Proteins the primary biological macromolecules of living organisms
|
|
- Kerrie Wilson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proteins the primary biological macromolecules of living organisms
2 Protein structure and folding
3 Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary structure of proteins
4 Structure of Proteins Protein molecules adopt a specific 3-dimensional conformation in the aqueous solution This structure is able to fulfill a specific biological function This structure is called the native fold The native fold has a large number of interactions within the protein There is a cost in conformational entropy during folding of the protein into one specific native fold
5 A simulated folding pathway
6 Interactions in Proteins Hydrophobic effect Hydrogen bonds London dispersion Electrostatic interactions
7 Structure of the Peptide Bond Structure of the protein is partially dictated by the properties of the peptide bond
8 The planar peptide bond Each peptide bond has some (~ 40%) double-bond character due to resonance and cannot rotate. The peptide bond is a resonance hybrid of two canonical structures
9 Structure of the Peptide Bond The resonance causes the peptide bonds be less reactive compared to e.g. esters be quite rigid and nearly planar exhibit large dipole moment
10 The Rigid Peptide Plane and the Partially Free Rotations Rotation around the peptide bond is not permitted Rotation around bonds connected to the alpha carbon is permitted
11 The Rigid Peptide Plane and the Partially Free Rotations Φ (phi): angle around the - carbon amide nitrogen bond (C-C α -N-C) y (psi): angle around the - carbon carbonyl carbon bond (N-C-C α -N) In fully extended polypeptide, both y and f are 180
12 Distribution of f and y Dihedral Angles Some f and y combinations are very unfavorable because of steric crowding of backbone atoms with other atoms in the backbone or side-chains Some f and y combinations are more favorable because of chance to form favorable H-bonding interactions along the backbone Ramachandran plot shows the distribution of f and y dihedral angles that are found in a protein shows the common secondary structure elements reveals regions with unusual backbone structure
13 Ramachandran Plot
14 Ramachandran Plot
15
16 Secondary Structures Secondary structure refers to a local spatial arrangement of the polypeptide chain Two regular arrangements are most common: The helix stabilized by hydrogen bonds between nearby residues The sheet stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent segments that may not be nearby Irregular arrangement of the polypeptide chain is called the random coil
17 The helix
18 The helix Right-handed helix with 3.6 residues (5.4 Å) per turn Helical backbone is held together by hydrogen bonds between the nearby backbone amides Side chains point out and are roughly perpendicular with the helical axis
19 The helix: Top View The inner diameter of the helix (no side-chains) is about 4 5 Å Too small for anything to fit inside The outer diameter of the helix (with side chains) is Å Happens to fit well into the major groove of dsdna
20 Sequence Affects Helix Stability Not all polypeptide sequences adopt -helical structures Small hydrophobic residues such as Ala and Leu are strong helix formers Pro acts as a helix breaker because the rotation around the N-C a bond is impossible Gly acts as a helix breaker because the tiny R- group (hydrogen) allows other conformations
21 Sheets
22 Sheets The backbone is more extended with dihedral angles in the range of ( 90 < y < 180 )
23 Sheets The planarity of the peptide bond and tetrahedral geometry of the -carbon create a pleated sheet-like structure Sheet-like arrangement of backbone is held together by hydrogen bonds between the more distal backbone amides Side chains protrude from the sheet alternating in up and down direction
24 Parallel and Antiparallel Sheets In parallel sheets the H-bonded strands run in the same direction
25
26 Parallel and Antiparallel Sheets In antiparallel sheets the H-bonded strands run in opposite directions
27
28
29 Turns -turns occur frequently whenever strands in sheets change the direction The 180 turn is accomplished over four amino acids The turn is stabilized by a hydrogen bond from a carbonyl oxygen to amide proton three residues down the sequence Proline in position 2 or glycine in position 3 are common in -turns
30 Structures of β turns
31
32 Protein Tertiary Structure Tertiary structure refers to the overall spatial arrangement of atoms in a polypeptide chain or in a protein One can distinguish two major classes fibrous proteins typically insoluble; made from a single secondary structure globular proteins water-soluble globular proteins lipid-soluble membraneous proteins
33 Structure of collagen fibrous protein
34 Structure of whale myoglobin globular protein
35 An ABC transporter of E. coli globular membrane protein
36 Motifs (folds) - Protein Folding Patterns Common arrangements of several secondary structure elements
37 How many folds? The number of unique folds in nature is fairly small (possibly a few thousands) 90% of new structures submitted to PDB in the past decade have similar structural folds in PDB, practically no new folds in the last three years
38 Quaternary Structure Quaternary structure is formed by spontaneous assembly of individual polypeptide subunits into a larger functional cluster
39 Dimer Cro protein of bacteriophage lambda two identical subunits Tetramer Human hemoglobin two alpha(red) two beta(yellow) subunits 4 heme groups
40 Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary structure Summary (a) Linear Sequence of amino acids. (b) Local folding into specific peptide backbone conformations. Stabilized by h- bonding and other non-covalent interactions between atoms in peptide backbone. (c) Final folded 3-dimensional structure of a single polypeptide chain. Stabilized by noncovalent interactions between amino acid side chain residues. (d) Specific aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains. Often characterized by its symmetry.
