EFFECT OF INORGANIC NUTRIENTS ON TURMERIC A REVIEW

Transcription

1 Agric. Rev., 29 (3) : , 2008 EFFECT F INRGANIC NUTRIENTS N TURMERIC A REVIEW M. Velmurugan, N. Chezhiyan, M. Jawaharlal, V. Davamani* and V. Vijayaraghavan Horticulture College and Research Institute Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore , India ABSTRACT Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is an important rhizomatous spice crop belongs to the family Zingebraceae valued for the presence of curcumin. Being its rhizomatous nature, it required heavy application of inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium along with supplementation of micronutrients for boosting up the rhizome yield to greater extent. The enhanced growth, yield, quality, nutrient content and nutrient uptake of turmeric with the application of N, P 2 and micronutrients were complied and presented here under. wing to its long duration and high productivity, turmeric requires heavy input of fertilizers (Balashanmugam and Chezhiyan, 1986; Balashanmugam and Subramanian, 1991). Considerable reduction in nutrient input can be achieved through optimum use of inorganic nutrients at appropriate stage of growth. Rao and Rao (1988) observed that turmeric being a rhizomatous crop responds well to heavy manuring. This review article confine the effect of inorganic nutrients on growth and development of turmeric are presented here under. Effect of inorganic nutrients on turmeric Manuring plays an important role in the management of turmeric, which is a heavy feeder of N, P 2 (Rao and Rao, 1988). The response of turmeric to fertilizers was more in less fertile red loamy soils (Anonynious, 1973). Rao and Reddy (1977) adopted higher dose of N, P 2 and made a systematic study on turmeric Growth characters Positive response were obtained by way of increased plant height and tillering with kg N, kg P 2 and 200 kg K 2 ha - 1 (Rao, 1973). Rao and Reddy (1977) observed that full dose of N, P 2 increased the plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Mohanbabu (1981), Shah and Muthuswami (1981) and Rathinavel (1983) reported that supplemental increase in N, P 2 content resulted in greater plant height, increased number of leaves, leaf area and number of tillers plant -1. Application of N, P 2 expressed no significant interaction effect on turmeric (Rao and Rao, 1988). Shah et al. (1988) and Balashanmugam and Subramanian (1991) reported that application of higher dose of N, P 2 increased plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, leaf area, leaf length and leaf breadth. Phosphorous was found to induce root development, while potassium was observed to be involved in transportation of carbohydrates to rhizomes (Balashanmugam and Subramanian 1991) Sprouting In lower Bhavani Project area of Tamil Nadu, the application of different levels of nitrogen did not influence the sprouting and establishment of turmeric (Balashanmugam and Chezhiyan, 1986). However, Balashanmugam et al. (1993) observed that soaking of rhizomes in 0.2 per cent KN 3 recorded early sprouting and vigour in BSR 1 than the untreated control. * Department of Environmental Sciences TNAU, Coimbatore Borah and Langthasa (1994) concluded that turmeric variety Tall Clone registered higher plant height, number of tillers plant -1 and higher yield ( q ha -1 ) at 90 kg N ha -1 than the control ( q ha -1 ). Banafar and Tiwari (1995) stated that plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, girth of pseudostem and rhizome yield increased with increasing K 2 rate

