Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement

Transcription

1 Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement

2 Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement Edited by S. Mohan Jain International Atomic Energy Agency, FAO/IAEA Joint Division, Vienna, Austria D.S. Brar International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines and B.S. Ahloowalia Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Dublin, Ireland SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA. B.V.

3 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1. Molecular genetics-plant breeder's perspective G.S. Khush 2. Molecular markers: principles and methodology P.K. Gupta, R.K. Varshney and M. Prasad 3. Molecular marker assisted breeding D.S. Brar 4. Microsatellites and molecular breeding: exploitation of microsatellite variability for the analysis of a monotonous genome P. Winter, B. Hiittel, K. Weising and G. Kahl 5. Development and application of molecular markers in conifers R. Schubert and G. Miiller-Starck 6. DNA markers and heterosis P.K. Ranjekar, A.P. Davierwala and V.S. Gupta 7. Molecular markers and abiotic stresses I. Winicov 8. Molecular markers for flowering time genes in crop species D.A. Laurie and S. Griffiths 9. Molecular markers for the genetic analysis of apomixis M.J. Asins, M.R. Garcia, C. Ruiz and E.A. Carbonell IX

5 VI 10. Use of molecular markers for fruit crop improvement 283 A.R. McCaskill and J.J. Giovannoni 11./n situ hybridization in plants - methods and application 299 J. Maluszynska 12. Molecular tools for improving coffee (Coffea arabica L.) resistance to parasites 327 D. Fernandez and P. Lashermes 13. Construction and use of genetic maps in cereals 347 M. Motto and P.A. Marsan 14. Gene expression under environmental stresses-molecular marker analysis 3 71 M. Brosche, J.R. Gittins, H. Savenstrand and A. Strid 15. Random insertional mutagenesis in Arabidopsis 409 T. Ito and K. Shinozakj 16. Engineering the chloroplast genome to confer stress tolerance and production of pharmaceutical proteins 427 H. Daniell 17. Identification of strawberry flavour related genes by the use of DNA microarrays 453 A. Aharoni and A.P. O'Connell 18. Gene targeting in plants 481 S. Kumar and M. Fladung 19. Plant DNA methylation and gene expression 501 M. Bellucci, F. Pao1occi, F. Damiani and S. Arcioni 20. QTL mapping in crop plants 541 S.B. Andersen and A.M. Torp

6 Vll 21. QTLs for rooth growth and drought resistance in rice A. Price 22. QTL mapping for forage traits Th. Liibberstedt 23. QTLs in bread making quality: a review G. Charmet and C. Groos

7 Preface Plant breeding aims at the genetic enhancement of crops through the application of principles of Mendelian Genetics and modern tools and techniques of cell and molecular biology. Many breeding programs focus on the improvement of traits such as high yield, multiple resistance to major diseases, insect pests and tolerance to abiotic stresses and improved quality. The improved varieties must also fit into the crop rotation systems of different eco-agricultural regions for the production of feed, fiber, food, and industrial products. The value of new plant varieties in increasing food production has been demonstrated time and again, and perhaps the best of all, in the "Green revolution", which was based on the semi-dwarf rice and wheat varieties in Asia. Recent advances in molecular genetics have opened new opportunities to speed up plant breeding. Molecular markers have become important tools in the hands of plant breeders for enhancing the selection efficiency for various agronomic traits. Plant breeding has in fact entered in an era of genomics. The isolation, cloning and moving of genes from diverse biological sources into plant genomes holds promise to broaden the gene pool of crops and tailor plant varieties for specific traits that determine yield, quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This book is a sequel to our previous one on "Somaclonal Variation and Induced Mutations in Crop Improvement." The purpose of the present book is to bring together information on the new tools and techniques of molecular genetics in crop improvement. These tools include molecular markers and techniques such as RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and PCR amplified DNA sequences. The molecular tools allow detection of specific DNA fragments through successive generations, and thus confirm transmission of the selected traits and incorporated genes. Many authors have contributed to the latest information on the available molecular technologies and their use to achieve practical results in plant breeding. This book should help plant breeders to choose the appropriate techniques suited to the needs of their ix

8 X respective breeding programs, and allow them to integrate molecular tools based on gene cloning, gene maps, marker-assisted selection, QTL mapping, and molecular cytogenetics. The book covers topics related to a wide range of molecular techniques and their application in crop improvement, and highlights molecular genetics from the perspective of plant breeders. The topics include principles and methodology of molecular markers, construction and use of molecular genetic maps, marker assisted breeding, characterization of alien gene introgression through molecular cytogenetics, and application of molecular markers in heterosis, apomixis, and tolerance to abiotic stress. A section of book has been devoted to the role of molecular markers for the improvement of fruit crops, conifers and coffee. Other sections focus on QTL mapping for drought tolerance, forage traits and bread making quality, and cover topics such as molecular basis of gene expression under stress, role of DNA methylation, insertional mutagenesis, gene targeting, engineering of chloroplasts and use of microarray technology. We are grateful to all the authors who contributed their knowledge, wisdom and time for writing various chapters and submitted their manuscripts on schedule. We sincerely thank all our colleagues and friends who reviewed the manuscripts, and provided critical comments. We also take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Mr. Jacco Flipsen, Kluwer Academic Publishers, for his help in the successful completion ofthis project. S. Mohan Jain D.S. Brar B.S. Ahloowalia