41
42 Protein Stability and Folding A protein s function depends on its threedimensional structure. Loss of structural integrity with accompanying loss of activity is called denaturation Proteins can be denatured by heat or cold ph extremes organic solvents chaotropic agents: urea and guanidinium hydrochloride reduction of disulfide bonds by Mercaptoethanol
43 Renaturation of unfolded, denatured protein ribonuclease
44 Ribonuclease Refolding Experiment Ribonuclease is a small protein that contains 8 cysteins linked via four disulfide bonds Urea in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol fully denatures ribonuclease When urea and 2-mercaptoethanol are removed, the protein spontaneously refolds, and the correct disulfide bonds are reformed The sequence alone determines the native conformation Quite simple experiment, but so important it earned Chris Anfinsen the 1972 Chemistry Nobel Prize
45 How Can Proteins Fold So Fast? Proteins fold to the lowest-energy fold in the microsecond to second time scales. How can they find the right fold so fast? It is mathematically impossible for protein folding to occur by randomly trying every conformation until the lowest energy one is found (Levinthal s paradox)
46 Levinthal s paradox: There are approximately possible conformations for a typical protein (~125 amino acids). Even if it took only sec to try out each conformation, it would take years to try a significant fraction of them. Obviously folding does not happen randomly direction toward the native structure is thermodynamically most favorable
47 The thermodynamics of protein folding depicted as a free-energy funnel
48 Chaperonins Special class of molecular chaperones that facilitate protein folding About 10 to 15% of proteins in E. coli require chaperonins to right folding Require ATP
49
50 Other examples of assisted molecular processes in folding and posttranslational modification of proteins Disulfide crosslinking bonding disulfide isomerase cis trans isomerization of proline prolyl cistrans isomerase Hydroxylation of Proline in collagen prolyl 4- hydroxylase (ascorbate demand)
51
52 Protein function
53 Functions of Globular Proteins Storage of ions and molecules myoglobin, ferritin Transport of ions and molecules hemoglobin, serotonin transporter Defense against pathogens antibodies, cytokines Muscle contraction actin, myosin Biological catalysis - enzymes chymotrypsin, lysozyme
54 Example of Protein Function and Ligand Binding Myoglobin single polypeptide oxygen storage in tissues, muscle Hemoglobin tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits transports oxygen from lungs to tissues
55 Ligand Binding Binding - reversible, transient process of chemical equilibrium: A + B AB A molecule that binds is called a ligand (typically a small molecule) A region in the protein where the ligand binds is called the binding site Ligand binds via non-covalent forces, which enables the interactions to be transient
56 Function of Myoglobin Organisms need to store oxygen for metabolism Generaly - protein side-chains lack affinity for O 2 Heme - Fe 2+ in free heme could be oxidized to Fe 3+ Heme is bound to protein, Fe 3+ is protected by a His residue In mammals, myoglobin is the main oxygen storage protein
57 Structures of Porphyrin and Heme
58 Structure of Myoglobin
59 Binding of Carbon Monoxide CO has similar size and shape to O 2 ; it can fit to the same binding site CO binds to heme over 20,000 times better than O 2 because the carbon in CO can be donated a lone electron pair to vacant d-orbitals on the Fe 2+ Protein pocket decreases affinity for CO, but is still binds about 250 times better than oxygen CO is highly toxic as it competes with oxygen. It blocks the function of myoglobin, hemoglobin, and mitochondrial cytochromes that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation
60 Example of a Binding Pocket O 2 and CO in hemoglobin and myoglobin
61
62 Could Myoglobin Work as Good O 2 Transporter? po 2 in lungs is about 13 kpa: it sure binds oxygen well po 2 in tissues is about 4 kpa: it will not release it!
