12/16/2010. David Kawahigashi

Transcription

1 Overview of P. vannamei Culture and Broodstock Domestication in Asia David Kawahigashi Origin of P. vannamei 1

2 2010 P. vannamei Culture Current trends in Asian shrimp culture Rapidly increasing production throughout 2000 s Continued replacement of monodon by vannamei Lower cost of production; increased market price Emergence of more new diseases & increased emphasis on prevention and biosecurity measures Increased intensity (partial harvesting) Growth of inland (low salinity) shrimp farming Increasing market protectionism, trade tariffs & antibiotic residue problems Consolidation/Integration/Incorporation / of operations including contract farming Increased local domestication/selection efforts Adoption of GAP/BMPs/Certification/Traceability/ Eco-labeling with certified SPF/SPR shrimp Search for new and domestic markets 2

3 World Shrimp Aquaculture by Species: Million MT Percentages indicate the share of L. vannamei data: FISHSTAT (2006) data: GSOL estimates. Intro. of vannamei into Asia L. vannamei P. monodon Other Marine Shrimp M. rosenbergii 5 Sources: FAO (2006), GSOL (2008), ABCC (2008) Production (mt) Production of all shrimp and P. vannamei in Asia est ,300,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 All shrimp 1,000,000 P. vannamei 900, , , , , , , , ,000 - China Thailand Vietnam Indonesia India Malaysia Philippines Bangladesh Taiwan 3

4 Asia Production 2.7 m MT 82% of World Tota of 3.4 m MT of marine shrimp China Thailand Vietnam Indonesia India 76% P. vannamei Latin America Ecuador Mexico Brazil Venezuela Central America Production: 576,000 MT 17% of world total of 3.4 m MT of marine shrimp 100% P. vannamei 4

5 Costs of vannamei Production Country Prodn. Cost (US$/kg) Sales Price (US$/kg) China (15 g) Philippines (15 g) Taiwan (15 g) Thailand (33 g) Thailand (20 g) Indonesia (20 g) Brazil (15 g) Ecuador (15 g) Feed costs 55%, Energy 25%, Seed 3-5%, Labour 10%. But increasing 10-15% this year due to incg. costs History of P. vannamei Domestication 1970 s: USA (Florida), Panama, Tahiti 1980 s: Hawaii (1982), Ecuador (1988) 1990 s: South and Central America, Taiwan 2000 s: Asia, Europe, Africa, Pacific Islands, Middle East 5

6 Flow of P. vannamei stocks to Asia Original wild Stocks from Latin America OI, Hawaii IFREMER French Polynesia L. American Brood programs Broodstock Supply Cos (Hawaii, USA) US shrimp Grow-outout Companies Breeding programs in Asia Local Pacific Island Shrimp Farms SPT shrimp from ponds and tanks Asian Maturation Systems Pop Origin of OI stocks of P. vannamei Origin Introduced OI I Sinaloa, Mexico To Kona, HI 1989 II Ecuador 1992 III Hybrid of I and II Pre-batch IV Oaxaca, Mexico Batch # 1996 V Chiapas, Mexico Batch # 1997 VI Esmeraldas, Ecuador Batch # 1997 VII Panama hybrids Batch # 1999 Before 1997: Balanced selection (50% growth + 50% TSVr) After 1997: Industrial Line: 30% Growth + 70% TSV Research Line: 100%Growth 6

7 Suppliers of SPF/SPR Broodstock (USA) Hawaii: The Oceanic Institute (OI) Shrimp Improvement Systems (Hawaii & Florida) High Health Aquaculture Inc. Kona Bay Marine Resources (now IAI Co.) Molokai Sea Farms Saipan: Saipan Aquaculture Majority of Broodstock Produced in-country from Local Breeding Programs (2009 estimated) Total USA Asia % Local Country Broodstock Broodstock Broodstock Broodstock Thailand 150,000 7, ,000 95% Vietnam 70,000 20,000 50,000 80% Malaysia 25,000 5,000 20,000 80% Indonesia 100,000 50,000 50,000 50% China 400, , ,000 75% India 10,000 5, % Philippines 10,000 5,000 5,000 50% Total 765, , ,000 7

