Joonis. 1. Geneetiliselt muundatud kultuuride kasvupindala (miljonit hektarit) maailmas (ISAAA, Clive James 2007).

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Joonis. 1. Geneetiliselt muundatud kultuuride kasvupindala (miljonit hektarit) maailmas (ISAAA, Clive James 2007)."

Transcription

1 Geneetiliselt muundatud taimede ökoloogilised riskid Eve Veromann PhD, EMÜ PKI Geneetiliselt muundatud (transgeensete, muund-) taimede kasvatamine on kogu maailmas hoogustunud ja kasvupindala lineaarselt suurenenud (joonis 1; ISAAA, 2006). Järelikult puutub loodus kokku üha uute kõrgtehnoloogiliste kultuuridega ja nii kerkib õigustatud küsimus nende kultuuride mõjust keskkonnale. Peamised põllumajanduses kasvatatavad muundkultuurid on soja, raps, puuvill ja mais ning enamasti on tegu kas herbitsiide taluvate (HT) või putukatele mürgiste, mullabakteri Bacillus thuringiensis aktiivseid toksiine sisaldavate taimedega (Bt-taimed). mln 120 ha Joonis. 1. Geneetiliselt muundatud kultuuride kasvupindala (miljonit hektarit) maailmas (ISAAA, Clive James 2007). Innovaatika ja teaduse areng on progressiivsed ja positiivsed nähtused, mille juurde paraku alati kuuluvad ka teatud ohud. Just riskide kaalutletud hindamisest ja ettevaatusprintsiibi järgimisest sõltub, kas transgeensed organismid kujunevad keskkonnale ohtlikkuks või mitte. Keskkonnaohutuse seisukohast tuleb hinnata GMtaimede mõju kasulikele ja neutraalsetele lülijalgsetele levimist loodusesse ja püsimist seal mõju bioloogilisele mitmekesisusele ristumise võimalikkust sugulasliikidega, geenisiiret mikroorganismidele. Mõju kasulikele ja neutraalsetele lülijalgsetele Nii põllumajanduses kasutatavad kahjuritõrje preparaadid (orgaanilised ja sünteetilised insektitsiidid, bioloogilise tõrje tegurid jt) kui ka Bt-taimed (peamiselt 1

2 mais ja puuvill) võivad ohustada kasulikke ja neutraalseid lülijalgseid. Nende hulka kuulub rohkesti mitmesuguseid ökoloogilisi ülesandeid täitvaid lülijalgseid, kes osalevad näiteks bioloogilise tõrje, tolmeldamise ja lagundamise protsessides. Need n-ö sihtrühma mitte kuuluvad lülijalgsed võivad Bt-toksiinidega kokku puutuda mitmel viisil: A. Bt-taimedest toitudes; B. Bt-taimest toitunud herbivoorist toitudes; C. keskkonna kaudu (nt toksiinid jäävad mulda püsima, surnud taimeosad või surnud putukad säilitavad oma toksilisuse mullas). A. Ehkki paljude putuktoiduliste lülijalgsete ja parasitoidide menüüsse kuulub ka õietolm, mesineste ja nektar, ei ole Bt-taimed neile kuigi ohtlikud, sest nektar ja mesineste üldiselt toksiine ei sisalda (Groot & Dicke 2002). Samas on toksiine transgeensete taimede õietolmus (Groot & Dicke 2002), mis on toiduks paljudele tolmeldajatena tähtsatele kiletiivalistele. Meemesilased ja kimalased toidavad oma vastseid õietolmuga ja seega võivad toksiinid mõjutada nende järglasi. Peale selle toimivad mesilased vektorina, siirates transgeenset õietolmu muundamata taimedele (Ramsay et al. 1999). Muundgeenide levimisel loodusesse mängivadki peamist rolli putuktolmlemine ja õietolmu liikumine, vähem aga seemnete liikumine (Fenster 1991; Ennos 1994; Pasquet et al. 2008). Losey (1999) rõhutab, et Btmaisi õietolm võib olla ohtlik kaitsealustele liblikaliikidele, sest tuultolmlejana levitab mais õietolmu ka ümbruskonnas asuvatele taimedele, millel toituvad liblikad. Nii on näiteks ohus looduskaitse all olevad monarhliblikad ja pääsusabad (Hellmich et al. 2001; Zangerl et al. 2001). Monarhliblikate peamiseks elupaigaks on põllumajandusmaastikud, kus nende asustustihedus on märksa suurem kui metsikus looduses (Oberhauser et al. 2001), ja seetõttu võivad nad kergesti kokku puutuda Bt-maisi toksiinidega. Veelgi suuremas ohus on need kasulikud lülijalgsed, kes toituvad ka taimede rohelistest osadest ja saavad otseselt Bt-taimede toksiinidest mürgituse. Lisaks sellele on paljud kahjutud Bt-taimedel toitunud putukad, kellele toksiin ei mõju, mürkaineid edastavaks lüliks kõrgemal troofilisel tasemel olevatele organismidele röövtoidulistele lülijalgsetele ja parasitoididele (Groot & Dicke 2002). B. Karnivooridest lülijalgsed võivad Bt-toksiinidega kokku puutuda Bt-taimedel toitunud herbivoore süües. Kahjurputukatel (sihtrühma putukad) seotakse toksiinid kesksoole epiteeli retseptoritega ja struktureeritakse ümber (De Maagd et al. 2001; Gazit et al. 1998; Masson et al. 1999), mistõttu nad tõenäoliselt kaotavad oma toksilisuse looduslikele vaenlastele (Shelton et al. 2002; O Callaghan et al. 2005). Kuid kõrvaliste (sihtrühma mitte kuuluvate) herbivooride kesksooles toksiinide sidumist ei toimu või ei põhjusta toksiinid kesksoole mulgustumist ja putukates sisalduvad toksiinid võivad jääda aktiivseks. Seetõttu võivad Bt-taimedel toitunud ja toksiinidele mittetundlikud liigid mürgitada kasulikke röövtoidulisi lülijalgseid (Groot & Dicke 2002; Harwood et al. 2005; Zwahlen & Andow 2005). Seniste andmete põhjal on kõige enam toksiine sisaldavateks herbivoorideks võrgendilestad 2

3 (Tetranychidae), kelle seedetraktis säilivad toksiinid muutumatul kujul (Obrist et al. 2006a,b). Seega on need lestalised tõenäoliselt toksiine edastavaks lüliks karnivooridele. Veelgi enam: saakloomad, kes on seedinud transgeenseid produkte, võivad peale selle, et nad edastavad röövtoidulistele lülijalgsetele muutumatul kujul muundgeene, muuta oma seedetraktis toksiine metaboliseerides ka nende biokeemilist aktiivsust ja seega nende kahjulikkust röövtoidulistele lülijalgsetele (Andow & Hilbeck 2004). Schmidt jt. (2008) on veenvalt tõestanud, et liblikalistele ja taimtoidulistele mardikalistele toksiliseks muudetud Bt-taimed (Cry1Ab proteiiniga) on mürgised ka röövtoidulise kakstäpp-lepatriinu Adalia bipunctata (L.) vastsetele. Kuigi kirjanduses on viiteid, et Bt-toksiinid ei akumuleeru toiduahelas (Harwood et al. 2005), on Obrist jt. (2006a) leidnud, et Bt-maisil toitunud võrgendilestad (Tetranychidae) sisaldavad kohati kolm korda rohkem toksiine kui maisilehed, millel nad toitusid. Zhang jt. (2006) on näidanud, et lepatriinudes on Bt-toksiinide kontsentratsioon tunduvalt kõrgem kui lehetäides, millest nad toitusid. Seega võivad lepatriinude vastsed muundtaimedel lehetäidest toitudes kokku puutuda surmavas kontsentratsioonis Bt-toksiinidega (Schmidt et al. 2008). C. Paljud uuringud on tõestanud, et transgeensetest taimedest vabanenud Bttoksiinid seotakse mullas (Crecchio & Stotzky 1997; Koskella & Stotzky 1997; Palm et al. 1996; Saxena et al. 1999; Sims & Holden 1996; Tapp & Stotzky 1995a,b, 1998; Tapp et al. 1994; West et al. 1984; Groot & Dicke 2002) ja võivad seal säilida üle 234 päeva (Palm et al. 1996; Tapp & Stotzky 1998; Saxena & Stotzky 2000). Mulda võivad nad sattuda nii surnud taimede ja putukate lagunemise tõttu kui ka juureeritistega (Saxena et al. 1999; Saxena & Stotzky 2000). Koos taimede lagunemisega akumuleeruvad toksiinid aja jooksul mullas ja seega suureneb ka nende mullaorganismidesse sattumise tõenäosus. Toksiinide akumuleerumise määr sõltub mulla füüsikaliskeemilistest omadustest. Ka mullas seotuna säilitavad toksiinid oma mürgisuse, seda isegi pärast külmumist, ja võivad teistesse organismidesse edasi kanduda näiteks vihmausside kaudu (Saxena & Stotzky 2000). Toksiinide säilimine mullas võib kiirendada mürgi suhtes resistentsete kahjurputukate valikuprotsessi ning kujutada endast ohtu ka neutraalsetele ja kasulikele organismidele. Levimine loodusesse, püsimine seal ja ristumine sugulasliikidega Kuna GM-kultuuride kasvatamine laieneb pidevalt, suureneb ka muundgeenide põgenemise tõenäosus transgeensete hübriidide moodustumise teel looduslike ja/või umbrohtsete sugulasliikidega. Nii teadlaste ja põllumeeste ringkondades kui ka avalikkuses on suurimaks tüliõunaks jäänud küsimus, kas potentsiaalne hind, mida GM-kultuuride massilise kasvatamise eest maksta tuleb, kaalub üles nende eelised. Isegi veendunud muundkultuuride pooldajad tõdevad, et geneetiliselt modifitseeritud geenide põgenemise võimalused loodusesse peaksid olema minimeeritud. Üheks võimalikuks negatiivseks tagajärjeks, mis tahtmatult levinud ja tekkinud muundorganismidega seostub, on hübridiseerunud umbrohtude suurenenud 3

