ISBN: Printed in Indonesia

Transcription

1

2

3 CIMMYT ( is an internationally funded, not-for-profit organization that conducts research and training related to maize and wheat throughout the developing world. Drawing on strong science and effective partnerships, CIMMYT works to create, share, and use knowledge and technology to increase food security, improve the productivity and profitability of farming systems, and sustain natural resources. Financial support for CIMMYT s work comes from many sources, including the members of Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) ( national governments, foundations, developmental banks, and other public and private agencies. The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) ( is the research arm of the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture. There are 11 Research and Development Centers in IAARD, each of them has main function to manage research and development on food crops, horticulture, estate crops, livestock, veterinary, soil and agro-climate, agro-socio economics, machinery development, post-harvest, biotechnology and agricultural technology assessment. Within these centers, IAARD manages 15 research institutions, 3-research station and 31 assessment institution located throughout provinces in the country. IAARD has the vision to become a world class research and development institution in producing and developing agricultural innovations in supporting the realization of the industrial agriculture system. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) All rights reserved. The designations employed in the presentation of materials in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of CIMMYT or its contributory organizations or IAARD concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. CIMMYT and IAARD encourage fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested. Correct citation: Zaidi, P.H.; Azrai, M. and Pixley, K.V., eds Maize for Asia: Emerging Trends and Technologies. Proceeding of The 10th Asian Regional Maize Workshop, Makassar, Indonesia, October Mexico D.F.: CIMMYT Abstract: This is proceeding of the 10 th Asian Regional Maize Workshop held in Makassar, Indonesia during October 2008, and co-organized by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico and The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Indonesia. The theme of the workshop was Maize for Asia: Emerging Trends and Technologies. The 10 th ARMW brought together in Makassar, Indonesia, over 300 maize scientists, researchers and students from public and private sectors, including participants from China, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, India, Iran, Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Australia, Kenya and Mexico. The workshop had 65 oral and 108 poster presentations, and included invited lectures, research paper presentations, scientific deliberations and discussions on maize in Asia. Papers of the proceeding deals with molecular tools, for maize improvement, genetics and breeding, crop management, biotic and Abiotic stresses affecting maize, technology dissemination and country reports. ISBN: Printed in Indonesia

4 FOREWORD Maize has shifted from traditional food crop to industrial commodity. Use of maize for food and processed food industries has steadily increased. In recent decade, major maize producing countries reduced their export due to increased domestic demand for ethanol industry. This has affected maize supply in global trade. The global maize production is around 750 million ha. The US has the largest harvested area and contributed about one fifth of the global maize area, followed by China, Brazil, India, Mexico, and Argentina. East and South east Asian countries such as Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan, Malysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippines are the major importers of maize. About 50% of the world maize is consumed by those countries. Indonesia, in fact is the number one maize producing country in South East Asia. Substantial progress in maize production has been made in Asia. The success has been mainly attributed to the adoption of of improved technologies resulted from research and development. It is realized that the role of maize workers (researchers, extensions, policy makers, businessman) is important in the increased maize production in Asian region. In order to keep up with strong commitments for steady increase in maize production, the Asian Regional Maize Workshop was organized in Makassar, Indonesia during Oct The workshop was a communication for a among maize scientist s and workers in the regions. The purpose of the ARMW were to gather new information and technologies, to exchange idea and to share experience. The Asian Regional Maize Workshop was co-organized by the IAARD and the CIMMYT and by strong support by the governments of South Sulawesi province, Gowa district, Maros district. The theme of the workshop was Maize for Asia: Emerging Trends and Technologies. The workshop was attended by some 400 participants from 22 countries including USA, Australia, Mexico, Switzerland, Cuba, China, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines, Iran. All papers presented in the workshop are published in this proceeding. In this special occasion, I would like to acknowledge the participation and contribution of all people who organized and attended the workshop and publish this proceeding. Bogor, June 2010 Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and Development Director, Prof. Dr. Suyamto