8 Thailand: Imported Broodstock Replaced By Broodstock from Local Breeding Programs Year Imported SPF Estimated % of Total , % of 450,000 mt ,205 70% of 520,000 mt ,715 52% of 530,000 mt ,221 20% of 500,000 mt ,000 (est) >5% of 600,000 mt Sources: CP Thailand Breeding Program Largest shrimp breeding program in the world families per year 200,000+ broodstock per year Does not sell broodstock Supplies CP Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, China, and India 8

9 CP Thailand PL Market Share (2009 estimate) Thailand: 50-60% Malaysia: 60-80% Vietnam: 20-30% China: 20-30% Indonesia: 0% *90% of CP farms/customers use CP grow-out feeds *PL quality is the driver to CP s integrated business Broodstock Demand Will Increase (China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, India, Philippines, Malaysia) Broodstock Requirement SPF Broodstock Numbers Certified Suppliers 480, (2009) (USA and Thailand) Certified Suppliers (excluding CP*) 2009 Broodstock Requirement From Local Pond Broodstock (non-spf) 280, , ,000+ Broodstock requirement in 5 years 1,500,000+ 9

10 Burapa Mass Selection Program Phang Nha, Thailand Growth Improvement Due to 5 Years of Genetic Improvement Days shrimp/kg (2007) shrimp/kg (2010)

11 Pros and Cons of SPF/SPR and locally- selected stocks SPF/SPR Disease-free (only for pathogens tested for and at time of testing) May be genetically resistant to specific pathogens (SPR for TSV) Not resistant to any other pathogens Selected for fast growth Most suitable for biosecure systems Useful as stock for domestication programmes Usually batches are sibs and inbred Must be out-bred to maintain genetic diversity Appear expensive Locally selected May carry disease so need to screen (especially for IHHNV, WSSV & TSV etc) May not be resistant, but may develop resistance to multiple pathogens Can select for fast growth Better for non-biosecure systems Shrimp selected suitable for local environment/culture conditions Require broad founder population to prevent inbreeding Appear cheap, but currently not as valuable as SPF/R Selection options Mass selection Based only on individual performance Requires large pool of parent stocks Uses natural mating Used for standard characters (growth/disease resistance) Efficient for characteristics with high heritability rates Low cost and most common Must evaluate all shrimp in same environment High risk of inbreeding depression Not efficient for binary characteristics or those with low heritabilities Lines maintained separate and back-crossed in masal line Family/combined selection Based on pedigree of parents (full and half sibs) Can be started with fewer parent stocks Uses artificial insemination Can be applied to any desired character More efficient for characters with low heritability More expensive (rare) Can evaluate in different environments Can control inbreeding More efficient with faster gains Efficient for binary (multiple trait) characteristics Full and/or half-sib families produced and best 5% selected 11

12 Typical Mass Selection Program Inbreeding effects by 3 rd generation M F M F m m m m f f f f Inbred Effects ( ) M Hybrid Program (two lines) F Line A PL Line B M Hybrid Vigor F PL M F Brazil PL 12

13 Traits selected for: Common Unconscious Possible Growth rate (high, uniform) Disease resistance/ survival High stocking density Spawning rate/fecundity Early maturation Spawning without ablation Improved FCR Improved tail:body ratio Better taste, meat texture Zero water Adaption to local culture Tolerance to low DO levels exchange conditions Stress resistance Color (after cooking) Tolerance to extreme environments Advantages of a Local Breeding (Genetics) Program Availability - year-round round BS supply Local Selection Disease-free BS high biosecurity High Quality Broodstock better than imported broodstock Cost Effective lower cost per unit Traceability important for exporters Post-larvae Sales improve sales and image 13

