Essentials of Plant Breeding

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2 Essentials of Plant Breeding

3 Essentials of Plant Breeding K.V. MOHANAN Professor (Genetics and Plant Breeding Division) Department of Botany University of Calicut Kerala New Delhi

4 Rs ESSENTIALS OF PLANT BREEDING K.V. Mohanan 2010 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi

5 Contents Preface Acknowledgements ix xi 1. Plant Breeding: An Overiew Major Crop Research Centres Methods of Plant Breeding Domestication of Plants Introduction of Plants Acclimatization Selection of Plants Plant Hybridization Mutation Breeding Polyploidy Breeding Biotechnological Breeding 5 2. Biological Foundations of Plant Breeding Heredity and Variations Hereditary Factors Inheritance of Characters Different Types of Character Expression Different Types of Control of Characters in Organisms Mechanisms of Inheritance of Characters 12 v

6 vi Contents 2.3 Character Variations Nature and Types of Mutations The Role of Environment Systems of Reproduction in Plants Sexual Reproduction Pseudosexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Tissue Culture Mating Systems in Sexually Reproducing Plants Random Mating Inbreeding Outbreeding Biometrical Genetics and Plant Breeding Factors Involved in an Experiment Experimental Designs Analysis of Numerical Data 36 Examples Conventional Methods of Plant Breeding Domestication Patterns of Changes under Domestication Centres of Origin of Cultivated Plants Plant introduction Types of Plant Introduction Agencies of Plant Introduction Procedure of Plant Introduction Genetic Resources and their Conservation Selection Selection in Self-pollinating Crops Selection in Cross-pollinating Crops Selection in Clonally Propagated Crops (Clonal Selection) Selection in Segregating Populations Plant Hybridization History of Hybridization Objectives of Hybridization Types of Hybridization The Process of Hybridization Modern Methods of Plant Breeding Mutation Breeding Mutagens and their Mode of Action Types of Induced Mutations Procedure of Mutation Breeding Applications of Mutation Breeding 83

7 Contents vii 4.2 Polyploidy Breeding Haploidy Breeding Autopolyploidy Breeding Allopolyploidy Breeding Aneuploidy Breeding Distant Hybridization Interspecific Hybridization Intergeneric Hybridization Biotechnological Approaches in Plant Breeding Applications of in vitro Culture Technology in Plant Breeding Molecular Approaches in Crop Improvement Applications of Genetic Engineering in Plant Breeding (Production of Transgenic Plants) Breeding for Special Purposes Breeding for Disease and Pest Resistance Mechanisms of Disease Resistance Mechanism of Pest Resistance Basis of Pest and Disease Resistance Sources of Resistance Methods of Resistance Breeding Durability of Resistance Screening for Disease Resistance Screening for Pest Resistance Breeding for Drought and Salinity Resistance Breeding for Drought Resistance Breeding for Salinity Resistance Breeding for Quality Market Quality Industrial Quality Nutritional Quality Major Nutrients of Crop Plants/Products Genetics of Nutritional Traits Sources of Nutritional Quality Factors Breeding Methods for Quality Breeding Breeding for Low Toxin Content Screening Techniques for Quality Traits Breeding Hybrid Varieties Heterosis Breeding of Hybrid Varieties Uses and Achievements of Heterosis Breeding Breeding Synthetic Varieties Characteristics of Synthetic Varieties Procedure of Breeding Synthetic Varieties 124

8 viii Contents 5.6 Breeding Composite Varieties Development of Composite Varieties Ideotype Breeding Features of Crop Ideotypes Method of Ideotype Breeding Variety Release and Seed Certification Variety Release Seed Multiplication Breeder s Seed Foundation Seed Registered Seed Certified Seed Seed Certification Field Inspection Seed Testing Labelling Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Breeding Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) Advantages and Drawbacks of PBR Farmers Rights Forms of IPR Plant Patents Protection under Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA) Utility Patents Trade Secrets Sustainable Agriculture Management Techniques in Sustainable Agriculture Soil Fertility On Farm Resource Utility Integrated Pest and Disease Management Crop Rotation High Level Management Innovations and Technology Transfer Diversity Transition Towards Sustainable Agriculture On-farm Strategies 137 Appendix I Some Improved Crop Varities Appendix II Model Questions Index

9 Preface Plant breeding is the art and science of the genetic improvement of crops to produce new varieties with increased productivity and quality. The science of plant breeding evolved in the hands of the great farmers of the world for centuries. In the twentieth century, scientists specialized in crop genetics and improvement working around the globe refined the methodologies of this branch of science. In recent years, the techniques used have rapidly advanced to genetic and molecular levels. As a result, new varieties of crop plants, medicinal plants and ornamentals have been developed. The present book has been written as a course material that can be adopted both at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It will also prove useful to professionals interested in plant science and crop science with a basic knowledge of crop genetics. The book comprises eight chapters. The first chapter gives an overview of plant breeding. The second chapter builds a preliminary foundation by providing knowledge on the basic concepts of biology, particularly the principles of genetics and biostatistics. The third chapter deals with the conventional methods of plant breeding, whereas the fourth chapter emphasizes on modern methods. The fifth chapter discusses different breeding methods used for pest and disease resistance, quality improvement, heterosis breeding, ideotype breeding, etc. The sixth chapter has a special mention on variety release and seed certification. The seventh chapter discusses the importance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in plant breeding and the last chapter adds a note on sustainable agriculture. ix

10 x Preface Special care has been taken to make the book suitable and useful to students. The author invites suggestions from readers for the improvement of text. K.V. Mohanan

Essentials Of Plant Breeding Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120339682 Author

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