5 Verification and validation of intercrops in double plants maize per hill system in the eastern middle hills of Nepal RB Katuwal 1, NPAdhikari 1,GPTimsina 1,SPVista 1,TPTiwari 2 andg.o.ferrara 2 1 Nepal Agricultural Research Council, ARS, Pakhribas, Dhankuta (arspakh@gmail.com) 2 Hill Maize Research Project-CIMMYT, Kathmandu, Nepal. Abstract. A set of experiments were conducted for the verification and validation of system based technology in order to increase the productivity and households system of the mid hills ( m) in the eastern Nepal during Two independent research activities were executed including soyabean and ginger intercrops under double plants maize per hill (100x50 cm) system (DPS). Along with biological data, feedbacks from farmers were also collected. Yield data revealed significant differences of maize spacing (P<0.05) and soyabean varieties (P<0.01). The yield in DPS of maize was higher (4334 kg/ha) and the performance of soyabean varieties Seti and Chaing Maw was better under the same system. The combined analysis of ginger (rhizome) yield over locations showed a significant difference (P<0.05), however interaction with locations and treatments were non-significant. Sole ginger followed by ginger planted under maize DPS yielded higher in both the years. Maize yield was at par and/or better among the treatments. The combined analysis for the years (2004 & 2006) showed the highest yield from DPS (maize+ginger) (17.0 & 23.4 t/ha) followed by sole cropping ginger (15.1 & 18.6 t/ha) respectively. The economic analysis for the years 2004 and 2006 revealed the highest profit from DPS of maize+ginger was Rs.86250/ha (US$ 1224)& Rs /ha (US$ 1156) followed by sole ginger Rs.78500/ha (US$ 1114) & Rs /ha(US$ 767) respectively while compared with sole maize (Rs.158/ ha or US$ 2.2/ha) which wasn maize performed better without lowering the maize yield. Similarly, on-farm income can be easily increased with the intervention of ginger in the maize-based system. Introduction Maize is a crop grown under varied agro-climatic conditions and the problems associated with its production are varied. As maize is mixed or intercropped with legumes, ginger or relayed millet, variety suitable for those situations as well as for sole cropping is required for the hills. In additions plant population, spacing and intercrops plant ratio are also important for maximizing the benefit to farmers. Ginger is grown in large area of Ilam district as an intercrop with maize. Farmers in Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Terhathum and other districts with similar biophysical conditions are also growing ginger as cash crop. As a shade loving crop, the farmers from Ilam districts are intercropping ginger with maize. However, in the other areas it has been grown either as sole or inter-cropped with maize or both. Similarly, maize+soyabean is one of the major cropping patterns after maize/millet system in the eastern hills of Nepal. As the recommended varieties as well as farmers local are not suitable for intercropping with improved maize varieties, identification of suitable varieties for intercropping under maize + soyabean system is needed. Recently, DPS is found equally good with SPS (75 x 25 cm row to row and plant to plant) with ginger, soyabean, millet and other intercrops (Katuwal 2002). This technology is suitable for intercrops, which provides more space for the intercrops, efficient utilization of fertilizers use in topdressing for maize crop and it reduces labour requirements due to easy intercultural operations. For this, it is necessary to assess the DPS in maize that may give good maize production. For the technology development from the intercropping trials, the disadvantaged particularly women and small to medium farmers will be benefited with suitable intercrops such as ginger with maize. Similarly, the health of women and children and the poor people will be improved by the use of soyabean a good source of protein. This report covers the results of the varietal combination for maize+soyabean and maize+ginger intercropping under double maize plants per hill system in the Mid Eastern hills of Nepal conducted at the station and outreach research sites during The study was undertaken to disseminate and verify the maize + ginger and maize + soyabean intercropping technologies under double plants maize/hill system with high production potential for mid hills through demonstration and verification for wider adaptation in the farmers 508

6 Materials and Method The experiments were executed in mid hills ( m) at the research station and different outreach research (OR) sites of the eastern hills from 2003 to The onstation trials were conducted in a split plot arrangement and replicated three times. Diamond trials and the promising technologies obtained from on station research were demonstrated at the Fikkal, Belhara and Fakchamara OR sites in different years ( ). Maize cultivar Manakamana-3 was used in the trials. Five soyabean varieties with local check were tested in on-station trials whereas the promising Seti soyabean and popular local ginger were included in maize+soyabean and maize+ginger intercropping studies at the OR sites. Site and farmers were selected considering the gender, caste and disadvantaged groups of the OR sites. Maize was sown following two systems i.e. Double plants maize per hill system (DPS) and single plant maize per hill system (SPS) with the spacing of 100cmx50cm vs farmers (FP) respectively. Plot size allocated to each treatment was 9m 2 for on-station trials whereas 50m 2 plots were used and replicated six to times (farmer as replication) in diamond trials and demonstration plots at farmers 60:30:30 NP 2 O 5 K 2 O kg/ha and farm yard manure (FYM) 10 t/ha (farmers ratewasupto30t/haforginger.twoweedingweredone and soyabean was seeded during the first weeding of maize. Observations such as plant stand, plant height, maturity and yields were recorded. Along with the cost of cultivation, price of the produce and feedbacks from farmers were also collected. Statistical analysis for the yield and important parameters and economic analysis of the technologies was performed. Results and Discussion Maize + soyabean inter-cropping in double plants/ hill system of maize, Maize yield obtained from both DPS and SPS systems were at par statistically. The performance of soyabean varieties grown in DPS maize was found significantly (P<0.05) better than SPS during The differences among the soyabean varieties and intercropping interaction effect between soysbean varieties x maize spacing was also found significant (P<0.01). Though there was poor yield performance of the soyabean varieties, the highest seed yield was obtained from Seti planted under DPS of maize. The low seed yield was produced from Chaing Maw (276 kg/ha) followed by Local (291 kg/ha) planted under DPS of maize, which was also better than the varieties seeded under SPS in 2003 (Table 1). The other parameters i.e. plant stand, plant height and maturity duration were also observed and recorded but most of them were not significant statistically. This year repeating the experiment with the change of soyabean varieties for further confirmation. Maize yield was significantly (P<0.05) better in DPS system. From the second year Table 1. Yield performance of maize+soyabean inter-cropping SPS Vs DPS Variety Maize Soya Maize Soya SPS DPS SPS DPS SPS DPS SPS DPS Seti Chaing Maw Ransom GC C Local Mean F-test: Var. NS * NS ** Spacing NS ** * ** Int. NS * * NS NS LSD: Var Spacing Int CV% Note: DPS= double plants per hill system (100 x 50 cm) and SPS= Single plant per hill system (100 x 25 cm). 509