14 Breeding Program Characteristics 1. Conventional no-nonsense nonsense breeding program 2. Family-based (full-sibs), elastomer tagging 3. Family selection for growth and survival (Selection Index) 4. Intense within-family selection for growth 5. Two stages of selection 6. Inbreeding management through pedigree records and OCT-based mating plans x 4 = 240 families/year tagged animals/family Breeding Program Outline Establish foundation stock or lines Mating through artificial insemination Isolation of each spawn as an individual family Larval rearing of each family to post-larvae Rearing of post-larvae to 2 grams Tagging of individuals within each family On-Test of families in within the NBC Family siblings exported for field trials Family siblings for disease challenge trials Evaluate performance data from NBC, field trials, and disease challenge trials Selection of top ranked families according to traits 14

15 Batches (pure line and crosses) Siblings for pond performance evaluations SPF siblings maintained at Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC) Harvested and Marketed (never return to NBC) Data from field evaluations Top performing batches Top batches fast-tracked to broodstock Crossed w/ selected batches Broodstock Conditioning and Maturation AI Top 5 families ranked (up to 200 shrimp per family) Conditioning period one month, maturation diet All broodstock tagged and mixed in one tank Families crossed using artificial insemination To produce next batch of 30 families Extra broodstock can go to commercial maturation 15

16 Nursery Phase 1,000 liter tanks 5000 PL12 / tank PL12 to 2 grams 30 days of culture one family per tank Nursery Phase: Post larvae (PL12) to Juvenile (2 gram) Grow out Pens 16

17 2-3 gram Juveniles for Tagging Pond Trials Pond trials done in cages of 3m2 in different sites. Survival and growth are recorded to 15 grams. Decisions are made on which families will be used in future generations. 17

18 Pond Field Trial Pens Phenotypic Data to Genetic Index Pond dti Trials Custom Selection Program Genetic Nucleus (families) Genomics Data Performance Data from Breeding Center Disease Challenge Test Index 5-8% performance gain per year 18

19 Conservatories for P. Vannamei Brazil Vietnam 42,000 broodstock / year Batch selection program family/year from 2010 Indoor, water recirculation High Biosecurity 900 million PL/month #1 producer in

20 Thailand Since ,000 broodstock capacity Malaysia Multiplication and Breeding Program Techno fund Grant (2 year) 20,000 broodstock / year target 2010 family selection program 20

21 P. stylirostris Broodstock Conservatory (proposed for New Caledonia) 40m 20.0m pum s p u m p sump Tanks are 7 meters in diameter Greenhouse dimensions around 40 meters x 20 meters Transparent film cover Genotyping Technology Referenced microsatellite markers established for P. vannamei Able to identification of individual animals in a population Determining relative genetic similarity (tracking relatedness) between randomly selective animals Identification of broodstock parents of post larvae or juveniles. Identification of siblings and half-siblings in a mixed-parentage spawn Characterization and legal protection or tagging of family lines Use as markers in Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for genetic traits of economic importance (growth rate, nutritional efficiency, disease resistance, etc.). Improved breeding efficiency; reduced investment and costs 21

22 Genotyping Technology Application of Genetic Markers for pedigree tracking will accelerate domestication in other shrimp species Family A Family B Offspring Recommendations for a Commercial Breeding Program for P. vannamei SPF Certified P. vannamei stocks Biosecure facility and health program 2 to 3 lines or different populations Family or batch genetic program Genotyping technology to determine relatedness between lines/families 22

23 Future Trends Growth Rate Faster shorter cycle to target size FCR Reduced feed cost savings Larger Shrimp partial harvest, g, higher price Density 80 to 200 PL/m2 (1,000/m2 indoor culture) Biofloc and water recirculation (zero exchange) Biosecurity, traceability, increased food safety Sustainability through technology Greater social and environmental responsibility g{tç~ léâ 23