63 Simple change in the affinity would help but is not the ideal solution Cooperation of two binding (affinity) states is indeed better solution
64 For Effective Transport Affinity Must Vary with po 2 po 2 in lungs is about 13 kpa: it sure binds oxygen well po 2 in tissues is about 4 kpa: it releases about half of it at ph 7.6
65 How Can Affinity to Oxygen Change Like This? Must be a protein with multiple binding sites Binding sites must be able to interact with each other This phenomenon is called cooperativity Positive cooperativity can be recognized by sigmoidal binding curves
66
67 Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a tetramer of two different subunits ( 2 2) Each subunit is similar to myoglobin
68 Hemoglobin Binding sites must be able to interact with each other
69 Subunit Interactions: Details Binding sites must be able to interact with each other Example of some interactions Interactions can be between subunits and also within one subunit
70 Conformational Change is Triggered by Oxygen Binding
71 Hemoglobin is an allosteric protein allosteric proteins change their activity due to induced conformational changes Hemoglobin - two affinity states induced by ligand binding
72 Molecular disease of Hemoglobin
73 Sickle-Cell anemia Mutation of single amino acid Val instead of Glu at position 6 in beta chain Replacement of charged Glu for Val makes hydrophobic contact on the surface Hemoglobin aggregates
74
75
76 Another examples of proteins
77 Fibrous Proteins: From Structure to Function Function Structure Example Tough, rigid, Cross-linked -helixes -keratin hard (nails, horns) Rigid linker (S S) Tensile strength, Cross-linked triple-helixes Collagen non-stretching Flexible linker (Lys-HyLys) (tendons, cartilage) Soft, flexible Non-covalently held -sheets non-stretchy van der Waals interaction Silk fibroin (egg sac, nest, web)
78 Structure of -Keratin in Hair
79
80 Chemistry of Permanent Waving
81 Structure of Collagen Collagen is an important constituent of connective tissue: tendons, cartilage, bones, cornea of the eye Each collagen chain is a long Gly- and Pro-rich left-handed helix Three collagen chains intertwine into a righthanded superhelical triple helix The triple helix has higher tensile strength than a steel wire of equal cross section Many triple-helixes assemble into a collagen fibril
82
83 4-Hydroxyproline in Collagen Forces the proline ring into a favorable folding Offer more hydrogen bonds between the three strands of collagen The post-translational processing is catalyzed by prolyl hydroxylase and requires -ketoglutarate, molecular oxygen, and ascorbate (vitamin C)
84 Silk Fibroin Fibroin is the main protein in silk from silk moths and spiders Antiparallel sheet structure Small side chains (Ala and Gly) allow the close packing of sheets Structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonding within sheets London dispersion interactions between sheets
85
Proteins Higher Order Structures
Proteins Higher Order Structures Dr. Mohammad Alsenaidy Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy King Saud University Office: AA 101 msenaidy@ksu.edu.sa Previously on PHT 426!! Protein Structures
More informationOverview. Secondary Structure. Tertiary Structure
Protein Structure Disclaimer: All information and images were taken from outside sources and the author claims no legal ownership of any material. Sources for images are linked on each slide and the information
More informationDiversity of proteins
BCMB 3100: Partial notes Chapter 4 (Part 1) Diversity of proteins 3D structure of proteins Fibrous vs globular proteins Conformation vs configuration 1, 2, 3 and 4 structure Peptide groups in polypeptide
More informationIntroduction to Proteins
Introduction to Proteins Lecture 4 Module I: Molecular Structure & Metabolism Molecular Cell Biology Core Course (GSND5200) Matthew Neiditch - Room E450U ICPH matthew.neiditch@umdnj.edu What is a protein?
More information2013 W. H. Freeman and Company. 5 Function of Globular Proteins
2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 5 Function of Globular Proteins CHAPTER 5: Function of Globular Proteins Key topics in protein function: Reversible binding of ligands is essential Specificity of ligands
More informationNucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Key Concepts 3.1 Nucleic Acids Are Informational Macromolecules 3.2 Proteins Are Polymers with Important Structural
More informationChapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Key Concepts 3.1 Nucleic Acids Are Informational Macromolecules 3.2 Proteins Are Polymers with Important Structural
More informationStructure formation and association of biomolecules. Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München
Structure formation and association of biomolecules Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München Motivation Many biomolecules are chemically synthesized
More informationBi 8 Lecture 7. Ellen Rothenberg 26 January Reading: Ch. 3, pp ; panel 3-1
Bi 8 Lecture 7 PROTEIN STRUCTURE, Functional analysis, and evolution Ellen Rothenberg 26 January 2016 Reading: Ch. 3, pp. 109-134; panel 3-1 (end with free amine) aromatic, hydrophobic small, hydrophilic
More informationCSE : Computational Issues in Molecular Biology. Lecture 19. Spring 2004
CSE 397-497: Computational Issues in Molecular Biology Lecture 19 Spring 2004-1- Protein structure Primary structure of protein is determined by number and order of amino acids within polypeptide chain.
