Need & Opportunities for more integrated farming practices in coastal and offshore aquaculture. Patrick Sorgeloos Ghent University, Belgium

Transcription

1 Need & Opportunities for more integrated farming practices in coastal and offshore aquaculture Patrick Sorgeloos Ghent University, Belgium The Ny-Ålesund Symposium 2016 Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard-Norway, September 19-21, 2016

2 Seafood sources million tonnes live weight

3 data FAO, billion US $ industry

4 Global production 2011 (million tonnes) seawater freshwater The global seafood production Wild capture fisheries Aquaculture Ocean Brackish water Inland /fresh water Source: FAO FishstatJ SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture 4

5 red and brown algae farming in China seaweed farming: 24 million ton / year

6 mussel farming scallop farming mollusc farming: 15 million ton / year

7 Trends in global mariculture production in metric Tons (mt) Global China Marine plants % Molluscs % Finfish % Crustacea % Source FAO,

8 Challenges, threats & opportunities for future aquaculture Ten years from now, aquaculture will need to produce 50 % more per year than current annual production to meet the seafood demands ISSUES AT STAKE Food security Food safety Environmental impact Diseases Overal Sustainability: economical, ecological, energy, resources

9 from an empiricial approach towards a knowledge-based bio-industry resulting in new concepts & products for a sustainable aquaculture

10 FOOD versus BUSINESS aquaculture FOOD aquaculture Asia, esp. China - long history - large production - integrated farming

11 FOOD versus BUSINESS aquaculture FOOD aquaculture BUSINESS aquaculture Asia, esp. China - long history - large production - integrated farming Recent developments (since 1960s) Japan, later Europe, America s, etc successful new industry monoculture

12 BUSINESS aquaculture biology technology profitability monoculture approach

13 Cage systems

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15 Atlantic salmon farming in Norway The largest/best production sites metric tonnes salmon per cycle cages Ø 50 meter 40,000 m 3 volume per cage and max fish per cage Operated by <10 people: metric tonnes/man year Exposed but not offshore/open ocean Photo: SINTEF ACE

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18 Pond systems

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20 Vibriosis have caused catastrophic reductions in shrimp farming outputs Thailand

21 Priorities for future technology innovation 1. Complete independence from natural stocks through DOMESTICATION 2. Improved / more cost-effective SEED PRODUCTION 3. Better targeted SPECIES SELECTION 4. Development of more efficient stocks through SELECTIVE BREEDING 5. More MICROBIAL MANAGEMENT for more sustainable production 6. Better understanding of IMMUNE SYSTEMS in vertebrates and invertebrates 7. More INTEGRATED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS for plant and animal farming 8. COASTAL AND OFF-SHORE FARMS of food and energy 9. Full independence from fisheries stocks for LIPID AND PROTEIN INGREDIENTS in aquatic feeds 10. More attention for INTEGRATION of restocking activities with FISHERIES management

22 More INTEGRATED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS for plant and animal farming

23 EXTRACTIVE aquaculture FED aquaculture nutrient recycling eutrophication

24 COASTAL AND OFF-SHORE FARMS for food seaweed production

25 Trends in (integrated) mariculture production in China Development of coastal aquaculture since 1960s: seaweeds, gradually combined with shellfish production, and further integrated with fish, sea cucumber and sea urchins Marine plants 12,8 Molluscs 12,3 Finfish 1,0 Crustacea 3, Annual production 2012 (in million Metric tons) Source FAO, 2014

26 integration of culture of different trophic levels MOLLUSCS MACROALGAE FINFISH

27 Fish + Shellfish + Seaweed Offshore Inshore

28 Example of Sungo Bay in the Shandong province Total area: 13,000 ha Annual production (in metric tons) - oyster: 120,000 - kelp: 80,000 - scallop: 10,000 - abalone: 2,000 - fish: sea cucumber: 100

29 COASTAL AND OFF-SHORE FARMS for food 8 km

30 Fish + Shellfish + Seaweed Finfish metabolic wastes (NH 4, CO 2 ) fish feed and faeces, microbial biomass Inorganic nutrients Organic nutrients Absorption Absorption Seaweed Phytoplankton Metabolic wastes (NH 4, CO 2 ) Consumption by bivalves Molluscs

31 Seaweed Nov~June: Laminaria sp. Jul~Oct: Gracilaria sp

32 Shellfish & Seaweed

33 Kelp + Abalone + Sea cucumber

34 Shellfish & Seaweed Ecological & economic benefits Bivalves Inorganic nutrients NH 4 excretion (µmol h -1 indiv -1 ) Scallop Oyster March May Kelp June During the period from Mar-Jun (4 months): 100,000 scallops excrete 10kg NH 4 N support growth of 100kg kelp in dry weight market price of 100kg kelp =1000 Yuan (~150 )

35 Kelp + Abalone + Sea cucumber Economic benefits RMB/1600m 2 /a Seaweed ,000 Seaweed + abalone 80, ,000 Seaweed + abalone + Sea cucumber 15,000 extra

36 Fish (+ Shellfish) + Seaweed Bioremediation benefits of integrated fish-seaweed culture Ratio of Fish (ww) and Macroalgae(DW) Winter - Spring 1 kg fish 0.94 kg Laminaria japonica Summer - Autumn 1 kg fish 1.53 kg Gracilaria lemaneiformis

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38 Effluent from shrimp pond Seaweed & Tilapia pond

39 microbial diversity & stability Vibrio parah. still present but not virulent (QS)

40 Ecosystem services with seaweed & molluscs Direct ecosystem services Bio-extraction of nutrients, less eutrophication from aquaculture or land based sources Carbon uptake ocean acidification & climate change Role in microbial stability Habitat provisioning Indirect ecosystem services Spare land: deforestation Spare freshwater resources use saline water to save fresh water Seaweed/Molluscs: low ecological footprint

41 Mariculture in Europe EU China Marine plants 0,0 12,8 Molluscs 0,6 12,3 Spain, France (60%) Finfish 1,0 1,8 Norway (73%) Crustacea 0,0 3, Annual production 2012 (in million Metric tons)

42 Challenges for integrated farming practices Fish dominated production No large scale seaweed production Technical integration Diversification in Europe and Western world Economics of integration Market for low trophic production is limited Disease & Medicines Governance (incentives, tax credits) Industry science Government

43 we reveal that the balance of trade-offs is currently not sufficiently positive to motivate the large-scale uptake of IMTA in Europe, and we contrast this against the situation in Asia where the balance of trade-offs gives better support for the adoption and pratice of IMTA. 43

44 Perspective Food gap challenge towards % increase in food production required due to change in diets and population growth World Resources Institute (2014) Creating a Sustainable Food Future

45 proteins quantity Global primary production and food supply total bioproduction contribution to food supply terrestrial plants & animals aquatic fisheries & aquaculture plants & animals 16 % of proteins 2 % in quantity from Field et al. (1998) and Duarte et al. (2009)

46 Perspective Better use of marine resources & space FAO - Blue Growth Initiative EU - Blue Growth UNEP - Blue Economy China - Blue Silicon Valley Five-Year Plan for the Marine Economy The marine environment is immense, but not invulnerable! Diversification and integrated farming practices: opportunity to provide food and stimulate ecosystem services contribute to more sustainable production

47 Better use of marine space Integration with other blue economies

48 integrated aquacultures with seaweed and molluscs bioremediation of coastal systems from recycling & added value towards feeding the people from an empirical approach towards a knowledge-based bio-industry thank you