Soybean growth and maturity under varying environmental conditions in Manitoba
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1 Soybean growth and maturity under varying environmental conditions in Manitoba Aaron Glenn Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Brandon Research Centre
2 Collaborators and Funding Ramona Mohr, Byron Irvine (AAFC) Craig Linde (CMCDC) Paula Halibicki, Roger Burak (PESAI) Jeff Kostuik, Keith Watson (PCDF) Scott Chalmers, Scott Day (WADO) Funding from Manitoba Pulse Growers Association 2
3 Soybean Production in Canada Cober and Morrison,
4 Audience Question How many years have you grown soybeans in Manitoba or provided production advice on growing soybeans in Manitoba? a. Never b. 1-year c. 2 5 years d. More than 5 years e. More than 10 years
5 Soybean Harvested on the Prairies MB and SK data from Statistics Canada, CANSIM Table AB data* estimated from Alberta Agriculture: 10-12k acres, 4-5k hectares 5
6 Manitoba Yields in Canadian Context Data from Statistics Canada, CANSIM Table
7 Objectives of Study 1. Relate crop heat units (CHU), precipitation and growing season length to the yield and quality of modern early-maturing soybean varieties grown in Manitoba 2. Relate calendar days, accumulated CHU, and photoperiod to growth-stage observations made 7
8 Varieties Soybean Crop Heat Units Maturity Group Manitoba Variety Zone Cultivar Short-season Cultivar Long-season Cultivar Long-season 8
9 Site Sites Latitude ( N) Elevation (m) Normal Crop Heat Units, May 15 to Sept 15 Normal Precipitation (mm), May 15 to Sept 15 First Fall Frost, 50% risk Arborg September 11 Beausejour September 21 Brandon September 14 Carberry September 15 Melita September 14 Morden September 23 Portage la Prairie September 24 Roblin September 8 9
10 Microclimate station April 2012
11 Brandon plots, September 15, 2011
12 Roblin plots, August 1, 2013
13 Planting Dates Site Arborg --- May 31 May 23 Beausejour --- May 16 May 24 Brandon May 26 (T soil = 12 C) June 1 (T soil = 13 C) May 22 (T soil = 11 C) Carberry May 26 May 16 May 22 Melita --- May 16 May 15 Morden (zero-till) May 20 May 16 May 16 Morden (conv. till) May 26 n/a n/a Portage la Prairie June 13 May 17 June 5 Roblin May 25 May 17 May 29
14 Audience Question What is the best seedbed preparation for growing soybeans in Manitoba? a. Direct-seeded, no cultivation b. Light cultivation c. Heavy cultivation d. Burn previous crop residue, direct-seed e. Burn previous crop residue, cultivate
15 Harvest Dates and Maturity Site DAP End of Growing Season 1 Stage 2 3 End of Growing Season 1 Stage 2 3 End of Growing Season 1 Stage 2 3 Arborg Sept-14 (F) 106 R8 R8 R6 5-Oct (F) 135 R8 R8 R DAP DAP 2013 Beausejour Sept-18 (F) Oct (H) 132 R8 R8 R8 Brandon Sept- 14 (F) 111 R8 R7 R7 Sept-14 (F) 105 R7 R7 R7 21-Sept (F) 122 R8 R8 R7 Carberry Sept- 13 (F) Sept R8 R7 R7 5-Oct (F) 136 R8 R8 R7 (H) Melita Aug-30 (H) 106 R8 R8 R8 5-Oct (F) 144 R8 R8 R8 Morden (ZT) Sept-27 (H) 130 R8 R8 R Morden (CT) Sept-28 (H) 125 R8 R8 R8 Sept R8 R8 R8 19-Sept (H) 128 R8 R8 R8 (H) Portage la Prairie Sept-30 (F) Sept-23 (F) Oct (F) 136 R8 R8 R8 Roblin Sept-14 (F) 112 R8 R7 R7 Sept-21 (F) 127 R8 R8 R7 4-Oct (F) 128 R8 R8 R7
16 Impact of Frost and Degree of Maturity - The oil content of all 3 soybean varieties harvested before the first fall frost was 1 to 1.5% higher than that of soybeans harvested after frost - For Cultivar 2 (2475 CHU, 00.7 MG), thousand seed weight was ~20 g greater for site-years where the crop was harvested at R8 vs. R7, although yield and other seed quality parameters (test weight, oil and protein content) were the same regardless of growth stage - For Cultivar 3 (2525 CHU, 0.0 MG), average yield was higher for site-years where the crop reached R8 (3126 ± 261 kg/ha; n = 8) than R7 (2322 ± 250 kg/ha; n = 10), but seed quality was not significantly different