More information6- Important Molecules of Living Systems. Proteins Nucleic Acids Taft College Human Physiology
6- Important Molecules of Living Systems Proteins Nucleic Acids Taft College Human Physiology Proteins Proteins- made from: C, H, O, N, and S. Proteins are very large molecules composed of long chains
More informationFrom DNA to Protein Structure and Function
STO-106 From DNA to Protein Structure and Function Teacher information Summary: Students model how information in the DNA base sequences is transcribed and translated to produce a protein molecule. They
More informationStructural Bioinformatics (C3210) DNA and RNA Structure
Structural Bioinformatics (C3210) DNA and RNA Structure Importance of DNA/RNA 3D Structure Nucleic acids are essential materials found in all living organisms. Their main function is to maintain and transmit
More informationΤάσος Οικονόµου ιαλεξη 8. Kινηση, λειτουργια, ελεγχος.
Τάσος Οικονόµου ιαλεξη 8 Kινηση, λειτουργια, ελεγχος http://ecoserver.imbb.forth.gr/bio321.htm εν ξεχνω. Cell The peptide bond Polypeptides are stabilized by: 1. Covalent bonds= amide bond 2. Noncovalent,
More informationNanobiotechnology. Place: IOP 1 st Meeting Room Time: 9:30-12:00. Reference: Review Papers. Grade: 50% midterm, 50% final.
Nanobiotechnology Place: IOP 1 st Meeting Room Time: 9:30-12:00 Reference: Review Papers Grade: 50% midterm, 50% final Midterm: 5/15 History Atom Earth, Air, Water Fire SEM: 20-40 nm Silver 66.2% Gold
More informationMOLEBIO LAB #3: Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins
MOLEBIO LAB #3: Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins Introduction: Proteins occupy a central position in the structure and function of all living organisms. Some proteins serve as structural components
More informationPacking of Secondary Structures
7.88 Lecture Notes - 5 7.24/7.88J/5.48J The Protein Folding and Human Disease Packing of Secondary Structures Packing of Helices against sheets Packing of sheets against sheets Parallel Orthogonal Table:
More informationProtein Structure Databases, cont. 11/09/05
11/9/05 Protein Structure Databases (continued) Prediction & Modeling Bioinformatics Seminars Nov 10 Thurs 3:40 Com S Seminar in 223 Atanasoff Computational Epidemiology Armin R. Mikler, Univ. North Texas
More informationSTRUCTURAL BIOLOGY. α/β structures Closed barrels Open twisted sheets Horseshoe folds
STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY α/β structures Closed barrels Open twisted sheets Horseshoe folds The α/β domains Most frequent domain structures are α/β domains: A central parallel or mixed β sheet Surrounded by α
More informationAll Rights Reserved. U.S. Patents 6,471,520B1; 5,498,190; 5,916, North Market Street, Suite CC130A, Milwaukee, WI 53202
Secondary Structure In the previous protein folding activity, you created a hypothetical 15-amino acid protein and learned that basic principles of chemistry determine how each protein spontaneously folds
More informationZool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 3 3/6/15
Name: Trask Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 3 3/6/15 Answer each of the following questions in the space provided; circle the correct answer or answers for each multiple choice question and circle either
More informationThe mechanism(s) of protein folding. What is meant by mechanism. Experimental approaches
The mechanism(s) of protein folding What is meant by mechanism Computational approaches Experimental approaches Questions: What events occur and in what time sequence when a protein folds Is there a specified
More informationBETA STRAND Prof. Alejandro Hochkoeppler Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology University of Bologna
Prof. Alejandro Hochkoeppler Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology University of Bologna E-mail: a.hochkoeppler@unibo.it C-ter NH and CO groups: right, left, right (plane of the slide)
More informationMolecular Forces in Antibody Maturation*
Molecular Forces in Antibody Maturation* Melik Demirel 1,2 1 Allen Pearce Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, E-mail: mcd18@psu.edu
More informationTropomyosin and S-peptide
7.88 Lecture Notes - 7 7.24/7.88J/5.48J The Protein Folding and Human Disease Tropomyosin and S-peptide Sequence determinants of Coiled Coil Structure Tropomyosin Circular Dichroism Tropomyosin thermal
More informationLearning to Use PyMOL (includes instructions for PS #2)
Learning to Use PyMOL (includes instructions for PS #2) To begin, download the saved PyMOL session file, 4kyz.pse from the Chem 391 Assignments web page: http://people.reed.edu/~glasfeld/chem391/assign.html
More informationChapter 8 DNA Recognition in Prokaryotes by Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs
Chapter 8 DNA Recognition in Prokaryotes by Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs 1. Helix-turn-helix proteins 2. Zinc finger proteins 3. Leucine zipper proteins 4. Beta-scaffold factors 5. Others λ-repressor AND CRO
More informationIntroduction to Protein Structure
Introduction to Protein Structure Second Edition Carl Branden Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden John Tooze Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories Lincolns
More informationVirtual bond representation
Today s subjects: Virtual bond representation Coordination number Contact maps Sidechain packing: is it an instrumental way of selecting and consolidating a fold? ASA of proteins Interatomic distances
More informationC. Tight Turns. = -30, φ 3. = 0, and type II approximately = 120, φ 3. = -60, ψ 2. = -90, ψ 3. = +90, ψ 3
Tight turns (also known as reverse turns, β turns, β bends, hairpin bends, 310 bends, kinks, widgets, etc.) are the first and most prevalent type of nonrepetitive structure that has been recognized. While
More informationRead and take notes on pages
Protein Synthesis Read and take notes on pages 336-340 What is protein? Proteins Polypeptide chains of amino acids Are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. They have
More informationHomology Modelling. Thomas Holberg Blicher NNF Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen
Homology Modelling Thomas Holberg Blicher NNF Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen Why are Protein Structures so Interesting? They provide a detailed picture of interesting biological features,
More informationFolding simulation: self-organization of 4-helix bundle protein. yellow = helical turns
Folding simulation: self-organization of 4-helix bundle protein yellow = helical turns Protein structure Protein: heteropolymer chain made of amino acid residues R + H 3 N - C - COO - H φ ψ Chain of amino
More informationThe Double Helix. DNA and RNA, part 2. Part A. Hint 1. The difference between purines and pyrimidines. Hint 2. Distinguish purines from pyrimidines
DNA and RNA, part 2 Due: 3:00pm on Wednesday, September 24, 2014 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy The Double Helix DNA, or deoxyribonucleic
More informationLE STRUTTURE β Antiparallel A residue in an antiparallel beta strand has values of -139 and +135 degrees for the backbone dihedral angles F and Y respectively. Antiparallel beta sheets are thought
More informationStructure/function relationship in DNA-binding proteins
PHRM 836 September 22, 2015 Structure/function relationship in DNA-binding proteins Devlin Chapter 8.8-9 u General description of transcription factors (TFs) u Sequence-specific interactions between DNA
More informationGenes and Proteins in Health. and Disease
Genes and Health and I can describe the structure of proteins All proteins contain the chemical elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Some also contain sulphur. Proteins are built from subunits
More informationHomology Modelling. Thomas Holberg Blicher NNF Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen
Homology Modelling Thomas Holberg Blicher NNF Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen Why are Protein Structures so Interesting? They provide a detailed picture of interesting biological features,
More informationMolecular Engineering of Streptavidin"
Molecular Engineering of Streptavidin" TAKESHI SANO, SANDOR VAJDA, GABRIEL 0. REZNIK, CASSANDRA L. SMITH, AND CHARLES R. CANTOR Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Departments of Biomedical Engineering,
More informationMCB 110:Biochemistry of the Central Dogma of MB. MCB 110:Biochemistry of the Central Dogma of MB
MCB 110:Biochemistry of the Central Dogma of MB Part 1. DNA replication, repair and genomics (Prof. Alber) Part 2. RNA & protein synthesis. Prof. Zhou Part 3. Membranes, protein secretion, trafficking
More informationComments. polyproline ( PXXP ) motif for SH3 binding RGD motif for integrin binding GXXXG motif within the TM domain of membrane protein
Comments Structural motif v sequence motif polyproline ( PXXP ) motif for SH3 binding RGD motif for integrin binding GXXXG motif within the TM domain of membrane protein Most common type I beta turn sequences:
More informationProtein homology. Antigens & Antibodies I. Administrative issues:
Administrative issues: Recommended text: Goldsby/Kuby Immunology, 6th edition (Note that Innate Immunity is not adequately covered in the 5th edition.) Text book reading assignments are to supplement the
More informationThe replication of DNA Kornberg 1957 Meselson and Stahl 1958 Cairns 1963 Okazaki 1968 DNA Replication The driving force for DNA synthesis. The addition of a nucleotide to a growing polynucleotide
More informationCHAPTER 21 LECTURE SLIDES
CHAPTER 21 LECTURE SLIDES Prepared by Brenda Leady University of Toledo To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off.