7 significant differences of soyabean varieties (P<0.01) and maize spacing (P<.05) between DPS with the spacing of 100 x 50 cm and SPS at a spacing of 100 x 25 cm for the spacing of both maize and soyabean yields. The yield produced by DPS of maize was higher (4334 kg/ha (Table 1).Plant height of both crops showed significant effect at P<0.05 and P<.01 levels between double plants in maize and soyabean crops respectively. The plants of maize were taller in height in DPS whereas the plant height of soyabean was taller in SPS. The other parameters measured such as plant stand and maturity were found non-significant (P>0.05) differences among the treatments. Verification and Demonstration of Maize + Soyabean in DPS of Maize, 2005 As the experiment was implemented for the verification and validation of maize + soyabean system-based technology so as to increase the productivity and households under maze-based system of the mid hills, maize yield was found very impressive in both sites (Figure 1). The maize yield was obtained more from Belhara site. It was mainly due to lower altitude ( m) of the mid hill and less intercropping competition due to less vegetative growth without lodging of soyabean at Belhara. The plants were taller and the problem of lodging in soyabean was observed at Fakchamara causing low yield of soyabean. The performance of soyabean crop was better at Belhara site (Figure 1). There was no variation in maturity duration among the farmers of both crops were also same in the demonstration; the crops maize and soyabean were harvested during August and October respectively. There was some Problem of Cercospora spp. disease in soysbean in the demonstrations. Maize+soyabean diamond trials under double plants per hill systems, 2006 Analysis of variance on grain yield of maize showed non-significant differences whereas the yield of soyabean was significant (P<0.01) statistically among the treatments. The better yield was obtained from DPS maize+seti soya (649 kg/ha) followed by DPS maize+local soya (533 kg/ha) (Table 2). Maize+ginger diamond trials under double plants per hill systems, Statistical analysis for individual location showed nonsignificant results for both maize and ginger yields. Combined analysis over locations, however, showed a significant result (P<0.05) in rhizome yield, however interaction with the locations and treatments were found non-significant. Sole cropping ginger produced the highest rhizomes yield (16.1t/ha) over the locations, followed by ginger planted under double plants maize per hill systems (15.0 t/ha) in 2003 (Table 3). Similarly, the same treatments i.e. sole cropping ginger (15.1 t/ha) and DPS (12.3 t/ha) gave higher rhizome yield in Yield (kg/ha) Fakchamara Belhara Maize Soyabean Figure 1.Performance of maize+soyabean intercropping in DPS system, 2005 Table 2. Results of maize+soyabean intercropping diamond trial, combined over locations Treatment Grain yield kg/ha (maize) Seed yield kg/ha (Soyabean) Fakchamara Belhara Fakchamara Belhara DPS maize+seti soya FPS maize+seti soya DPS maize+local soya FPS maize+ local soya F-test: Trt. NS ** Int. NS NS LSD: Trt Int. - - CV% Mean