2 and the highest rhizome yield (225 q ha -1 ) was observed at a rate of 100 kg K 2 ha -1. Lal (1997) observed that turmeric cv. Ancholi recorded higher number of tillers, number of rhizomes, weight of rhizomes at a combination of 120 kg N + 80 kg P kg K 2 ha -1. Dayankatti and Sulkeri (2000) documented that the highest values on biometrical parameters was observed by the application of 125 kg N ha -1. Meenakshi et al. (2001) stated that application of varying levels of P 2 increased the height of plant, number of tillers, number of leaves, leaf area and total dry matter production and enhanced the levels of P 2 besides resulted in higher growth rate in turmeric. Velmurugan (2002) stated that the combined application of FYM along with biofertilizers expressed tallest plants with more number of tillers, more number of leaves and greater leaf area. Jadho et al. (2005b) stated that best performance on growth parameters was observed in turmeric cv Waigaon, when fertilized with 120:60:60 kg N, P 2 ha kg ZnS 4 ha Physiological and biochemical parameters Randhawa et al. (1973) in a study on the response of turmeric to the application of 150 kg N, 50 kg P 2 and 50 kg K 2 ha -1 recorded the highest photosynthetic rate. Padmapriya, et al. (2006a) reported that highest harvest index (80.62) was recorded in partial shade condition with 100 % N, P % FYM (15 t ha -1 ) + coir compost (10 t ha -1 ) + Azospirillum (10 kg ha -1 ) + Phosphobacteria (10 kg ha -1 ) + 3 % panchakavya at 180 days after planting Yield and its attributes Muralidharan and Balakrishnan (1972) observed that the yield of turmeric was significantly improved by the application of 100 kg N, 100 kg P 2 and 200 kg K 2 ha -1. Rao and Reddy (1977) obtained an increase of yield with increasing levels of N. Turmeric Vol. 29, No. 3, responded to heavy manuring and the highest rhizome yield was obtained at a combination of 375, 175, kg of N, P 2 ha -1 (Rao et al. (1975). Mohanty and Sarma (1978) observed the highest rhizome yield with farmyard manure at 25 t ha -1 and N, P 2 at 75, 50 and 50 kg ha -1 respectively in the tribal region of rissa. Rao and Swamy (1978) stated that turmeric was an exhaustive feeder of major nutrients and higher yield was reported under fertile soil conditions. Rajput et al. (1980) reported that higher levels of N application recorded significantly greater yield of turmeric in the black soils of Maharastra. In turmeric, Shah et al. (1988) and Balashanmugam and Subramanian (1991) observed increased rhizome production with increased levels of nitrogen and potash. Govind Sheo et al. (1990) stated that number of rhizomes plant -1 and diameter of rhizomes were found to be more at 60 kg nitrogen. Yamgar and Pawar (1991) recorded the highest rhizome yield ( q ha -1 ) with 120:60:60 kg N, P 2 ha -1. Pandey (1992) stated that vegetative growth and rhizome yield parameters increased with increasing nitrogen rate and greater fresh rhizome yield (33 t ha -1 ) was recorded at 160 kg N ha -1. Singh et al. (1992) obtained the highest fresh rhizome yield ( g plant -1 ), cured rhizome yield (85.66g plant -1 ) and curcumin content (4.16 per cent) with 80 kg N and 80 kg K 2 ha -1. Pal et al. (1993) obtained higher rhizome yield (98.00 q ha -1 ) with 120 kg N +120 kg K 2 than its control (61.57 q ha -1 ). Banafar and Tiwari (1995) obtained higher fresh rhizome yield (225 q ha -1 ) by the application of 100 kg P 2 ha -1. Kumar et al. (1997) observed that turmeric yield was positively correlated with soil N, P 2 contents. Gupta and Sengar (1998) recorded the highest fresh rhizome yield with 120 kg N + 60 kg K 2 ha -1. However, Gill et al. (1999) stated that nitrogen levels did not

3 222 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS significantly influence the growth and yield of turmeric. In turmeric, the highest fresh rhizome yields was obtained by the application of 150 kg N, 100 kg P 2 and 100 kg K 2 ha -1 as stated by Upadhyay and Misra (1999). Meerabai et al. (2000) found that application of 120 kg N and 120 kg K 2 ha -1 together with trace elements Boron (2 kg ha -1 ) and Zinc (10 kg ha -1 ) showed higher yield in turmeric. Velmurugan et al. (2002) obtained greater rhizome yields due to the application of FYM (30 t ha -1 ) along with Azospirillum (10 kg ha -1 ) + Phosphobacteria (10 kg ha -1 ) + VAM (500 kg ha -1 ). In turmeric cv Krishna, the application of 120:60:60 kg N, P 2 ha kg ZnS 4 