4 kohastumus ja invasiivsus. Ehkki kultuurtaimed ja nende looduslikud (umbrohtudest) sugulased on geene vahetanud juba sajandeid, viivad geenitehnoloogia abil loodud geenid ökosüsteemi täiesti uue kvaliteediga kohastumuslikke tunnuseid ja selle tagajärjed nii tarbijale kui keskkonnale on teadmata (Gillet et al. 1986). Sellised uudsed geenid võivad pärineda väga erinevatest allikatest, näiteks süstemaatiliselt väga kaugetest taimeliikidest, bakteritest, viirustest ja loomadest, olla kunstlikult sünteesitud jne. Looduslikult selline geenivahetus toimuda ei saa ja sordiaretusega pole võimalik selliseid kultuure luua. Looduslikule kooslusele ja selle bioloogilisele mitmekesisusele võib muundtaimede ja -geenide loodusesse levimine ohtlik olla nii otseselt kui ka nende hübridiseerumise tõttu sugulasliikidega. Kuna enamasti on kõige tavalisematel muundkultuuridel nende kasvatuspiirkonnas ka looduslikke sugulasi (Ellstrand at al. 1999), on geenisiirde tõenäosus suur, kuid varieerub vastavalt geograafilisele piirkonnale. Mitmeaastane elutsükkel, risttolmlemine, tuul- ja putuktolmlemine kõik need on tegurid, mis suurendavad geenisiirde tõenäosust taimedel (Mallory- Smith & Zapiola 2008). Kõrgtehnoloogilise kultuuri geenisiirde tulemuseks (toimugu see siis õietolmu, seemnete või vegetatiivsete paljunemisorganite abil) on muundgeeni tahtmatu esinemine mittetransgeensetes taimedes. Geenisiirde tõenäosus muundkultuurilt tema looduslikele sugulastele suureneb koos GM-kultuuride kasvatamise laienemisega (Ellstrand et al. 1999; Ellstrand 2003; Jenczewski et al. 2003; Stewart et al. 2003; Pilson & Prendeville 2004; Marvier & Van Acker 2005; Reichman et al. 2006). Paljud GM-tunnused on looduslikes populatsioonides tõenäoliselt edukad ja võivad muuta lähtetaime looduslike sugulastaimede arvukust ja levikut (Pilson & Prendeville 2004). Näiteks võimaldab umbrohtude herbitsiidiresistentsus neil asustada transgeensete kultuuridega põlde, haigus- või kahjurikindlus aga kaitsta end looduslike vaenlaste eest ja tungida nii põllumajanduskui looduslikesse kooslustesse (Keane & Crowley 2002; Pilson & Prendeville 2004). Herbitsiidi- (glüfosaadi-) resistentse rapsi ristumine looduslike ristõielistega, muundrapsi edukas looduses püsimine ja geenisiire muundamata rapsile on leidnud kinnitust näiteks Kanadas, kus kasvatatakse intensiivselt GM-rapsi (Warwick et al. 2003, 2004, 2008; Mallory-Smith & Zapiola 2008). Vaatamata sellele, et raps ei suuda tavaliselt kasvada harimata põldudel, võib teda Kanadas leida põldude äärealadelt, teeservadest ja põllumajandusmaadega külgnevatelt aladelt. Alates aastast võib glüfosaadiresistentset rapsi leida ka raudtee- ja maanteeservadest (Mallory-Smith & Zapiola 2008). GM-raps võib põllul muutuda oluliseks umbrohuks järgmisele kultuurile (Thomas et al. 1998; Kaminski 2001; Mallory-Smith & Zapiola 2008). Rapsi unikaalsus seisneb selles, et kogu morfoloogiliselt väga mitmekesine Brassica kultuuride rühm on aretatud ühest liigist ja seetõttu ka äärmiselt interfertiilne. Lisaks sellele on raps väga atraktiivne mesilastele, kimalastele, sirelastele, vaablastele jpt putukatele, kes lendavad rapsipõllule ka kauge maa tagant ning võivad kanda GM-õietolmu muundamata kultuuridele ja rapsitaimede sugulasliikidele. Kuna kimalased on looduslikel maastikel väga efektiivsed tolmeldajad ja nende tavaline korjeraadius ületab 3 km, siis on nad üheks tähtsaimaks vektoriks muundõietolmu siirdamisel metsikutele ristõielistele või tavarapsile (Osborne et al. 1999; Westphal et al. 2003). Ka meemesilasi meelitab raps korjele kuni 5 km kauguselt (Ramsay et al. 1999). Seda, et muundrapsi geenisiiret on 4