17 Relationship Between Crop Heat Units and Yield Yield (kg/ha) bu/acre 30 bu/acre Cultivar 1 (CHU = 2325) Cultivar 2 (CHU = 2475) Crop Heat Units
18 Relationship Between Crop Heat Units and Yield bu/acre Yield (kg/ha) bu/acre y = 1.894x R² = Cultivar 1 (CHU = 2325) Cultivar 2 (CHU = 2475) Cultivar 3 (CHU = 2525) Crop Heat Units
19 Relationship Between CHU and Relative Yield Relative Yield Cultivar 1 (2325 CHU) Cultivar 3 (2525 CHU) Crop Heat Units
20 Relationship Between CHU and Relative Yield Relative Yield Cultivar 1 (2325 CHU) Cultivar 2 (2475 CHU) Cultivar 3 (2525 CHU) Crop Heat Units
21 Relationship Between CHU < 2300 and Yield Yield (kg/ha) Cultivar 1 (2325 CHU) Cultivar 2 (2475 CHU) Cultivar 3 (2525 CHU) Crop Heat Units
22 Relationship Between CHU < 2300 and Yield Roblin 2011 Yield (kg/ha) Cultivar 1 (2325 CHU) Cultivar 2 (2475 CHU) Cultivar 3 (2525 CHU) Crop Heat Units
23 Relationship between Precipitation and Yield Yield (kg/ha) y = x R² = Cultivar 1 (CHU = 2325) Cultivar 2 (CHU = 2475) Cultivar 3 (CHU = 2525) Precipitation (mm)
24 Influence of Climate on Seed Quality - Found significant positive correlations between accumulated CHU and thousand seed weight for Cultivar 2 and Cultivar 3 - Found significant positive correlation between cumulative precipitation and thousand seed weight for Cultivar 1 - Significant positive correlations between total precipitation and protein content were found for all 3 soybean varieties studied
25 Role of Photoperiod? 17 Daylight + Civil Twilight (hours) Roblin Brandon Morden 11 1 May 22 May 12 Jun 3 Jul 24 Jul 14 Aug 4 Sep 25 Sep
26 Days After Emergence Days After Emergence Days After Emergence Cultivar CHU, MG00.1 Cultivar CHU, MG00.7 Cultivar CHU, MG0.0 Brandon Morden 8 Roblin Brandon Morden 8 Roblin Brandon 8 Morden 6 4 Morden vs. Roblin is significantly different Roblin 2 (p = 0.035) for Cultivar 3 only 0 R1 R3 R5 R7 Growth Stage Daylength (hours) Daylength (hours) Daylength (hours) Brandon vs. Roblin & Morden vs. Roblin significantly different for Cultivar 3 only R1 R3 R5 R7 Growth Stage
27 Cultivar CHU 00.1MG Cultivar CHU 00.7MG Cultivar CHU 0.0MG CHU After Emergence CHU After Emergence CHU After Emergence R1 R3 R5 R Brandon Morden Roblin Days After Emergence
28 Cultivar CHU 00.1MG Cultivar CHU 00.7MG Cultivar CHU 0.0MG CHU After Emergence CHU After Emergence CHU After Emergence R1 R3 R5 R y = x R² = y = x R² = y = 20.92x R² = y = x R² = y = x R² = y = x R² = Days After Emergence Brandon y = x R² = Morden y = x R² = Roblin y = x R² =
29 Conclusions - Confirms previous and parallel findings that it is possible to achieve reasonable soybean yields in Manitoba with adequate quality under thermal regimes of apparently sub-optimal cumulative crop heat units - Strengthens and validates recent moves away from exclusively utilizing crop heat units for rating the suitability of different soybean varieties in Canada to using maturity grouping - Highlights importance of achieving (uniform) emergence as early as possible in the season
30
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32 Conclusions - Results from the study provided some information regarding the impacts of timing of harvest on soybean yield and quality, and the potential effects of crop stage at harvest for different varieties - Regional variety trials, such as the Western Manitoba Soybean Adaptation Trial, provide an additional source of information regarding the relative performance of cultivars in nontraditional soybean production areas on the Prairies, and provide a useful reference for growers in these regions
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