produced maximum yield in terms of mother and fingers rhizomes plant -1, fresh weight of mother rhizomes and fingers (Jadho et al., 2005a). Padmapriya, et al. (2006b) reported higher rhizome yield was recorded in partial shade condition with 100 % N, P % FYM (15 t ha -1 ) + coir compost (10 t ha -1 ) + Azospirillum (10 kg ha -1 ) + Phosphobacteria (10 kg ha -1 ) + 3 % panchakavya at 180 days after planting. Davamani and Christopher Lourduraj (2006) and Davamani et al. (2006) found that treatment of spentwash at 50 KiloLitre ha -1 as basal + 25 t ha -1 biosuper + 75 % N, P 2 significantly enhanced the rhizome yield of turmeric (29, 1515 kg ha -1 ). Velmurugan et al. (2007a,b) stated that combined application of FYM along with Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria + VAM recorded the supremacy for yield attributes viz., more number of mother rhizomes plant -1 (3.98), more number of primary rhizomes plant -1 (13.19) and secondary rhizomes plant -1 (19.89). Sanwal et al. (2007) stated that the application of 90:60:90 kg N, P 2 ha -1 produced fingers plant -1 exhibiting a weight of g plant -1 with a overall total yield of t ha Curing percentage In turmeric, the highest curing percentage was expressed under high fertility status of the soil. In contrast, Reddy and Rao (1978) reported that curing percentage was reduced with increase in the levels of nutrients. Rao and Rao (1988) found that higher levels of N, P 2 adversely affected the curing percentage whereas the lower levels of P 2 expressed favorable effects. Meenakshi et al. (2001) obtained greater curing percentage (22.07 per cent), cured rhizome yield (3.44 t ha -1 ) and curcumin content (3.41 per cent). Sanwal et al. (2007) obtained maximum weight of dried turmeric rhizomes (18.00 t ha -1 ) due to the application of 90:60:90 kg N, P 2 ha Curcumin content Reddy and Rao (1978) indicated that higher levels of nutrients resulted in lower values of curcumin content. Shah et al. (1988) observed that graded levels of K 2 significantly increased the curcumin content. Kumar et al. (1992) concluded that increased application of manganese fertilizers resulted in increased curcumin content of rhizomes. Sadanandan and Hamza (1998) stated that curcumin content was the highest in plots supplied with neem cake (287 kg ha -1 ) than N, P 2 treated plots (268 kg ha -1 ). Sharma et al. (2002) obtained the highest curcumin content (5.67 per cent) mainly due to the application of 10 t ha 1 of FYM than application of 60 K 2 ha -1 (4.61). Sanwal et al. (2007) opined that the application of 90:60:90 kg N, P 2 ha -1 produced maximum curcumin content (6.27 per cent) in turmeric leoresin content Mohanbabu (1981) observed that different levels of K 2 did not influence the oleoresin and essential oil content of rhizome. According to Saifuddin (1981) graded levels of N, P 2 and their interaction significantly reduced the oleoresin content in rhizome. Rathinavel (1983) found that

4 application of K 2 upto 180 kg ha -1 increased the curing percentage, curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil contents of rhizomes besides the yield. Upadhyay and Misra (1999) concluded that rhizomes could be kept in best condition with 100:100:150 N, P 2 kg ha -1. Similarly, Sanwal et al. (2007) opined that the application of 90:60:90 kg N, P 2 ha -1 produced maximum oleoresin content (8.73 per cent) in turmeric Dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake and nutrient recommendation Shashidhar et al. (1997a) reported that higher dry matter production (6.84 t ha -1 ) by the application of 200 N kg ha -1. Subramanian et al. (2001) reported that turmeric crop required 125 kg N, 60 kg P 2 and 90 kg K 2 for the production of maximum dry matter content under Bhavanisagar condition of Tamil Nadu. Davamani and Christopher Lourduraj (2005) and Davamani et al. (2006) concluded that application of spentwash at 50 KiloLitre ha -1 as basal + 25 t ha -1 biosuper + 75 % N, P 2 significantly enhanced