5 võimatu ära hoida, tõendavad USAs ja Kanadas võetud seemneproovid: 25st sertifitseeritud muundamata rapsi seemneproovist 24s oli määratav tase muundrapsi (Mallory-Smith & Zapiola 2008) ja saastatuse tase ulatus eri proovidel alates 0,05%- st rohkem kui 2%-ni (Friesen et al. 2003; Mellon & Rissler 2004). Oma kõige hilisemas uurimuses näitab Warwick (2008), et aastal tekkinud muundhübriidid on seal edukalt püsinud kogu 3 5-aastase vaatluse vältel. Kõnekas on fakt, et need transgeenid püsisid umbrohtse B. rapa populatsioonis vaatamata sellele, et puudus vastava herbitsiidi selektiivne toime. Kanada põllumajandusmaastikel on geenisiirde tulemusel tavaliseks saanud herbitsiididele multiresistentsed (resistentsed nii glüfosaatidele kui glüfosinaatidele) Brassica hübriidid, mis annavad ka elujõulisi järglasi (Hall et al. 2000; Beckie et al. 2003; Simard et al. 2005; Warwick et al. 2008). Lisaks rapsile on Põhja-Ameerika mittepõllumajandusmaastikel kiiresti loodusesse levinud glüfosaadiresistentne valge kastehein (Agrostis stolonifera) (Watrud et al. 2004; Reichman et al. 2006; Zapiola et al. 2008), mida kasvatatakse näiteks golfiväljakute muruna. Kuigi valge kastehein on kosmopoliitse levikuga, muutliku fenotüübiga ja evolutsiooniliselt hästi kohastunud liik, on ta harva invasiivne looduslikes ja poollooduslikes kooslustes (MacBryde 2006). Vaatamata sellele on tal rida omadusi, mis suurendavad geenisiirde tõenäosust naabruses asuvatesse sümpatrilistesse populatsioonidesse, samuti hübridiseerumist, populatsiooni asustamist ja ka seal püsimist. Esiteks on ta risttolmlev tuultolmleja mitmeaastane rohttaim, mis paljuneb nii suguliselt seemnete abil kui vegetatiivselt stoolonitega (maa-aluste võrsetega) Teiseks on kasteheina seemned imetillukesed ja seetõttu kergesti levivad. Kasteheina seemned on võimelised idanema kohe pärast valmimist, aga ka säilima seemnepankades ja idanema nelja aasta pärast. Ja kolmandaks on valge kastehein allotetraploidne, ning üldiselt seostatakse polüploidsust võimega toota suurema tõenäosusega paljunemisvõimelisi liikidevahelisi hübriide (Warnke 2003; Zapiola et al. 2008). Reichman jt. (2006) ning Zapiola jt. (2008) on tõestanud, et ka lühiaegne GM-kasteheina kasvatamine viib muundgeenide eduka levimiseni paljudesse neile sobivatesse looduslikesse elupaikadesse, kus nad püsivad elujõulisena. Zapiola jt. (2008) leidsid muundkasteheina ka 6 km kauguselt GM-kasteheina originaalpõllust; samas on võimatu ennustada, kui kaugele võiksid transgeensed taimed levida. Hea levikuvõime võib viia muundkasteheina hübridiseerumiseni teiste Agrostis e liikidega (Wipff & Frisker 2001; Wartrud et al. 2004). Glüfosaadiresistentne valge kastehein on esimene geneetiliselt muundatud murutaim, mille kasvatamisel on USAs piirangud kaotatud, ja vaatamata rangetele ennetusmeetoditele on muundgeenid originaalpõllult põgenenud, laiali levinud ja püsinud ka kolm aastat pärast originaalpõllu kaotamist. Keskkonnas, kus sobivad liigid on sümpatrilised (liigid ei ole ruumiliselt (geograafiliselt) isoleeritud), hõlbustub nii metsikutelt hübriididelt kui metsistunud GM-kasteheina taimedelt muundgeenide triiv muundgeenivabadesse populatsioonidesse. Glüfosaadiresistentne harilik lutsern (Medicago sativa L.) oli esimene mitmeaastane muundkultuur, mille kasvatamine vabastati USAs piirangutest (juunis 2005). Otsus oli ilmselgelt enneaegne, sest juba kahe aasta pärast, aastal, sai ta esimeseks GM-kultuuriks, millele taaskehtestati piirangud (Mallory-Smith & Zapiola 5

6 2008). Harilik lutsern on maailma üks tähtsamaid söödakultuure, näiteks USAs on ta majanduslikult tähtsuselt maisi ja sojaoa järel kolmandal kohal (Mallory-Smith & Zapiola 2008). Lutserniseemne tootmiseks on hädavajalik putuktolmlemine ja seetõttu tuleb seemnete geneetilise puhtuse tagamiseks kontrollida õietolmu liikumist seemnepõldude vahel, et teada saada, kas toodetud lutsern on geneetiliselt muundatud või mitte. Geneetilise puhtuse tagamise üheks võimaluseks on muundkultuuriga põllu füüsiline isoleerimine tavapõldudest. Isolatsiooni tagamiseks on kehtestatud vastavad normid; näiteks peab USAs kuni 2 ha suuruste põldude vahe olema vähemalt 274 m. Geenitriivi ärahoidmiseks muundkultuuri ja tavakultuuri kooseksisteerimise korral on see vahemaa aga liiga väike (Mallory-Smith & Zapiola 2008). Mallory-Smith ja Zapiola (2008) leidsid muundgeene ka rohkem kui 200 m kauguselt GM-põllust, kusjuures põllu suurusest sõltub ka geenitriivi ulatus. Dlugosch ja Whitton (2008) järeldavad oma uurimuses, et (i) muundkultuuridega hübridiseerumine toimub geneetilistest barjääridest hoolimata; ja (ii) transgeenid suudavad looduses püsida ka siis, kui puudub tugev valiku surve (puuduvad herbitsiidid). Tõendid viitavad sellele, et mõnede GM-kultuuride ja umbrohtude ristumine on pigem seaduspärasus kui erand ja et muundgeenid põgenevad regulaarselt (Ellstrand et al. 1999; Pilson & Prendeville 2004; Andow & Zwahlen 2006; Zapiola et al. 2008). Kasutatud kirjandus Andow, D.A. & Hilbeck, A Science-based risk assessment for nontarget effects of transgenic crops. Bioscience 54, doi: / (2004)054[0637:SRAFNE]2.0.CO;2 Andow, D.A. & Zwahlen, C Assessing environmental risks of transgenic plants. Ecology Letters, 9, Beckie, H.J., Warwick, S.I., Nair, H & Seguin-Swartz, G Gene flow in commercial fields of herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus). Ecological Applications, 13, Crecchio, C. & Stotzky, G Insecticidal activity and biodegradation of the toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki bound to humic acids from soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30, De Maagd, R.A., Bakker, P.L., Masson, L., Adang, M.J., Sangadala, S., Stiekema, W. & Bosch, D Domain III of the Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin CryIAc is involved in binding to Manduca sexta brush border membranes and to its puri ed aminopeptidase N. Mol. Microbiol. 31, Dlugosch, K.M. & Whitton, J Can we stop transgenes from a walk on the wild side? Molecular Ecology, 17 (5), Ellstrand, N.C., Prentice, H.C. & Hancock, J.F Gene flow and introgression from domesticated plants into their wild relatives. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, Ellstrand, N.C Dangerous Liasions? When Cultivated Plants mate with Wild Relatives. Johns Hopkins Univeristy Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Ennos, R.A Estimating the relative rates of pollen and seed migration among plant populations. Heredity, 72,

7 Fenster, C.B Gene flow in Chamaercista fasciculata (Leguminosae). I. Gene dispersal. Evolution,45, Friesen, L.F., Nelson, A.G., van Acker, R.C Evidence of contamination of pedigreed canola (Brassica napus) seedlots in western Canada with genetically engineered herbicide resistance traits. Agronomy Journal 95, Gazit, E., la Rocca, P., Sansom, M.S.P. & Shai, Y The structure and organization within the membrane of the helices composing the pore-forming domain of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin are consistent with an `umbrella-like' structure of the pore. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, Gillet, J.W., Stern, A.M., Harwell, M.A. & Levin, S.A Potential impacts of environmental release of biotechnology products: assessment, regulation, and research needs conclusions and recommendations. Environmental Management, 10, Groot, A.T. & Dicke, M Insect-resistant transgenic plants in a multi-trophic context. The Plant Journal, 31(4), Hall L., Topinka K. Huffman, J., Davis, L. & Good, A Pollen flow between herbicide-resistant Brassica napus is the cause of multiple ersistant B. napus volunteers. Weed Science, 48, Harwood, J.D., Wallin, W.G. & Obrycki, J.J Uptake of Bt endotoxins by nontarget herbivores and higher order arthropod predators: molecular evidence from a transgenic corn ecosystem. Mol. Ecol. 14, doi: /j x x ISAAA, Clive James Viidatud Kättesaadav internetist: Jenczewski, E., Ronfort, J. & Chevre, A.M Crop-to-wild gene flow, introgression and possible fitness effects of transgenes. Environmental Biosafety Research, 2 (1), Kaminski, D A Year in Review: 2001 Pest Problems across Manitoba. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, pp Keane, R.M. & Crowley, M.J Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, Koskella, J. & Stotzky, G Microbial utilization of free and clay-bound insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and their retention of insecticidal activity after incubation with microbes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, MacBryde, B White Paper: Perspective on Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera L. United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Biotechnology Regulatory Services. Mallory-Smith, C. & Zapiola, M Review. Gene flow from glyphosate resistant crops. Pest Management Science, 64, Marvier, M. & Van Acker, R.C Can crop transgenes be kept on a leash? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3, Masson, L., Tabashnik, B.E., Liu, Y.-B., Brousseau, R. & Schwartz, J.-L Helix 4 of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa toxin lines the lumen of the ion channel. J. Biol. Chem. 274,