8 Table 3. Yield performance of maize+ginger diamond trial, combined over locations Treatment Maize Ginger Combined Maize Ginger Combined DPS maize (100x50cm) +ginger Farmers Sole maize (farmers Sole ginger (farmers F-test NS * - NS * * * LSD CV% Note: DPS= double plants per hill system (100 x 50 cm). Table 4. Average yield, Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and Net Benefit (NB) Treatment Yield t/ha LER Net Benefit (Rs.) DPS maize (100x50cm) +ginger (FP) Farmers Sole maize (farmers Sole ginger (farmers There were non-significant (P<.05) yield differences of maize among the treatments in both years. It was found significant (P<.05) difference in combined yield of maize + ginger. The higher yield was obtained from DPS (17.0 t/ha) followed by sole cropping ginger (15.1 t/ha) and farmers practice (14.4 t/ha). The higher LER was found from the double plants per hill system of maize (100x50cm) + ginger (FP). Likewise, the net benefit also obtained more from the DPS (Rs.86250/ha) followed by Sole ginger (Rs.78500/ha) in the experiment (Table 4). Sole maize was not profitable (Rs.158/ha) while considering the cost of cultivation i.e. the total cost that vary (TCV) in the system at mid hills. Verification and Demonstration of Maize+ginger in DPS of Maize, 2005 The experiment was implemented for the verification, validation and dissemination of maize+ginger intercropping technology so as to increase the productivity and households under maze-based system of the mid hills. The highest ginger and maize yield were produced at Fikkal when compared to Belhara site. It was due to the higher compost (30 t/ha) application and timely rain at Fikkal and in contrast only 20 t/ha compost was applied and was drought problem during tasseling stage of maize and emergence and rhizome development stage of ginger at Belhara (Figure 2). Yield (kg/ha) Fikkal Belhara Maize Ginger Figure 2.Yield performance of maize+ginger intercropping under double maize plants/hill system, Yield kg/ha Ginger Maize Combined Figure 3. Yield comparison between DPS and FP under inter-cropping in maize-based system, There was no variation of maturity duration among the farmers were same. Maize and ginger were harvested during August and November respectively. No differences were observed in plant stand, plant height and other yield attributes. Both crops produced higher yields in DPS and the yield increased by 28%, 42% and 32% in ginger, maize and combined respectively. DPS gave return of US$ 1223/ha whereas FP gave US$ 208 (Figure 3.) DPS FP 511

9 Table 5. Yield (t/ha) of maize + ginger inter-cropping trial, combined over locations Treatment Maize Mother rhizome Main rhizome Total rhizome Maize+ginger DPS maize (100x50cm) +ginger (FP) Farmers Sole maize (farmers Sole ginger (farmers F-test NS NS * * * * - LSD CV% The net benefit obtained was more from the DPS (Rs /ha) followed by sole ginger (Rs.53656/ha) in the experiment. Table 6. Average yield (t/ha), TCV (Rs./ha) and Net Benefit (Rs./ha), 2006 Treatment Total Yield Gross Benefit Total Cost that Vary (TCV) Net Benefit t/ha Rs./ha Rs./ha Rs./ha DPS maize (100x50cm) +ginger (FP) Farmers Sole maize (farmers Sole ginger (farmers Maize+ginger diamond trials under double plants per hill systems, 2006 Statistical analysis combined over locations showed a significant result (P<0.05) in rhizome yields. Sole ginger produced the highest rhizomes yield (18.6 t/ha) over the locations followed by ginger planted under double plants maize per hill systems (17.1 t/ha). There were nonsignificant yield differences of maize and mother rhizome among the treatments. The higher total yield was obtained from DPS (23.4 t/ha) followed by sole ginger and farmers practice (18.6 t/ha) (Table 5). Farmers The participating as well as neighbor farmers highly impressed with these activities. DPS of maize for maize+ginger system were liked by the women farmers from both sites. Similarly, they preferred DPS for intercropping soyabean and other inter crops but were concerned about low yield of soyabean variety in the trials. They were ready to follow the DPS system in maize+ginger and other maize based systems in the mid hills. Conclusion Results indicated that intercropping soyabean varieties under double plants per hill system (DPS) of maize could gave better yield advantage without loosing the yield of maize. Though the yield was low, the soyabean varieties Seti and Chaing Maw were identified as superior variety under DPS system of maize. The effect of the verifications and demonstrations have clearly indicated that farmers income can be easily increased with the intervention of ginger in maize-based system by following DPS of maize (100x50 cm). It can be concluded that DPS is more profitable than the other systems. Maize yield was also better which is very important for the food security of the farmers.the maize+ginger intercropping technology with DPS of maize technology increases the production and households under maize based system of the mid hills ( m) of eastern Nepal. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to Dr. DB Gurung, Coordinator, the National Maize Research Program, Rampur for the technical support. HMRP Collaborators and participating farmers deserve due thanks for their coordination and assistance in carrying out this research. 512

10 References Katuwal, RB (2005). Verification of intercropping technologies under DPS maize in the Eastern middle Hills of Nepal (Draft).Agriculture Research Station, Pakhribas, Dhanuta. Katuwal, RB, Khatiwada, PP and Chapagain, TR (2003). Identification of best bet vegetable crops relay cropping under maize in potato+maize system. Proceedings of Fourth National Workshop on Horticulture held on March 2-4, Katuwal, RB (2003). Maize husbandry practices study at the outreach research sites. Paper presented at the convention of SAS/N held Khumaltar (2002). Agriculture Research Station, Pakhribas, Dhanuta. Proceedings (2002). The 23 rd National Summer Crops Workshop on maize research and production (2002). National Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. 513

11