the nutrient status of turmeric. The same treatment recorded maximum nutrient uptake viz., nitrogen ( kg ha -1 ), phosphorous (27.70 kg ha -1 ) and potassium ( kg ha -1 ). In the same study, enhanced micronutrient status viz., Ca, Na and Mg were also noticed both in vegetative parts of plant and rhizomes of turmeric crop when compared to absolute control. The experimental analysis of Velmurugan et al. (2007c) confined that the application of FYM (30 t ha -1 ) along with Azospirillum (10 kg ha -1 ) + Phosphobacteria (10 kg ha -1 ) + VAM (500 kg ha -1 ) recorded highest nitrogen content (0.87 per cent), phosphorous content (0.21 per cent), nitrogen uptake ( kg ha -1 ) and phosphorous uptake (70.42 kg ha -1 ). However, the application of digested coir pith compost (10 t Vol. 29, No. 3, ha -1 ) + Azospirillum (10 kg ha -1 ) + Phosphobacteria (10 kg ha -1 ) + VAM (500 kg ha -1 ) expressed greater potassium content (0.90 per cent) and potassium uptake ( kg ha - 1 ) Correlation studies Shashidhar et al. (1997b) opined fresh rhizome yield was positively correlated with dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake. Later, Hazra (2000) demonstrated that growth characters like leaves clump -1 at 180 days after planting exhibited a positive correlation with rhizome yield. Pandey et al. (2002) opined that weight of fresh rhizomes plant -1 showed positive correlation with dry matter accumulation and negative association with oleoresin content Path analysis The fresh rhizome yield (0.776), number of tillers plant -1 (0.571), leaf area (0.464), length (0.400) and weight (0.343) of mother rhizome, oil content in leaves (0.325) and curing percentage (0.323) had higher direct effect on yield. While core diameter of mother rhizome (-0.205), diameter of primary (-0.185) and mother (-0.043) rhizome influenced the cured rhizome yield in negative manner (Verma and Tiwari, 2002). Velmurugan (2002) stated that the path analysis showed total dry matter production and mother rhizome yield contributed the highest to rhizome yield. Datta et al. (2006) stated that weight of primary fingers clump -1 exhibited highest direct effect on yield followed by weight of secondary fingers clump Economics of cultivation In turmeric application of N, P 2 and K 2 at the rate of 150:125:250 kg ha -1 respectively resulted in the highest benefit: cost ratio as reported by Venkatesha and Khan (1997). Venkatesha et al. (1998) stated that considering the economy, yield and BCR, application of N, P 2 at the rate of 150:125:250 kg ha -1 respectively was found to be the optimum for turmeric irrespective of the

5 224 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS cultivars. Velmurugan (2002) confined that the application of FYM (30 t ha -1 ) along with Azospirillum (10 kg ha -1 ) + Phosphobacteria (10 kg ha -1 ) + VAM (500 kg ha -1 ) exhibited greater net returns and benefit cost ratio with lesser cost of cultivation. CNCLUSIN The present situation on the enhanced production of turmeric is due to the supply of inorganic fertilizers. From the above research works it is proved that turmeric requires heavy input of inorganic fertilizers for the luxurious growth especially in plant height, number of tiller, leaf area and leaf area index. In addition it is required greatly for the best development of rhizome in terms rhizome length, rhizome girth and weight of rhizomes. REFERENCES Anonymous. (1973). Annual Report of the Regional Fruit Research Station, Anantharajupet, Andhra Pradesh. Balashanmugam, P.V. and Chezhiyan, N. (1986). Madras Agric. J., 73(6): Balashanmugam, P.V. and Subramanian, K.S. (1991). South Indian Hort., 39(3): Balashanmugam, P.V. et al. (1993). South Indian Hort., 41(3): Banafar, R.N.S. and Tiwari, R.J. (1995). Crop. Res., 10(1): Borah Pranjal and Supriya Langthasa. (1994). South Indian Hort., 42(5): Datta,S, et al. (2006). rissa J. Hort., 34(2): Davamani, V. and Christopher Lourduraj, A. (2005). Indian J. Env. Res., 17(2): Davamani, V. and Christopher Lourduraj, A. (2006). Crop Res., 32(3): Davamani, V. et al. (2006). Crop Res., 32(3): Dayankatti, B.S. and Sulikeri, G.S. (2000). Kar. J. Agl. Sci., 13(4): Gill, B.S. et al. (1999). J. Spices and aromatic Crops, 8(2): Govind Sheo, P.N. et al. (1990). Ind. J. Hort., 47(1): Gupta, C.R. and Sengar, S.S. (1998). Proc: Water nutrient management for sustainable production and quality of spices, pp Hazra, P.A. et al. (2000). Crop Res., 19(2): Jadhao, B.J, et al. (2005). International J. Agl. Sci., 1(1): Jadhao, B.J, et al. (2005). International J. Agl. Sci., 1(1): Kumar, G.V.V. et al. (1992). Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J., 15(4): Kumar. T. V. et al. (1997). J. Plantation crops, 25 (1): Lal, H. (1997). Prog. Hort., 29(1-2): Meenakshi, N. et al. (2001). Kar. J. Agl. Sci., 14(1): Meerabai, M. et al. (2000). Better crops international, 14(2): Mohanbabu, N. (1981). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Submitted to Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore. Mohanty, D.C. and Sarma, Y.N. (1978). J. Plantation Crops, 6: Muralidharan, A. and Balakrishnan, S. (1972). Agric. Res. J. Kerala, 10: Padmapriya, et al. (2006a). Proc: National seminar on emerging trends in production, quality, processing and export of spices. Pp.21. Padmapriya, et al. (2006b). Proc: National seminar on emerging trends in production, quality, processing and export of spices. Pp.34. Pal, S. et al. (1993). J. Pot. Res., 9(2): Pandey, A.K. (1992). Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J., 16(1): Pandey, V.S. et al. (2002). Proc: Natl. Seminar on Strategies for increasing production and export of spices, p.15. Rajput, S.G. et al. (1980). Proc. Natl. Seminar on ginger and turmeric, Calicut, April 8-9, 1 980, 83-85: India. Randhawa, K.S. et al. (1973). J. Res. Punjab agric. Univ., 10: Rao, D.V.R. and Swamy, G.S. (1978). J. Res. APAU, 5: Rao, M.R. and Rao, D.V.R. (1988). Proc. Natl. Seminar on chillies, ginger and turmeric, Hyderabad, Jan , 1988, 84-96, India. Rao, M.R. and Reddy, V.R. (1977). J. Plant Crops, 5: Rao, R.D.V. (1973). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Andhra Pradesh Agric. Univ., Rajendranagar. Rao, R.M. et al. (1975). Indian Spices, 12: 2-5. Rathinavel, M. (1983). M.Sc.(Hort.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore.

6 Vol. 29, No. 3, 2008 Reddy, R.V.K. and Rao, R.M. (1978). Indian J. Hort., 35: Sadanandan, A.K. and Hamza, S. (1998). Proc: Water and nutrient management for sustainable production and quality of spices. National seminar, pp Saifuddin, N. (1981). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Kerala Agric. Univ., Vellanikkara, Trichur. Sanwal, S.K, et al. (2007). Indian J. Hort., 34(2): Shah, H.A. and Muthuswami, S. (1981). Indian Cocoa Arecanut Spices J., 5: Shah, H.A. et al. (1988). Proc. Natl. Seminar on chillies, ginger and turmeric, Hyderabad, Jan , 1988, , India. Sharma, K. et al. (2002). Proc: International sym. on decade of potassium research, potash research institute of India, Gurgagon. pp Shashidhar, T.R. et al. (1997a). Mysore J. Agl. Sci., 31(3): Shashidhar, T.R. et al. (1997b). Mysore J. Agl. Sci., 31(3): Singh, V.B. et al. (1992). Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J., 15(4): Subramanian, K.S. et al. (2001). Spice India, 14(12): Upadhyay, D.C. and Misra, R.S. (1999). Prog. Hort., 31(3/4): Velmurugan, M. (2002). M.Sc thesis, TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Velmurugan, M. et al. (2007). Asian J. Hort., 2(2): Velmurugan, M. et al. (2007). Asian J. Hort., 2(2): Velmurugan, M. et al. (2007). Asian J. Soil Sci., 2(2): Venkatesha, J. and Khan, M.M. (1997). Curr. Res., 26(6/7): Venkatesha, J. et al. (1998). Proc: Natl. seminar on water and nutrient management for sustainable production and quality of spices, pp Verma Alka and Tiwari, R.S. (2002). Proc: Natl. Seminar on Strategies for increasing production and export of spices, p.14. Yamgar, V.T. and Pawar, H.K. (1991). J. Plantation Crops, 19(1):