8 Mellon, M. & Rissler, J Gone to seed. Transgenic contaminants in the traditional sees supply. Obrist, L.B., Dutton, A., Albajes, R. & Bigler, F. 2006a. Exposure of arthropod predators to Cry1Ab toxin in Bt maize fields. Ecol. Entomol. 31, doi: /j x Obrist, L.B., Dutton, A., Romeis, J. & Bigler, F. 2006b. Biological activity of Cry1Ab toxin expressed by Bt maize following ingestion by herbivorous arthropods and exposure of predator Chrysoperla carnea. Biocontrol, 51, O Callaghan, M., Glare, T.R., Burgess, E.P.J. & Malone, L.A Effects of plants genetically modified for insect resistance on nontarget organisms. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 50, doi: /annurev.ento Osborne, J.L., Clark, S.J., Morris, R.J., Williams, I.H., Riley, J.R., Smith, A.D., Reynoulds, D.R. & Edwards, A.S A landscape-scale study of bumble bee foraging range and constancy, using harmonic radar. Journal of Applied Ecology 36, Palm, C.J., Schaller, D.L., Donegan, K.K. & Seidler, R.J Persistence in soil of transgenic plant produced Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki d-endotoxin. Can. J. Microbiol. 42, Pasquet, R.S., Peltier, A., Hufford, M.B., Oudin, E., Saulnier, J., Paul, L., Knudsen, J.T., Herren, H.R. & Gepts, P Long-distance pollen flow assessment through evaluation of pollinator foraging range suggests transgene escape distances. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 36, Pilson, D. & Prendeville, H.R Ecological effects of transgenic crops and the escape of transgenes into wild populations. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 35, Ramsay, G., Thompson, C. & Squire, G Quantifying landscape-scale gene flow in oilseed rape. Reichman, J.R., Watrud, L.S., Lee, E.H., Burdick, C.A., Bollman, M.A., Storm, M.J., King, G.A. & Mallory-Smith, C Establishment of transgenic herbicideresistant creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) in nonagronomic habitats. Molecular Ecology, 15, Saxena, D., Flores, S. & Stotzky, G Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bacillus thuringiensis corn. Nature, 402, 480. Saxena, D. & Stotzky, G Insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is released from roots of transgenic Bt corn in vitro and in situ. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 33, Schmidt, J.E.U., Braun, C.U., Whitehouse, L.P. & Hilbeck, A Effects of activated Bt transgene products (Chr1Ab, Cry3Bb) on immature stages of the ladybird Adalia bipunctata in laboratory ecotoxicity testing. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Doi: /s Shelton, A.M., Zhao, J.Z. & Roush, R.T Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants. Ann Revu. Entomol. 47, doi: /annurev.ento

9 Simard, M-J., Legere, A., Seguin-Swartz, G., Nair, H. & Warvick, S Fitness of double vs. Single herbicide-resistant canola. Weed Science, 53, Sims, S.R. & Holden, L.R Insect bioassay for determining soil degradation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CryIA(b) protein in corn tissue. Environ. Entomol. 25, Stewart C.N. Jr., Halfhill, M.D. & Warwick,S.I Transgene introgression from genetically modified crops to their wild relatives. Nature Revues Genetics, 4 (10), Zapiola, M.L., Campell, C.K., Butler, M.D. & Mallory-Smith, C.A Escape and establishment of transgenic glyphosate-resistant creeping bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera in Oregon, USA: a 4-year study. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, Zhang, G.F., Wan, F.H., Lo vei, G.L., Liu, W.X. & Guo, J.Y Transmission of Bt toxin to the predator Propylaea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) through its aphid prey feeding on transgenic Bt cotton. Environ. Entomol. 35, doi: / x(2006)35[1232:eabrod]2.0.co;2 Zwahlen, C. & Andow, D.A Field evidence for the exposure of ground beetles to Cry1Ab from transgenic corn. Environ. Biosafe. Res. 4, 1 5. doi: /ebr: Tapp, H., Calamai, L. & Stotzky, G Adsorption and binding of the insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and subsp. tenebrionis on clay minerals. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26, Tapp, H. & Stotzky, G. 1995a. Dot blot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring the fate of insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, Tapp, H. & Stotzky, G. 1995b. Insecticidal activity of the toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and tenebrionis adsorbed and bound on pure and soil clays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, Tapp, H. & Stotzky, G Persistence of the insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in soil. Soil Biochem. 30, Thomas, A.G., Frick, B.R. & Hall, L.M Alberta weed survey of cereal and oilseed crops in Weed Survey Series Publ Saskatoon, SK, Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Warnke, S Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Turfgrass Biology, Genetics, and Breeding (eds M.D. Casler and R.R. Duncan), pp John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA. Warwick,S.I., Beckie H.J., Simard, M-J, Legere, A., Nair, H. & Seguin-Swartz, G Environmental and agronomic consequences of herbicide-resistant (HR) canola in Canada. In: Introgression from Genetically Modified Plants (GMP) Into Wild Relatives (Eds. Den Nijs H.C.M., Bartsch, D., Sweet J.), Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, Warwick, S.I., Legere, A., Simard, M-J. & James, T Do escaped transgenes persist in nature? The case of an herbicide resistance transgene in a weedy Brassica rapa population. Molecular Ecology, 17, 5, 2008, Warwick,S.I., Simard, M-J, Legere, A. et al Hybridization between transgenic Brassica napus L. and its wild relatives: B.rapa L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., 9

10 Sinapis arvensis L. and Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schultz. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 107, Watrud LS, Lee. E.H., Fairbrother A. et al Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP EPSPS as a marker. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, West, A.W., Burges, H.D., White, R.J. & Wyborn, C.H Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal crystal insecticidal activity in soil. J. Invert. Pathol. 44, Westphal, C., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T Mass flowering crops enhance pollinator densities at a landscape scale. Ecology Letters 6,

Ecological Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops: Ten Years of Field Research and Commercial Cultivation

Ecological Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops: Ten Years of Field Research and Commercial Cultivation Adv Biochem Engin/Biotechnol (2007) 107: 235 278 DOI 10.1007/10_2007_048 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Published online: 31 March 2007 Ecological Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops: Ten Years of

More information

The potential of green gene technology in biomass production a legal examination

The potential of green gene technology in biomass production a legal examination 163 Breckling, B., Reuter, H. & Verhoeven, R. (2008) Implications of GM-Crop Cultivation at Large Spatial Scales. Theorie in der Ökologie 14. Frankfurt, Peter Lang. The potential of green gene technology

More information

Ecological Aspects of Genetically Modified Crops

Ecological Aspects of Genetically Modified Crops Ecological Aspects of Genetically Modified Crops THOMAS E. NICKSON, Co-Director MICHAEL J. MCKEE, Co-Director Ecological Technology Center, Monsanto Company St. Louis, MO ABSTRACT It is evident from many

More information

PLNT2530 (2018) Unit 10b. Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Agriculture. Insect Resistance

PLNT2530 (2018) Unit 10b. Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Agriculture. Insect Resistance PLNT2530 (2018) Unit 10b Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Agriculture Insect Resistance Plant Biotechnology Adrian Slater, Nigel Scott and Mark Fowler Chapters 5-10 Unless otherwise cited or referenced,

More information

Transgenic Rapeseed: Research and Management in China

Transgenic Rapeseed: Research and Management in China Transgenic Rapeseed: Research and Management in China Changming Lu (Oilcrops research institute, CAAS, Wuhan, China) Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the the most studied species in genetic engineering.

