Recent Developments in Vegetable 2008 Breeding: Promoting Vegetable Varieties for Nutrition and Income

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1 Recent Developments in Vegetable Breeding: Promoting Vegetable Varieties for Nutrition and Income Abdou Tenkouano Plant Breeder & Geneticist Regional Director for AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center () Chris Ojiewo Albert Rouamba Takemore Chagomoka Victor Afari-Sefa Jacqueline d Arros Hughes ECHO Meeting Sept 25-27, 2012 Ouagadougou

2 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center In Africa Since 1992 ICRISAT IITA CORAF/WECARD ASARECA CCARDESA AfricaRice Oceania NARES Bioversity CWANA RCSA Headquarters Icipe CABI RCA ESEA AFSTA ASIESA WASA HOST GOVERNMENTS HOST(ED) INSTITUTIONS

3 A Revolution With Greens! (++ staples for food and nutrition) Tanzania Niger Headquarters Taiwan Mali Madagascar Cameroon M A N A G E M E N T Strengthen Seed Systems in Africa

4 Partnerships: A Steady Stream Disengage to Engage Process (RBU, InPlat, PPP, PVS) Products (Varieties, Seeds) Policy (Seed Act, Rel & Certif, IPR, Seed Health) Success is not complete without a successor AVRDC PARTNERS

5 The Seed : Central Yet Peripheral Evolving Context Climate Uncertainty Predictable Disasters Demographics Less Labor & Less Land Markets & Trade Beyond the Farm Gate

6 Typology of Disasters Match moral obligation for relief. Aperiodical Predictability Work with relief organizations (CRS, WFP) with wisdom of preparedness for reoccurrence (Prevent or Preempt) Assist to develop a network of seed stores (Seeds of Hope Not Seeds of Despair) Assist for recovery via education & technology transfer (Community resilience)

7 Less Water Better Practices (Efficient & Safe) 280 Water harvesting and small plots: Yield expansion index ASIA 1mm rainfall (can t do much under rain-fed agriculture) = 10m3/ha = 50 barrels of 200 L (can do a lot in small plots) AFRICA Area expansion index Source: WDR 2006

8 Demographics Labor & Land Less people to produce food in rural areas Urbanization & migrations Less land per household for food production Land tenure & use systems Non-agricultural imperatives

9 Demographics Who and Where Is The Farmer? Women -75% of Work Force Urban youth untapped labor

10 Non Communicable Diseases Go Vegetables!!! Diet-related causes : insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables and excess intake of salt, saturated fat and trans-fatty acids NCDs cause over 63% of all global deaths annually and will cost $30 trillion globally to treat between now and 2030 The health sector alone cannot prevent all these premature deaths and chronic illnesses, and the poor of the world are the most vulnerable

11 Diet Diversification (Creating Demand) Continue to Promote Diversity Home Gardening & Nutritional Kits Activities: Training in growing, processing, preserving and cooking Home Gardens (6m x 6m): 170 to 250 kg of vegetables produced over a year

12 Context Sensitivity Transformative innovations may not take place even when the potential for engineering or adapting the required technologies exists

13 Tangle Webs Economies function as complex networks of segmented activities innovation in isolated segments may not necessarily lead to overall changes that would positively impact on livelihoods It is essential to conceive interventions within the context of value chains or value networks

14 Farming is a Business (has always been) Capital + Competencies Products + Services Output = Investment + Recurrent Costs + Profit Subsistence Low investment Low risk high vulnerability Low profit Market Increase investment Domesticate risk Increase profit SUBSIST (Decline) PROSPER (Grow)

15 The Economic Law of Demand and Supply Production Consumer Behavior Marketing Poor quality of breeds and seeds - spatial and time gaps in seed distribution systems Poor management of resource base (land) Poor handling of pest & disease complex Drives production and marketing choices Determines what kinds of interventions along the value chain should be considered High postharvest losses of marketable produce - high transaction costs along supply chain (Infrastructure, market information systems, bargaining power, trade policies)

16 Stepping Up or Hanging In? Courtesy: Benjamin Dent

17 Research Strategy: Linking Peri-urban to Cerealbased BPHs Best Practice Training and Demonstration Hubs Value Chain Varieties and seeds SIMLESA Periurban BPHs Capacity Building Train the Trainers Field days/demos etc Study tours Cerealbased BPHs Production Postharvest National focal person

18 Building Capacity - Tanzania Agricultural Productivity Program 400 peri-urban youth graduated with skills in market-attractive vegetable production by September 2012 On graduation, the trainees receive a seed package, complemented by TAPP-supplied logistical support, to start and operate their own business Project expected to provide after sales extension and business support to the graduates for a few production cycles before they are ready to be on their own 18

19 Reaching the End User (from the START) Produce Markets Innovation Systems (IAR4D) Reaching the End User & Making the End User Richer Variety Development Variety Release PVS Seed Markets Farmer s Voice (Consumer Market) Vegetable Farmer (Knowledge Intensive) Income & Nutrition (Community) (Fresh, Processed) Linkages (Formal, Informal) From: Taking it to the farmers To: Making it with the farmers

20 Engaging The (often Deprived) Private Sector Operations Variety development Breeding Testing Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Seed Production Basic Foundation Certified Seed Marketing Packaging Selling Resources Private Staff + Land + Equipment + Varieties Staff + Land + Equipment Staff + Equipment Staff None Public (vbss) Varieties (non exclusive) Varieties Varieties + Land Varieties + Land + Equipment Varieties + Land + Equipment + Staff