More informationProteins: ThreeDimensional. Structure CHAPTER 6. Chapter Contents
JWL460_c06_127-175.qxd 5/30/11 4:25 PM Page 127 HAPTER 6 Proteins: ThreeDimensional Structure hapter ontents 1 Secondary Structure A The Planar Peptide Group Limits Polypeptide onformations B The Most
More informationNotes to accompany the slidecast on theory of SDS PAGE and Western blotting
S317 Biological science: from genes to species Notes to accompany the slidecast on theory of SDS PAGE and Western blotting SDS PAGE SDS PAGE is a standard technique for determining the molecular size of
More informationGENETICS الفريق الطبي االكاديمي. DNA Genes & Chromosomes. DONE BY : Buthaina Al-masaeed & Yousef Qandeel. Page 0
GENETICS ومن أحياها DNA Genes & Chromosomes الفريق الطبي االكاديمي DNA Genes & Chromosomes DONE BY : Buthaina Al-masaeed & Yousef Qandeel Page 0 T(0:44 min) In the pre lecture we take about the back bone
More informationInvestigating Protein Stability with the Optical Tweezer
Investigating Protein Stability with the Optical Tweezer I. Introduction. Various experimental and computational techniques have been developed to study the process by which proteins go from a linear sequence
More informationChapter 2 Molecules to enzymes - Short answer [72 marks]
Chapter 2 Molecules to enzymes - Short answer [72 marks] 1a. Outline primary and quaternary protein structures. Primary protein structure: Quaternary protein structure: a. (primary structure) is sequence
More informationLaboratory Inquiry: What Makes Enzymes Work?
Laboratory Inquiry: What Makes Enzymes Work? One hallmark of effective scientific inquiry is focus on solving a problem, rather than on using a particular method to study a problem (1). You should already
More informationChem 465 Biochemistry II
Chem 465 Biochemistry II Name: 2 points Multiple choice (4 points apiece): 1. Which of the following is not true of trna molecules? A) The 3'-terminal sequence is -CCA. B) Their anticodons are complementary
More informationProtein Structure Prediction by Constraint Logic Programming
MPRI C2-19 Protein Structure Prediction by Constraint Logic Programming François Fages, Constraint Programming Group, INRIA Rocquencourt mailto:francois.fages@inria.fr http://contraintes.inria.fr/ Molecules
More informationGenome Architecture Structural Subdivisons
Lecture 4 Hierarchical Organization of the Genome by John R. Finnerty Genome Architecture Structural Subdivisons 1. Nucleotide : monomer building block of DNA 2. DNA : polymer string of nucleotides 3.
More informationHow Do You Clone a Gene?
S-20 Edvo-Kit #S-20 How Do You Clone a Gene? Experiment Objective: The objective of this experiment is to gain an understanding of the structure of DNA, a genetically engineered clone, and how genes are
More informationBiochemistry study of the molecular basis of life
Biochemistry : An Introduction Biochemistry study of the molecular basis of life n Study of the chemistry of living organisms Studies organic molecules & organic reactions in living organisms n Living
More informationAnfinsen Experiments
Lecture Notes - 2 7.24/7.88J/5.48J The Protein Folding and Human Disease Handouts: An Anfinsen paper Reading List Anfinsen Experiments The Problem of the title refers to how the amino acid sequence of
More informationYour Name: MID TERM ANSWER SHEET SIN: ( )
MIDTERM EXAMINATION (October 23, 2008) BIOE150. Introduction to Bio-Nanoscience & Bio-Nanotechnology Professor Seung-Wuk Lee Fall Semester, 2008 0. Write down your name and the last digit of your SIN in
More informationCase 7 A Storage Protein From Seeds of Brassica nigra is a Serine Protease Inhibitor Last modified 29 September 2005
Case 7 A Storage Protein From Seeds of Brassica nigra is a Serine Protease Inhibitor Last modified 9 September 005 Focus concept Purification of a novel seed storage protein allows sequence analysis and
More informationUV Fluorescence Polarization as a Means to Investigate Protein Conformational and Mass Change
A p p l i c a t i o n N o t e UV Fluorescence Polarization as a Means to Investigate Protein Conformational and Mass Change Using Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence in Conjunction with UV-capable Polarizers
More informationFinal exam. Please write your name on the exam and keep an ID card ready.
Biophysics of Macromolecules Prof. R. Jungmann and Prof. J. Lipfert SS 2017 Final exam Final exam First name: Last name: Student number ( Matrikelnummer ): Please write your name on the exam and keep an
More informationProtein Synthesis Notes
Protein Synthesis Notes Protein Synthesis: Overview Transcription: synthesis of mrna under the direction of DNA. Translation: actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mrna. Transcription
More informationRNA is a single strand molecule composed of subunits called nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds.