More information

Glyphosate drift promotes changes in fitness and transgene gene flow in canola (Brassica napus) and hybrids

Glyphosate drift promotes changes in fitness and transgene gene flow in canola (Brassica napus) and hybrids Annals of Botany 106: 957 965, 2010 doi:10.1093/aob/mcq190, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Glyphosate drift promotes changes in fitness and transgene gene flow in canola (Brassica napus)

More information

Spread of genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape Relevance for Schleswig-Holstein Land, Germany

Spread of genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape Relevance for Schleswig-Holstein Land, Germany Spread of genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape Relevance for Schleswig-Holstein Land, Germany Ulrike Middelhoff, Wilhelm Windhorst, Ecology Centre, University of Kiel, Germany e-mail: uli@ecology.uni-kiel.de

More information

Problem Formulation in Environmental Risk Assessment for Genetically Modified Crops

Problem Formulation in Environmental Risk Assessment for Genetically Modified Crops Problem Formulation in Environmental Risk Assessment for Genetically Modified Crops Alan Gray Centre for Ecology and Hydrology UK The genetic basis of unintended effects in modified plants Ottawa, 14-15

More information

BIOSAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSGENICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

BIOSAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSGENICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Plant Archives Vol. 14 No. 1, 2014 pp. 605-610 ISSN 0972-5210 Review Article BIOSAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSGENICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Prabharani Chaudhari, Suchi Gangwar 1, Megha Dubey 1 and

More information

It is for this reason that scientists are constantly looking for alternative ways of dealing with plant pests.

It is for this reason that scientists are constantly looking for alternative ways of dealing with plant pests. Pocket K No. 6 Bt Insect Resistance Technology Have you ever seen a leaf eaten off by plant pests? What about an entire harvest destroyed by insects? Plant pests cause a lot of problems to farmers and

More information

Risk Assessment and Management in Transgenic Crops

Risk Assessment and Management in Transgenic Crops Risk Assessment and Management in Transgenic Crops P. Balasubramanian Director Centre for Plant Molecular Biology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore 641 003 Status of Development of Bt Brinjal

More information

Arthropod communities in European arable crops a database

Arthropod communities in European arable crops a database GMOs in Integrated Plant Production IOBC-WPRS Bulletin Vol. 114, 2016 pp. 31-35 Arthropod communities in European arable crops a database Michael Meissle 1, Judith Riedel 1, Adalbert Balog 2, Paweł Bereś

More information

Herbicide-resistant crops as weeds in North America

Herbicide-resistant crops as weeds in North America Review Herbicide-resistant crops as weeds in North America Hugh J. Beckie 1, * and Micheal D. K. Owen 2 Address: 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X2,

More information

Chapter 6: Plant Biotechnology

Chapter 6: Plant Biotechnology Chapter 6: Plant Biotechnology Chapter Contents 6.1 The Future of Agriculture: Plant Transgenics 6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis 6.3 Practical Applications 6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns

More information

Ku i d a s h i n n a t a g m o d e m ŏ j u i n i m e s t e l e

Ku i d a s h i n n a t a g m o d e m ŏ j u i n i m e s t e l e Ku i d a s h i n n a t a g m o d e m ŏ j u i n i m e s t e l e ja loodusele Väljaandjad Keskkonnaministeerium ja Tallinna Tehnikaülikool 2008 Kaasrahastanud ÜRO Keskkonnaprogramm Koostajad prof Erkki Truve,

More information

Is Transgenic Sugarcane a BMP? William Lee Burnquist

Is Transgenic Sugarcane a BMP? William Lee Burnquist Is Transgenic Sugarcane a BMP? William Lee Burnquist william@ctc.com.br www.ctc.com.br Transgênicos no Mundo. Evolução 1996-2004 Transgênicos no Mundo Dominant Biotech Crops, 2004 Million hectares % transgenic

More information

Pocket K No. 42. Stacked Traits in Biotech Crops

Pocket K No. 42. Stacked Traits in Biotech Crops Pocket K No. 42 Stacked Traits in Biotech Crops The biotech method of gene stacking has brought us many notable products such as Golden Rice, Blue Rose, and SmartStax. What is gene stacking and why is

More information

Biosafety Issues and Bt cotton A case study. O. P. GOVILA Retd. Professor Genetics IARI

Biosafety Issues and Bt cotton A case study. O. P. GOVILA Retd. Professor Genetics IARI Biosafety Issues and Bt cotton A case study O. P. GOVILA Retd. Professor Genetics IARI Introduction Classical plant breeding is limited to the introduction of required characters into plant by genetic

More information

Plants - tions. ltationn

Plants - tions. ltationn GRACE Reviews of Environmental Impacts of GM Plants - Conceptual Models and Review Quest tions Draftt Document for Stakeholder Consul ltationn FP7 Collaborative Project GRACE 311957 Version 09/04/2013

More information

Genetically Modified Organisms II. How are transgenic plants generated? The components of T DNA transfer. Plants

Genetically Modified Organisms II. How are transgenic plants generated? The components of T DNA transfer. Plants Genetically Modified Organisms II Plants How are transgenic plants generated? The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a pathogen of plants that causes crown gall tumors. Crown gall tumor Agrobacterium

More information

Preliminary Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plant Use in Ukraine

Preliminary Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plant Use in Ukraine AgBioForum, 17(2): 191-196. 2014 AgBioForum. Preliminary Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plant Use in Ukraine Oleg V. Novozhylov and Yaroslav B. Blume Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National

More information

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF. Maria Luz Zapiola for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Science

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF. Maria Luz Zapiola for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Science AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Maria Luz Zapiola for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Science presented on October 22, 2009. Title: Gene Flow from Transgenic Glyphosate-Resistant Creeping

More information

GM Crops and Biodiversity is this solely a GM issue?

GM Crops and Biodiversity is this solely a GM issue? GM Crops and Biodiversity is this solely a GM issue? Brian Johnson Former Head of Biotechnology Unit English Nature Why does farmland biodiversity matter? A high proportion of our natural biodiversity

More information

Fruit and Shoot Borer-Resistant Eggplant - Fact Sheet -

Fruit and Shoot Borer-Resistant Eggplant - Fact Sheet - Fruit and Shoot Borer-Resistant Eggplant - Fact Sheet - A consortium of public and private sector institutions have joined forces to develop a bioengineered solution to eggplant s most persistent constraint

More information

GENETIC MODELS TO ASSESS THE DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTER-RESISTANCE IN INSECT PESTS EXPOSED TO Bt- SUGARCANE

GENETIC MODELS TO ASSESS THE DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTER-RESISTANCE IN INSECT PESTS EXPOSED TO Bt- SUGARCANE GENETIC MODELS TO ASSESS THE DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTER-RESISTANCE IN INSECT PESTS EXPOSED TO Bt- SUGARCANE M K BUTTERFIELD South African Sugar Association Experiment Station, P/Bag X02, Mt Edgecombe, 4300

More information

Certified Reference Materials AOCS 0809-A

Certified Reference Materials AOCS 0809-A Certified Reference Materials AOCS 0809-A Report of the certification process for MON87701 Soybean Seed Certified Reference Materials G. Clapper and R. Cantrill AOCS, Urbana, IL, USA Phone: +1-217-359-2344;

More information

Hanamant Gadad 1, A. S. Vastrad 2, Krishnaraj P. U 3

Hanamant Gadad 1, A. S. Vastrad 2, Krishnaraj P. U 3 Gut bacterial influence on susceptibility of lepidopteran pests to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Hanamant Gadad 1, A. S. Vastrad 2, Krishnaraj P. U 3 1 Ph.D Scholar, Department of Agricultural

More information

[ 2 ] [ 3 ] WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY? HOW IS BIOTECHNOLOGY DIFFERENT FROM THE TRADITIONAL WAY OF IMPROVING CROPS?

[ 2 ] [ 3 ] WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY? HOW IS BIOTECHNOLOGY DIFFERENT FROM THE TRADITIONAL WAY OF IMPROVING CROPS? WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY? Biotechnology is a modern technology that makes use of organisms (or parts thereof) to make or modify products; improve and develop microorganisms, plants or animals; or develop

More information

Product Safety Assessment Herculex RW Rootworm Protection

Product Safety Assessment Herculex RW Rootworm Protection Product Safety Assessment Herculex RW Rootworm Protection Select a Topic: Names Product Overview Manufacture of Product: Plant Transformation Process Product Description Product Uses Exposure Potential

More information

What is Biotechnology?

