Soil Health in a Changing Climate
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1 Soil Health in a Changing Climate Steve Crittenden, Aaron Glen, Maria Henriquez, Mervin St. Luce, Scott Duguid, Srinivas Sura, Jason Vanrobaeys, Steve Sager, and Curtis Cavers.
2 Steve Crittenden Land Resource U of Guelph FAO, Western Ag, IRSTEA Soil Wageninen Nutrient Cornell Soil Nutrient Management AAFC Brandon
3 Healthy Soils, Crops, Environment, and People
4 Outline What is soil health? The need for resilience Soil Health in a Changing Climate Your feedback
5 A New Definition of Soil The layer(s) of generally loose mineral and/or organic material that are affected by physical, chemical, and/or biological processes at or near the planetary surface and usually hold liquids, gases, and biota and support plants. Approved by SSSAJ Board, August 2017
6 What is Soil Health?
7 What is Soil Health? Chemical Biological Indicator Soil Health Institute (Tier 1) Cornell USDA WUR N,P,K X X (not N) X (NO3) X (TN+P) Micronutrients X X ph X X X X CEC X X %BS X SOC X X X X POM C mineralization/respiration X X X X N mineralization X X X Crop yield Soil protein X Active carbon (Tier 2) X X X Soil enzymes X X Earthworms X X X X
8 Not all definitions of soil health are the same, but most include biological, chemical, and physical properties What is Soil Health? Physical Texture Indicator Soil Health Institute (Tier 1) X Cornell USDA WUR Aggregates X X X X Bulk density X X X Pen. res. X X Erosion rating X Available water X X X X Infiltration EC X X X Slaking Soil crust This is not an exhaustive list can do a good job of whatever function it is being put to Brevik, 2013 X X X
9 The Need for Resistance Increased heavy rainfall may cause water logged soil and flooding National Post
10 The Need for Resistance Drought reduces yield, lowers nutrients getting to plant. Can one soil management handle both flooding and drought conditions?
11 A Flip Side to Every Coin Every soil management practice will have benefits and drawbacks
12 Infiltration and Retention? Infiltration (in/min) Infiltration Wheat Wheat/faba Sugar beet Inches of water available Available Water 0 to 2.5" 3.5 to 6" Mouldboard ploughing (MP) versus non-inversion tillage (NIT; subsoiler/ripper) MP NIT You can t always have your cake and eat it too! Crittenden et al, 2015
13 Earthworms Increased Infiltration Infiltration increased with more earthworms. More earthworms were present in the ploughed system because of nutrient availability and species present. Infiltration capacity (in/min) NIT MP Earthworm biomass (lb/yd2) Crittenden and de Goede, 2016
14 A New Research Project: Soil Health in a Changing Climate To evaluate the impact of soil tillage, irrigation, and drought on soil health, greenhouse gas emissions, soil and rhizosphere microbial biodiversity, and incidence and severity of Fusarium head blight.
15 Fusarium Head Blight The various Fusarium spp. Responded differently to tillage system Fernandez et al (2008) Frances Trail, Plant Physiology, January 2009, Vol. 149, pp
16 Greenhouse Gas from Prairies Rochette et al, 2008
17 Study Sites Site Soil Swift Current SK Loamy, Brown Chernozem Brandon MB Loamy, Black Chernozem Portage-la-Prairie MB Sandy Clay Loam, Black Chernozem Morden MB Sandy Clay Loam, Black Chernozem Rotation including canola, wheat, soy, and?
18 Field Setup Ambient Irrigated Chisel/Disk No-till
19 To simulate drought we exclude at least 30% of incoming precipitation, then take measurements underneath Rainfall Exclusion Shelters
20 Measurements Nutrients Macro + micro Water Water holding Infiltration Temperature and moisture Greenhouse gas emissions Fusarium Microbial activity
21 Take Home Messages Soil Health in a Changing Climate What soil management will be resistant to changing climate extremes? Do the soil health and crop yield benefits balance with greenhouse gas emissions and Fusarium head blight? There are two sides to every coin
22 AAFC Acknowledgements Aaron Glen, Agricultural Meteorologist, Brandon Research and Development Centre. Mervin St. Luce, Field Agronomist, Swift Current Research and Development Centre. Curtis Cavers, Agronomist/Portage Site Supervisor, Portage la Prairie. Morden Research and Development Centre: Maria Henriquez, Wheat Pathologist Srinivas Sura, Mycotoxicologist Scott Duguid, Associate Director Jason Vanrobaeys, Senior Land Resource Specialist Steve Sager, Soil Resource Specialist
23 Survey Says A. Soil Test N and P B. 4R Nutrient Management C. Healthy Soils - Healthy Food D. Organic matter (cover crop, org, manure) E. None of the above! Stephen.Crittenden@Canada.ca
24 Thank you! For more information, please contact:
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Jane Grower Main St Yourtown, NY, 12345 Agricultural Service Provider: Schindelbeck, Bob Ag Services rrs3@cornell.edu Cornell Soil Health Assessment Sample ID: M_1 Field/Treatment: Veg field Tillage: No