The Versatility of RNA Primary structure of RNA RNA is a single strand molecule composed of subunits called nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. Each nucleotide subunit is composed of a ribose sugar,
More informationProSEC 300S. Protein Characterization columns
ProSEC 300S Protein Characterization columns Agilent s ProSEC 300S is a silica-based material specifically designed for the analysis of proteins by aqueous size exclusion chromatography. With a proprietary
More informationCanonical B-DNA CGCGTTGACAACTGCAGAATC GC AT CG TA AT GC TA TA CG AT 20 Å. Minor Groove 34 Å. Major Groove 3.4 Å. Strands are antiparallel
DNA Canonical B-DNA 20 Å GC AT CG TA CGCGTTGACAACTGCAGAATC 34 Å AT GC TA Minor Groove 3.4 Å TA CG AT Major Groove Strands are antiparallel CG GC GC Canonical B DNA First determined experimentally by fiber
More informationStructural bioinformatics
Structural bioinformatics Why structures? The representation of the molecules in 3D is more informative New properties of the molecules are revealed, which can not be detected by sequences Eran Eyal Plant
More informationDNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E
DNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E How this Unit is broken down Chapter 10.1 10.3 The structure of the genetic material Chapter 10.4 & 10.5 DNA replication Chapter 10.6 10.15 The flow of genetic information
More informationBME Engineering Molecular Cell Biology. The Cytoskeleton (I): Actin The Cytoskeleton (II): Microtubule & Intermediate Filament
BME 42-620 Engineering Molecular Cell Biology Lecture 09: The Cytoskeleton (I): Actin The Cytoskeleton (II): Microtubule & Intermediate Filament BME42-620 Lecture 09, September 27, 2011 1 Outline Overviewofcytoskeletal
More informationFrom Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation i
How do genes influence our characteristics? From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation i A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the instructions for making a protein. Proteins have many different
More informationDNA Structure and Properties Basic Properties Predicting Melting Temperature. Dinesh Yadav
DNA Structure and Properties Basic Properties Predicting Melting Temperature Dinesh Yadav Nucleic Acid Structure Question: Is this RNA or DNA? Molecules of Life, pp. 15 2 Nucleic Acid Bases Molecules of
More informationCHAPTER 1. DNA: The Hereditary Molecule SECTION D. What Does DNA Do? Chapter 1 Modern Genetics for All Students S 33
HPER 1 DN: he Hereditary Molecule SEION D What Does DN Do? hapter 1 Modern enetics for ll Students S 33 D.1 DN odes For Proteins PROEINS DO HE nitty-gritty jobs of every living cell. Proteins are the molecules
More informationEnzymes Part III: regulation I. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017
Enzymes Part III: regulation I Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Mechanisms of regulation Expression of isoenzymes Regulation of enzymatic activity Inhibitors Conformational changes Allostery Modulators Reversible
More informationRNA Part I: Chemical Structure of RNA
RA Part I: Chemical Structure of RA Structural differences between RA and DA Resistance of phosphate esters to basic hydrolysis The 2 - group of RA facilitates chemical cleavage in aqueous a by forming
More informationSolution Structure of the DNA-binding Domain of GAL4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Vol. 14, No. 1-4 175 Solution Structure of the DNA-binding Domain of GAL4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae James D. Baleja, V. Thanabal, Ted Mau, and Gerhard Wagner Department of Biological Chemistry and
More information1 Scaffolds. 2 Extracellular matrix
This lecture describes the components of the extracellular matrix and their influence on the cell properties and functions. 1 Scaffolds One of the key components of the tissue engineering triad is the
More informationTopic 7: Nucleic acids and proteins
Topic 7: Nucleic acids and proteins Topic 7: Nucleic acids and proteins 7.1 DNA structure Assessment Statement IBO Notes Student Notes 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 Describe the structure of DNA, including
More informationNucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) These
More information2012 GENERAL [5 points]
GENERAL [5 points] 2012 Mark all processes that are part of the 'standard dogma of molecular' [ ] DNA replication [ ] transcription [ ] translation [ ] reverse transposition [ ] DNA restriction [ ] DNA
More informationChapter 1 Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA The structure of part of a DNA double helix
Chapter 1 Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid ) (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning
More information2. The instructions for making a protein are provided by a gene, which is a specific segment of a molecule.