What is Biotechnology? What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is a modern technology that makes use of organisms (or parts thereof) to: make or modify products; improve and develop microorganisms, plants or animals; or develop

More information

Integrated Pest Management. Tracey Baute and Gilles Quesnel OMAFRA

Integrated Pest Management. Tracey Baute and Gilles Quesnel OMAFRA Integrated Pest Management Tracey Baute and Gilles Quesnel OMAFRA What is IPM? Integrated Pest Management A systems approach to pest control method that uses all available technologies to efficiently and

More information

Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2002 Feature: Bt Maize

Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2002 Feature: Bt Maize I S A A A INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR THE ACQUISITION OF AGRI-BIOTECH APPLICATIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2002 Feature: Bt Maize by Clive James Chair, ISAAA Board

More information

REPORT OPEN MEETING 29. APRIL Co-existence. (sameksistens) BIOTEKNOLOGINEMNDA

REPORT OPEN MEETING 29. APRIL Co-existence. (sameksistens) BIOTEKNOLOGINEMNDA REPORT OPEN MEETING 29. APRIL 2004 T H E N O R W E G I A N B I O T E C H N O L O G Y A D V I S O R Y B O A R D Co-existence BIOTEKNOLOGINEMNDA (sameksistens) The Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board:

More information

ERA of LMOs for food, feed and processing in the European Union

ERA of LMOs for food, feed and processing in the European Union ERA of LMOs for food, feed and processing in the European Union Hans Bergmans, Ph.D. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment GMO Office The Netherlands 1 Environmental Risk Assessment of

More information

Considerations on the Use of Transgenic Crops for Insect Control

Considerations on the Use of Transgenic Crops for Insect Control Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 43, No. 5, 890 900, July 2007 Considerations on the Use of Transgenic Crops for Insect Control ANTHONY M. SHELTON Cornell University, New York, USA Final version received

More information

Scientific Issues in Relation to the Safety of Genetically Modified Food and Crops 1. G. J. Persley

Scientific Issues in Relation to the Safety of Genetically Modified Food and Crops 1. G. J. Persley July 6, 2001 Scientific Issues in Relation to the Safety of Genetically Modified Food and Crops 1 G. J. Persley Public concerns about the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) lie in four major

More information

Evaluating the Use of Genetically Modified Crops in the North Country

Evaluating the Use of Genetically Modified Crops in the North Country Evaluating the Use of Genetically Modified Crops in the North Country Joe Kondratowicz and Erik Donohoe Conservation Biology 340, Spring 2007 Professor: E. Barthelmess 4 May 2007 Summary: The issue of

More information

Transgenic Crops: The Good, the Bad, and the Laws

Transgenic Crops: The Good, the Bad, and the Laws Recent Developments Transgenic Crops: The Good, the Bad, and the Laws Wendy Thai * INTRODUCTION Advances in molecular biology and plant genetic engineering have made it possible to introduce genes from

More information

Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology in the United States: Overview

Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology in the United States: Overview Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology in the United States: Overview Webinar for: National Agricultural Law Center July 15, 2015 Michael J. Firko, Ph.D. APHIS Deputy Administrator (BRS) History of Plant

More information

Managing wild oat in tame oat through the seeding date and seeding rate of tame oat

Managing wild oat in tame oat through the seeding date and seeding rate of tame oat Managing wild oat in tame oat through the seeding date and seeding rate of tame oat May, W.E. 1, Shirtliffe, S.J. Lafond, G.P and McAndrew, D. 2006. 1 AAFC, Indian Head Research Farm, Box 760, Indian Head,

More information

EUROPEAN COMMISSION AGRICULTURE DIRECTORATE-GENERAL DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE ARGUMENTAIRE ON CO-EXISTENCE OF GM CROPS

EUROPEAN COMMISSION AGRICULTURE DIRECTORATE-GENERAL DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE ARGUMENTAIRE ON CO-EXISTENCE OF GM CROPS EUROPEAN COMMISSION AGRICULTURE DIRECTORATE-GENERAL DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Brussels, May 17 2002 ARGUMENTAIRE ON CO-EXISTENCE OF GM CROPS WITH CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC CROPS 1- WHAT

More information

GM (Genetically Modified) Plants. Background

GM (Genetically Modified) Plants. Background 1 GM (Genetically Modified) Plants Background Genetically modified crops (GM) have been used since 1996 in the U.S. GM crops contain foreign genetic material The DNA may be from another plant or from a

More information

Key Words: glyphosate-resistant corn; genetically engineered corn; corn pollen; pollen transport; corn seed purity, transgene.

Key Words: glyphosate-resistant corn; genetically engineered corn; corn pollen; pollen transport; corn seed purity, transgene. AgBioForum Volume 4, Number 2 2001 Pages 87-92 CROSS POLLINATION FROM GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CORN: WIND TRANSPORT AND SEED SOURCE John M. Jemison, Jr. & Michael E. Vayda 1 Pollen transport from genetically

More information

Genetically modified sugarcane and Eldana. Sandy Snyman Agronomist s Association Annual Symposium 27 October 2015

Genetically modified sugarcane and Eldana. Sandy Snyman Agronomist s Association Annual Symposium 27 October 2015 Genetically modified sugarcane and Eldana Sandy Snyman Agronomist s Association Annual Symposium 27 October 2015 GM=Genetically modified What is GM? DNA/gene from one source is transferred to another organism

More information

Bugbears? Maize GE Benefits & Bugbears in the U.S. Benefits & Bugbears. Bugbears? Natural Corn Plant Sex. v , Purdue Univ.

Bugbears? Maize GE Benefits & Bugbears in the U.S. Benefits & Bugbears. Bugbears? Natural Corn Plant Sex. v , Purdue Univ. Maize GE Benefits & Bugbears in the R.L. (Bob) Nielsen Agronomy Department University,, Email: rnielsen@purdue.edu Web: www.kingcorn.org/rln-bio.htm Links Links to to this this presentation can can be

More information

Fate and Effects in Soil of Cry Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Influence of Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil

Fate and Effects in Soil of Cry Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Influence of Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil The Open Toxinology Journal, 2010, 3, 133-153 133 Open Access Fate and Effects in Soil of Cry Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Influence of Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Soil Deepak

More information

Field tests on managing resistance to Bt-engineered plants

Field tests on managing resistance to Bt-engineered plants Field tests on managing resistance to Bt-engineered plants Anthony M. Shelton 1 *, Juliet D. Tang 1,2, Richard T. Roush 3,4, Timothy D. Metz 5,6, and Elizabeth D. Earle 5 1 Department of Entomology, Cornell

More information

GE crops and gene flow Roundup Ready Wheat and related Problems. Steve Strauss and Carol Mallory-Smith Oregon State University

GE crops and gene flow Roundup Ready Wheat and related Problems. Steve Strauss and Carol Mallory-Smith Oregon State University GE crops and gene flow Roundup Ready Wheat and related Problems Steve Strauss and Carol Mallory-Smith Oregon State University Plan The problem Gene flow concepts Two case studies with Oregon focus Roundup

More information

A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Crops on Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Crops on Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Crops on Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Jian J. Duan 1, Michelle Marvier 2 *, Joseph Huesing 1, Galen Dively 3, Zachary Y. Huang 4 1 Ecological Technology Center, Monsanto

More information

Genetic engineering and the food we eat*

Genetic engineering and the food we eat* Genetic engineering and the food we eat* Prof. Daniel Chamovitz Tel Aviv University *and the clothes we wear, and the medicines we take, and gasoline we burn Problem #1: World Population is exploding 2011

More information

Developing New GM Products and Detection Methods

Developing New GM Products and Detection Methods Developing New GM Products and Detection Methods Dave Grothaus Monsanto Company Slides Thanks to: International Life Sciences Institute Crop Life International Indus try Colleagues Hope Hart - Syngenta

More information

Genetically Modified Foods

Genetically Modified Foods Genetically Modified Foods Gail Langellotto, Ph.D. Oregon State University April 24, 2010 Outline What is a GMO? Traditional Plant Breeding How do you make a GMO? GMOs in our Food System Potential Benefits/Concerns

More information

WHAT S ON THE HORIZON FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ALFALFA AND FORAGE GRASSES? Joe Bouton 1 ABSTRACT

