example 1. Potatoes 2. Grass/clover 3. Onions 4. Springwheat 5. Carrots 6. Peas

14 Spatial crop rotation etc. parcel 2 parcel 1

15 Nutrient management Inputs: manure, compost, Nitrogen fixation! Inputs of Phosphorus and Potassium sources are allowed! Losses (Nitrogen): Storage, Application, Leaching

16 Nitrogen cycle Fixation, deposition Gas emissions leaching

17 Mixed farm or seperate?

18 Avoid losses and use Nitrogen fixation Manure storage Manure application Carefull composting Catch crops, green manure Leguminous crops in rotation, clover, alfa alfa etc

19 Control of pests and diseases Prevention is crucial!!! There are very few effective measures once you have a problem!!

20 Prevention, strategic Crop rotation Farm hygiene Clean seeds Variety choice Soil structure Farm lay out Ecological infrastructure

21 Prevention, operational Timing of sowing Row distance Crop cover Fertilisation Irrigation

22 Control measures Non chemical control (mechanical, biological) Chemical (bio toxins), bio pesticide selection application technique, timing

23 Weed control Again pevention!! Mechanical control Harrow Hoe Timing is crucial

24 Weeding techniques in organic farming past Nowaday s Mechanisation But Weeding still needs handlabour

25 Questions?

26 Multifunctional Crop Rotation (MCR) basis for soil fertility healthy and vital crops optimise positive and minimise negative interaction pest and diseases, nutrient recovery etc. well balanced team of players sequence and frequence

27 Crop Rotation, prevention of pests and diseases cyst nematodes Rizoctonia specific plutella phytophthora frequency cropping systems non mobile crop roptation mobile sequence diversity rootknot nematodes sclerotinia non specific aphids botrytis

28 Oats Comparison yield organic conventional Yield (ton/ha) Seed potato Ware potato Sugarbeet Onion Carrot Bulb selariac Pea Springwheat Springbarley Conventional Organic

29 Comparison between integrated and organic systems EU project Vegineco (experimental farms) Integrated Farm continuity Quality production Farm continuity 16 Organic 1 2 Quality production 3 3 Sustainable use of resources Clean environment nutrients 5 Sustainable use of resources Clean environment nutrients Nature and landscape Clean environment pesticides % of farms that reach 0,75 * target value 0,9 * target value target value Nature and landscape Clean environment pesticides

30 ammonification denitrification leaching Mineral N in soil Nitrogen Cycle greenmanure fertilisation fixation deposition crop mineralisation Organic N-reserves In soil

31 Farming practices and intentions fertile soil fertilisation crop rotation soil cultivation clean environment quality production, farm continuity attractive landscape, varied nature crop protection Nature management

32 Rotation, green manures and fertilisation (org) Crop Green manure Animal Manure 1. seed potato grass-clover 22 ton solid goat manure 2. grass-clover grass-clover 30 m 3 leak water 3. sown onions/sugar beet white mustard / - 30 ton solid goat manure 4. spring wheat Persian clover 12 ton solid goat manure 5. winter carrot / chicory - / processing peas Italian ryegrass -