From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation By Dr. Ingrid Waldron and Dr. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011 1 In this activity you will learn how
More informationThe common structure of a DNA nucleotide. Hewitt
GENETICS Unless otherwise noted* the artwork and photographs in this slide show are original and by Burt Carter. Permission is granted to use them for non-commercial, non-profit educational purposes provided
More informationChapter 5: Microbial Metabolism (Part I)
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism (Part I) Microbial Metabolism Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism. These chemical reactions are generally of two types: Catabolic:
More informationProtein Synthesis
HEBISD Student Expectations: Identify that RNA Is a nucleic acid with a single strand of nucleotides Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose Contains the nitrogen bases A, G, C and U instead of T. The U is
More informationTranscription in Prokaryotes. Jörg Bungert, PhD Phone:
Transcription in Prokaryotes Jörg Bungert, PhD Phone: 352-273-8098 Email: jbungert@ufl.edu Objectives Understand the basic mechanism of transcription. Know the function of promoter elements and associating
More informationMicrobiology: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to protein
Microbiology: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to protein I. Overview A. DNA ultimately determines every aspect of a cell from shape to function 1. DNA = 2. Nucleotides of DNA have three units a. A nitrogen-containing
More informationPurification: Step 1. Lecture 11 Protein and Peptide Chemistry. Cells: Break them open! Crude Extract
Purification: Step 1 Lecture 11 Protein and Peptide Chemistry Cells: Break them open! Crude Extract Total contents of cell Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 Big Problem: Crude extract is not the natural
More informationPurification: Step 1. Protein and Peptide Chemistry. Lecture 11. Big Problem: Crude extract is not the natural environment. Cells: Break them open!
Lecture 11 Protein and Peptide Chemistry Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 Purification: Step 1 Cells: Break them open! Crude Extract Total contents of cell Big Problem: Crude extract is not the natural
More informationNUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses)
NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses) Consist of chemically linked sequences of nucleotides Nitrogenous base Pentose-
More informationProtein 3D Structure Prediction
Protein 3D Structure Prediction Michael Tress CNIO ?? MREYKLVVLGSGGVGKSALTVQFVQGIFVDE YDPTIEDSYRKQVEVDCQQCMLEILDTAGTE QFTAMRDLYMKNGQGFALVYSITAQSTFNDL QDLREQILRVKDTEDVPMILVGNKCDLEDER VVGKEQGQNLARQWCNCAFLESSAKSKINVN
More informationDNA Replication I Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm January 24, 2005
DNA Replication I Biochemistry 302 Bob Kelm January 24, 2005 Watson Crick prediction: Each stand of parent DNA serves as a template for synthesis of a new complementary daughter strand Fig. 4.12 Proof
More informationModule 7: The Central Dogma. CSE590: Molecular programming and neural computation. All slides by Eric Klavins.
Module 7: The Central Dogma CSE590: Molecular programming and neural computation. All slides by Eric Klavins. 1 The Central Dogma RNA Polymerase The Ribosome m Note: We will look mainly at prokaryo=c (e.g.
More informationFrom Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation
Name: Hour: From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation Introduction: In this activity you will learn how the genes in our DNA influence our characteristics. For example, how can a gene cause albinism
More informationAstronomy picture of the day (4/21/08)
Biol 205 Spring 2008 Astronomy picture of the day (4/21/08) http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap080421.html Are viruses alive? http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/yellowstone/viruslive.html 1 Week 3 Lecture
More informationExploring Proteins and Nucleic Acids with Jmol
Exploring Proteins and Nucleic Acids with Jmol Revised December 30, 2017 Jeffrey A. Cohlberg Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University, Long Beach Copyright 2010, Jeffrey A.
More informationIf Dna Has The Instructions For Building Proteins Why Is Mrna Needed
If Dna Has The Instructions For Building Proteins Why Is Mrna Needed if a strand of DNA has the sequence CGGTATATC, then the complementary each strand of DNA contains the info needed to produce the complementary
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Chapter 17 Genes to Proteins Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic
More informationAnswers to Module 1. An obligate aerobe is an organism that has an absolute requirement of oxygen for growth.
Answers to Module 1 Short Answers 1) What is an obligate aerobe? An obligate aerobe is an organism that has an absolute requirement of oxygen for growth. What about facultative anaerobe? 2) Distinguish
More informationMolecular Biology I. The Chemical Nature of DNA. Dr. Obaidur rahman
Molecular Biology I The Chemical Nature of DNA Dr. Obaidur rahman Characteristics of Genetic Material The coding instructions of all living organisms are written in the same genetic language that of nucleic
More informationAdvanced Level Biology BRIDGING WORK
Advanced Level Biology BRIDGING WORK The bridging work MUST be completed for each of your Advanced Level subjects by the time you start your course. Your work will be assessed in September. Anyone not
More informationCHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN. Section C: The Synthesis of Protein
CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN Section C: The Synthesis of Protein 1. Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look 2. Signal peptides target some eukaryotic polypeptides to
More information