WHAT S ON THE HORIZON FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ALFALFA AND FORAGE GRASSES? Joe Bouton 1 ABSTRACT WHAT S ON THE HORIZON FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ALFALFA AND FORAGE GRASSES? Joe Bouton 1 ABSTRACT Biotechnology is concentrated in two evolving research areas, genomics and transgenics. For the genomics approach,

More information

Maruca-Resistant Cowpea FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Maruca-Resistant Cowpea FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Maruca-Resistant Cowpea FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Which genes have been incorporated into the Marucaresistant cowpea? The Maruca-resistant cowpea contains the cry1ab (Bt) and nptii genes. The Bt gene

More information

BIO1PS 2012 Plant Science Topic 4 Lectures 2 and 3 Introduction to Plant Biotechnology

BIO1PS 2012 Plant Science Topic 4 Lectures 2 and 3 Introduction to Plant Biotechnology BIO1PS 2012 Plant Science Topic 4 Lectures 2 and 3 Introduction to Plant Biotechnology Dr. Michael Emmerling Department of Botany Room 410 m.emmerling@latrobe.edu.au Some Key Words Agrobacterium Ti plasmid

More information

Challenges pertaining to the comparative assessment of potential adverse effects of GM

Challenges pertaining to the comparative assessment of potential adverse effects of GM Challenges pertaining to the comparative assessment of potential adverse effects of GM plants on non-target organisms Salvatore ARPAIA - ENEA Challenging boundaries in risk assessment sharing experiences

More information

Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2002)7 ENV/JM/MONO(2002)7 Unclassified Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 20-Oct-2004 English -

More information

GMO Crops, Trade Wars, and a New Site Specific Mutagensis System. A. Lawrence Christy, Ph.D.

GMO Crops, Trade Wars, and a New Site Specific Mutagensis System. A. Lawrence Christy, Ph.D. GMO Crops, Trade Wars, and a New Site Specific Mutagensis System A. Lawrence Christy, Ph.D. Background PhD in Plant Physiology from Ohio State University 12 years with Monsanto R&D in PGR s and herbicides

More information

Agroecology Ecological understanding of farming systems 7. Crop pest control

Agroecology Ecological understanding of farming systems 7. Crop pest control Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Agroecology Ecological understanding of farming systems 7. Crop pest control Crop pests Insect herbivory Natural pest management Chemical control Biological and ecological

More information

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND CROP SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND CROP SCIENCES Department of Soil and Crop Sciences 1 DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND CROP SCIENCES Master of Science in Soil and Crop Sciences, Plan B* Ph.D. Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Sciences* * Please see department for program

More information

Developing a good practice for the review of evidence relevant to GMO risk assessment

Developing a good practice for the review of evidence relevant to GMO risk assessment GMOs in Integrated Plant Production IOBC-WPRS Bulletin Vol. 97, 2013 pp. 55-62 Developing a good practice for the review of evidence relevant to GMO risk assessment Christian Kohl 1, Wendy Craig 2, Geoff

More information

Graduate Student Research and Professional Development Fund. The School of Graduate Studies. Western Illinois University

Graduate Student Research and Professional Development Fund. The School of Graduate Studies. Western Illinois University Research Proposal for the Graduate Student Research and Professional Development Fund The School of Graduate Studies Western Illinois University 1 University Circle Macomb, IL 61455 Submitted by: XXXXXX

More information

Managing Corn Pests with Bt Corn: Some Questions and Answers March 2003

Managing Corn Pests with Bt Corn: Some Questions and Answers March 2003 Managing Corn Pests with Bt Corn: Some Questions and Answers March 2003 Frank B. Peairs Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Introduction New technology

More information

Bt d-endotoxins are globular protein molecules, which accumulate as protoxins in crystalline form during late stage of the sporulation.

Bt d-endotoxins are globular protein molecules, which accumulate as protoxins in crystalline form during late stage of the sporulation. Bt Corn Bt d-endotoxins are globular protein molecules, which accumulate as protoxins in crystalline form during late stage of the sporulation. Protoxins are liberated in the midgut after solubilization

More information

Effects of Transgenic Crops on the Environment

Effects of Transgenic Crops on the Environment 131 6 Effects of Transgenic Crops on the Environment Peter B. Woodbury, Antonio DiTommaso, Janice Thies, Matthew Ryan and John Losey 6.1 Range and Scope of Transgenic Crops Globally, the use of transgenic

More information

CANADA S SUBMISSION TO THE FAO COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

CANADA S SUBMISSION TO THE FAO COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE CANADA S SUBMISSION TO THE FAO COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE During its Sixteenth Regular Session held 30 January 3 February 2017, the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food

More information

Genetic Engineering and Other Aspects of Biotechnology

Genetic Engineering and Other Aspects of Biotechnology Genetic Engineering and Other Aspects of Biotechnology IB Biology Outcomes 4.4.1 Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA. 4.4.2 State that, in gel

More information

Regulatory experiences and ideas. Steve Strauss Oregon State University

Regulatory experiences and ideas. Steve Strauss Oregon State University Regulatory experiences and ideas Steve Strauss Oregon State University Steve.Strauss@oregonstate.edu Plan My experience with GMO trees, regulations A scary lesson in regulatory compliance Ideas for regulatory

More information

Non GMO Crop Production. Joe Lawrence

Non GMO Crop Production. Joe Lawrence Non GMO Crop Production Joe Lawrence 1 Crops of Potential Interest: DAIRY Field Crops where certain varieties/hybrids contain GE Traits Corn Cotton Alfalfa Canola Soybean Sugar Beets Conventional term

More information

ROUNDUP READY CANOLA CROP MANAGEMENT PLAN (CMP)

ROUNDUP READY CANOLA CROP MANAGEMENT PLAN (CMP) ROUNDUP READY CANOLA CROP MANAGEMENT PLAN (CMP) Objective. The Roundup Ready canola Crop Management Plan details strategies that can be implemented on-farm to manage risks to the integrity of grain supply-chains

More information

How do Canadian growers manage blackleg, club root and sclerotinia in canola? Dr. Lone Buchwaldt

How do Canadian growers manage blackleg, club root and sclerotinia in canola? Dr. Lone Buchwaldt How do Canadian growers manage blackleg, club root and sclerotinia in canola? Dr. Lone Buchwaldt Canada has 13 Provinces/Territories and 20 federal research centres for agriculture Lone Buchwaldt, Plant

More information

Residue and Nutrient Management Under Reduced Tillage Systems

Residue and Nutrient Management Under Reduced Tillage Systems Residue and Nutrient Management Under Reduced Tillage Systems Warren A. Dick* and Dean A. Martens *The Ohio State University dick.5@osu.edu OUTLINE 1. Introduction A.Historic Uses and Management of Residues

More information

Lost Opportunities in Plant Biotechnology

Lost Opportunities in Plant Biotechnology Lost Opportunities in Plant Biotechnology Gerard Barry International Rice Research Institute Los Banos, Philippines The Consequences of Unexamined Fear as a Driver for Public Health Protection January

More information

Horticulture and GMOs Current Status and the Future

Horticulture and GMOs Current Status and the Future Horticulture and GMOs Current Status and the Future Kevin M. Folta Professor and Chairman Horticultural Sciences Department kfolta@ufl.edu kfolta.blogspot.com @kevinfolta Current Status and Current Traits

More information

Heritability and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Heritability and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Bulletin of Entomological Research (1999) 89, 449 454 449 Heritability and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) F. Huang 1, R.A. Higgins 1 *,

More information

kes saab kasu GMO-dest? environmental, social and economic impacts pestitsiidikasutuse kasv jaanuar 2008

kes saab kasu GMO-dest? environmental, social and economic impacts pestitsiidikasutuse kasv jaanuar 2008 executive summary six who benefits from gm crops? environmental, social and economic impacts The biotech industry claims that GM crops in the US have provided significant yield increases, significant savings

More information

The Regulation of GM crops in the United States

The Regulation of GM crops in the United States The Regulation of GM crops in the United States GMO Technology Conference: The Regulation and Use of GMO Technology in Ireland 10-11 October 2013 // The Printworks, Dublin Castle Coordinated Framework

More information

Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard. Biology Level 3

Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard. Biology Level 3 Exemplar for internal assessment resource Biology for Achievement Standard 91607 Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Biology Level 3 This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard

More information

Bee Research at AARD Lethbridge. Shelley Hoover, Pest Surveillance Branch, Lethbridge

Bee Research at AARD Lethbridge. Shelley Hoover, Pest Surveillance Branch, Lethbridge Bee Research at AARD Lethbridge Shelley Hoover, Pest Surveillance Branch, Lethbridge Pest Surveillance Branch AARD Bee Team Lethbridge Shelley Hoover Apiculture Research Scientist Lynae Vandervalk Apiculture

More information

Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences - CSES

Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences - CSES Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences - CSES 1 Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences - CSES Courses CSES 1000/1003 BASIC CROP SCIENCE (4) LEC. 3. LAB. 2. Agronomic principles of classification, growth,

More information

1 Introduction 2 BASF Crop Protection 3 BASF Plant Biotechnology Dr. Peter Eckes President, BASF Plant Science

1 Introduction 2 BASF Crop Protection 3 BASF Plant Biotechnology Dr. Peter Eckes President, BASF Plant Science 1 1 Introduction 2 BASF Crop Protection 3 BASF Plant Biotechnology Dr. Peter Eckes President, BASF Plant Science The GM success story continues Global GM crop area in million hectares; 1 ha = 2.47 acres

More information

Biotechnological approaches in Pest Management

Biotechnological approaches in Pest Management Biotechnological approaches in Pest Management Biotechnology in Agriculture? Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from these organisms, to make or modify a product, to improve plants

More information

Virtual Soil Testing What Is It?

Virtual Soil Testing What Is It? Virtual Soil Testing What Is It? Rigas E. Karamanos 1 and Karen Cannon 2 1 Western Cooperative Fertilizers Limited, 2 Conservation and Development Branch, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development

More information

Maize MON810. GMO event quantification. Detection and quantification of GMO integration events by real-time PCR. 100 tests. Primerdesign TM Ltd

Maize MON810. GMO event quantification. Detection and quantification of GMO integration events by real-time PCR. 100 tests. Primerdesign TM Ltd Primerdesign TM Ltd GMO event quantification Detection and quantification of GMO integration events by real-time PCR 100 tests Kit contents Maize-WT DNA primer/probe mix (100 reactions BROWN) MON810 (GMO)

More information

Agricultural Biotechnology: California and Beyond. Peggy G. Lemaux University of California

Agricultural Biotechnology: California and Beyond. Peggy G. Lemaux University of California Agricultural Biotechnology: California and Beyond Peggy G. Lemaux University of California Biotechnology Basics What s Commercial Now? What s in the Precommercial Field? What Questions Are Being Raised?

More information

Planting for Food & Jobs Campaign might fail if the GMO issue is not addressed

Planting for Food & Jobs Campaign might fail if the GMO issue is not addressed Planting for Food & Jobs Campaign might fail if the GMO issue is not addressed The excitement that characterized Operational Feed Yourself (OFY); an agro revolution campaign (popularly referred to as Ghana

More information

Genetically engineered Bt rice food safety concerns and environmental dangers

Genetically engineered Bt rice food safety concerns and environmental dangers Genetically engineered Bt rice food safety concerns and environmental dangers Cotter, J. Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK April

More information

ESCOLA TÈCNICA SUPERIOR D ENGINYERS AGRÒNOMS

ESCOLA TÈCNICA SUPERIOR D ENGINYERS AGRÒNOMS COURSE TITLE Recursos fitogenéticos IN SPANISH COURSE 4935 Plant genetic resources NAME/TITLE: DEGREE: Engineer in Agronomy DEGREE 1999 YEAR PROGRAM: OFFERED: ORIENTATION/ SPECIALIZATION: 5 SEMESTER: 9

More information

Workshop Herbicide-Tolerant varieties EWRS Working Group, Frankfurt, 21 May 2014

Workshop Herbicide-Tolerant varieties EWRS Working Group, Frankfurt, 21 May 2014 Workshop Herbicide-Tolerant varieties EWRS Working Group, Frankfurt, 21 May 2014 Assessing the effect of changes of agricultural practices accompanying herbicide-tolerant crops on agricultural biodiversity.

More information

Crop Yield & Production Trends in Western Canada. R.J. Graf March 2013

Crop Yield & Production Trends in Western Canada. R.J. Graf March 2013 Crop Yield & Production Trends in Western Canada R.J. Graf March 213 Crop Yield and Production Trends in Western Canada Data from Canada Grains Council (Statistics Canada). Examined crop production, area

More information

Genome Editing Deals in Agriculture

Genome Editing Deals in Agriculture Genome Editing Deals in Agriculture Key Issues and Potential Pitfalls John R. Therien, J.D. October 24, 2017 Genome Editing Deals in Ag Licensing and R&D collaborations based on GE tools for applications

More information

PROS AND CONS OF GMO FOODS

PROS AND CONS OF GMO FOODS PROS AND CONS OF GMO FOODS DUNAREA DE JOS UNIVERSITY OF GALATI 1 GMO s... organisms in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination

More information

Biomass Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake of Oilseeds at Different Growth Stages in the Parkland Region of Saskatchewan

Biomass Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake of Oilseeds at Different Growth Stages in the Parkland Region of Saskatchewan Biomass Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake of Oilseeds at Different Growth Stages in the Parkland Region of Saskatchewan S. S. Malhi 1, A. M. Johnston 1, J. J. Schoenau 2 and Z. H. Wang 1,3 1 Agriculture

More information

Bt crops what is left of the great promises? Angelika Hilbeck Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Schweiz

Bt crops what is left of the great promises? Angelika Hilbeck Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Schweiz Bt crops what is left of the great promises? Angelika Hilbeck Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Schweiz Bacillus thuringiensis the most widely sold and used microbial pesticide Bt crop Trans

More information

NCR553 Insect Resistant Crops Through Genetic Engineering University...

NCR553 Insect Resistant Crops Through Genetic Engineering University... 1 of 9 6/10/2010 9:43 AM University of Missouri Extension NCR553, New January 1995 Insect-Resistant Crops Through Genetic Engineering Glenda D. Webber Office of Biotechnology Iowa State University North

More information

HIDDEN UNCERTAINTIES. What the European Commission doesn t want us to know about the risks of GMOs

HIDDEN UNCERTAINTIES. What the European Commission doesn t want us to know about the risks of GMOs HIDDEN UNCERTAINTIES What the European Commission doesn t want us to know about the risks of GMOs April 2006 Executive Summary Following a legal request by Friends of the Earth, the European Commission

More information

The GMO Imperative. Dr. Eva Claudia Lang Austrian Federal Ministry of Health, Dep. II/B/15. Protecting an Promoting Real Food -Conference

The GMO Imperative. Dr. Eva Claudia Lang Austrian Federal Ministry of Health, Dep. II/B/15. Protecting an Promoting Real Food -Conference The GMO Imperative Dr. Eva Claudia Lang Austrian Federal Ministry of Health, Dep. II/B/15 Protecting an Promoting Real Food -Conference 22 February 2013, Krakow Overview History Risk assessment of GMOs

More information

PCR Methods and Analytical Strategies for GMO Testing. E. Pearce Smith Eurofins GeneScan

PCR Methods and Analytical Strategies for GMO Testing. E. Pearce Smith Eurofins GeneScan PCR Methods and Analytical Strategies for GMO Testing E. Pearce Smith Eurofins GeneScan 1 Genetically Modified Organisms Viruses Bacteria Fungi Plants Animals 2 Examples of Tests for Biotech Corn and Soy

More information

IPM MASTER DEGREE. Knowledge and understanding

IPM MASTER DEGREE. Knowledge and understanding I N T E R N A T I O N A L J O I N T M A S T E R D E G R E E I N P L A N T M E D I C I N E (IPM), "TE M P U S IV", 2009 (158875-TEMPUS-1-2009-1-IT-TEMPUS-JPCR) F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e, U

More information

Unapproved Genetically Modified Wheat Discovered in Oregon: Status and Implications

Unapproved Genetically Modified Wheat Discovered in Oregon: Status and Implications Unapproved Genetically Modified Wheat Discovered in Oregon: Status and Implications Tadlock Cowan Analyst in Natural Resources and Rural Development June 7, 2013 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members

More information