21 Pulling All Together Capacity Building Varieties & Seeds Post Harvest Nutrition Education Efficient & S afe Production Efficient Value Chain Management

22 Agricultural Fair January Cameroon Expected Outcomes in 2012 and beyond Release of 25 varieties and possible funding via USDA under McGovern Dole Food For Education Program (School gardens)

23 Tanzania Seed Fair April 2011 First Hort Show December 2011

24 Mali Seed Fair May 2011

25 Burkina Faso Field Visit June 2011

26 Is AVRDC achieving IMPACT in ESA? First Official Release of Traditional African Vegetables in Tanzania Crop New name Tomato Tengeru 2010 African nightshade African eggplant Ethiopian mustard Duluti Nduruma Olevolosi DB3 Rungwe Arumeru Amaranth Madiira 1 Madiira 2

27 Varieties Officially Released in the ESA Node Crop Acc. Code Var. Name Year Country Tomato LBR 19-2 Meru 2007 Tanzania LBR 44-2 Kiboko Tanzania ARP Phindu 2009 Malawi LBR 11 Tengeru Tanzania LBR 6 Duluti 2011 Tanzania Afr. N. shade SS 49 Medium leaf 2009 Kenya BG 16 Nduruma 2011 Tanzania SS 49 Olevolosi 2011 Tanzania Afr. eggplant DB 3 DB Tanzania Eth. mustard ML EM 1 Rungwe 2011 Tanzania ST 3 Arumeru 2011 Tanzania Amaranth UG-40 UG Uganda Ex-Zim Madiira Tanzania AM 38 Madiira Tanzania Veg. Cowpea Tumaini Tumaini 2007 Kenya

28 African eggplant variety released in Tanzania Already a popular cash crop in Tanzania Farmers get $1,200 per ha per season DB 3 Low to high altitude About 90 t/ha Egg shaped Sweet tasting Long harvesting period

29 Some commercialized varieties in Madagascar Tomato Raitra (LBR 17) Tomato Manja (LBR 11) African eggplant (DB3) Pepper (PP )

30 Is AVRDC achieving IMPACT in WCA? New B-Carotene Rich Tomato Varieties for Hot & Humid West Africa First Catalog with Vegetables in Mali

31 Varieties Registered in Official Seed Catalogue of Mali (2011) Crop name Accession Code Variety name Amaranth A2002 A2002 A2004 A2004 African eggplant Soxna Soxna L10 L10 Okra Ganc R/08.1 Sasilon Ganc R/CS0708 Batoumambé Safieta Safi Onion AVON1073 Lafia AVON1074 Founou-Founou Roselle Samandah Samandah L28 L28 Hot pepper PP Nafama PP Nisondia PP Bafarima Demon F1 Demon F1 Beibeihong 695 F1 Beibeihong 695 F1 Sweet Pepper PP BK Poivron Jan PP Séguifa PP Wasa Tomato CLN2366A Bèbi yèrèyé CLN2366B Kénéya DR3 Nayéli DR3-B Konica Total number of varieties registered in Mali Official Seed Catalogue = 23

32 Lines submitted for registration in Cameroon

33 Late Blight Resistant Tomato Varieties released in Tanzania Tengeru 2010 (LBR 11) Duluti (LBR 6) 1. Resistant to early and late blight 2. Hide fruits against sunscald, insect and bird damage 3. About 90 t/ha

34 Late Blight Resistance Pipeline Crosses made to introgress Ph-4 from S. pimpinellifolium L3708 into tomato S. habrochaites LA1033 is potential source of new LBR genes. Gene mapping and introgression started S. habrochaites

35 Amaranth varieties released in Tanzania Madiira 1 (Ex-Zim) Low to medium altitude About 40 t/ha Narrow leaves Sweet tasting Long harvesting period Madiira 2 (AM 38) Low to high altitude About 40 t/ha Broad leaves Sweet tasting Long harvesting period

36 Okra Varieties Registered in Mali Batoumambé Safi Sasilon 3 t/ha Resistant to nematodes 10 t/ha Resistant to nematodes 6t/ha Resistant to nematodes Sudano-Sahel

37 Hot pepper Varieties Registered in Mali Nafama 25t/ha, R-PMV & ChMV Nisondia 22 t/ha, long shelf life Bafarima 10t/ha, heat tolerant Beibeihong 695 F1 10 t/ha, mod R- PMV Demon F1 10 t/ha, uniform shape, colour and size

38 Sweet Pepper Varieties Registered in Mali Wassa 8 t/ha, good heat tolerance Seguifa 7 t/ha, thick flesh, good for transport Poivron Jan 7 t/ha, heat tolerant, good for transport

39 Roselle Varieties Registered in Mali L kg/ha Daylength sensitive Samandha kg/ha Calyx for juice, leaves and fruits for soups and sauce

40 Onion Varieties Registered in Mali Lafia About 25 t/ha Brown/white type For sudano-sahel Founou Founou About 30t/ha Red type For sudano-sahel

41 Is AVRDC achieving IMPACT and being IMPACTED? BENEFITS for PUBLIC SECTOR???? PROFITS For PRIVATE SECTOR!!!!

42 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION Hooked on Metrics! LIVELIHOOD INDEX (POVERTY, FOOD SECURITY) $ 360 /year

43 TRANSFORMING AGRICULTURE for TRANSFORMATIVE AGRICULTURE "Agriculture is emerging as a solution to mitigating climate change, reducing public health problems and costs, making cities more livable, and creating jobs in a stagnant global economy." Danielle Nierenberg - Worldwatch Institute

44 AFRICA IS HOT but AFRICA IS COOL (ing)