Biotechnology. An Overview

Transcription

1 Biotechnology An Overview

2 The Editors Dr. Rajan Kumar Gupta (1963) has worked on Ecophysiology of Antarctic Cyanobacteria for his Ph.D. degree with Late Prof. A.K. Kashyap of Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. For the past twenty years he has been working on various aspects of Antarctic microflora. Dr. Gupta was deputed by Govt. of India for his participation as Biological Scientist in Antarctica twice. He has participated in XI and XIV Indian Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica during and He has visited several countries like Mauritius, Japan, Nepal, Thailand, South Africa, Belgium, Singapore, Srilanka etc. for presentation of his work on different aspects of algae. Dr. Gupta has worked on various aspects of cyanobacteria, i.e., morphology, ecology and nitrogen fixation, biotechnological applications and published more than 70 technical papers in various national and overseas journals and more than 40 chapters in various books. Dr. Gupta has published 3 Botany Practical Books and 1 book on Paryavaran Adhyan Environmental Studies) and 7 reference (research) books entitled Glimpses of Cyanobacteria, Advances in Applied Phycology, Soil Microflora, Microbial Biotechnology and Ecology Vol. 1 & Vol. 2 and Diversity: An Overview and Diversity of Lower Plants. Seven students have been awarded the D.Phil degree and four are working under his supervision for their D.Phil degree of Various Universities of Uttarakhand. Dr. Gupta is a recipient of Research Award from University Grants Commission, New Delhi. Dr. Gupta is member of number of organizations in India and abroad. He is the Fellow of the Society for Environment and Ecoplanning and International Botanical Society and chaired various sessions in the conferences in India and abroad. He is in the editorial and advisory board of various journals. Presently, Dr. Gupta is teaching Microbiology and Biotechnology in Department of Botany, Dr. P.D.B.H. Government Post Graduate College, Kotdwar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Dr. Nasim Akhtar (1963) obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree under the able guidance of one of the eminent Plant Tissue Culturist of India (Late) Prof. V. S. Jaiswal at the Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Subsequently he has worked in the area of Transgenic Plant Research and Plant Molecular Biology for his Post Doctoral Research at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Dr. Nasim Akhtar is presently working in the capacity of Associate Professor at Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, (A.P.), India. He is actively engaged in the research on various aspects of Plant Biotechnology for the last 23 years particularly on induction of somatic embryogenesis in plants. Presently he is working on production of anticancer drug production from Vinca rosea. He is looking for the miniaturization of optimization process for secondary metabolite production from callus and cell suspension culture. He has published four research papers on the regulation of somatic embryogenesis in guava, and written several review chapters on somatic embryogenesis in guava published by Kluwer Academic Publisher, Netherland and Daya Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. A Protocol for high efficiency somatic embryogenesis in guava has been published in Springer Series: Methods in Molecular Biology. Dr. Deepak Vyas (1964) M.Sc from Dr. Hari Singh Gaur University, Sagar and Ph.D from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, is Associate Professor in Department of Botany, Dr. H.S. Gaur University, Sagar. Dr. Vyas has 16 years of teaching and 23 years of Research Experience. 15 students has obtained their Ph.D. degree under his guidance and 3 are working for their Ph.D. Dr. Vyas is UGC Research Awardee and reciepient of International award on Ozone depletion. Dr. Vyas has published about 119 papers in National and International Journals. He has edited 2 books Soil Microflora and Microbial Biotechnology and Ecology, member of editorial board of many journals and various organisation, participated and organised various symposia/seminars/ conferences/workshops and botanical excursions and delivered a number of lectures in different universities and institutions. Have worked in University administration in various capacities, as coordinator in university examination and result processing, central evaluation, coordinator central university admission cell, joint proctor, as incharge University Botanical Garden since 2011 etc. At present Dr. Vyas is working on AM biotechnology and mushroom biology. He is also providing extension services on mushroom cultivation and marketing for mushroom growers of the region.

3 Biotechnology An Overview Rajan Kumar Gupta M.Sc., Ph.D. F.I.C.E.R. Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Dr. P.D.B.H. Government Post Graduate College, Kotdwar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India (Affiliated to HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, UK, India) Nasim Akhtar M.Sc., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatanam Andhra Pradesh, India Deepak Vyas M.Sc., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Dr. HS Gaur University (Central University) Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India 2015 Daya Publishing House A Division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

4 2015 EDITORS Publisher s note: Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press, and the publisher and author cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or the author. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in the book. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding and discussion only. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material used in this book, if any. The author and the publisher will be grateful for any omission brought to their notice for acknowledgement in the future editions of the book. All Rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the publisher and the copyright owner. Cataloging in Publication Data--DK Courtesy: D.K. Agencies (P) Ltd. <docinfo@dkagencies.com> Biotechnology : an overview / Rajan Kumar Gupta, Nasim Akhtar, Deepak Vyas. p. cm. Contributed articles. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (Hardbound) ISBN (International Edition) 1. Biotechnology. 2. Biotechnology--India. I. Gupta, Rajan Kumar, II. Akhtar, Nasim, III. Vyas, Deepak, DDC Published by : Daya Publishing House A Division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd. ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company House No. 96, Gali No. 6, Block-C, 30ft Road, Tomar Colony, Burari New Delhi info@astralint.com Website: Sales Office : /23, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj New Delhi Ph , Laser Typesetting : Classic Computer Services Delhi Printed at : Thomson Press India Limited PRINTED IN INDIA

5 Acknowledgements The editors are thankful to all the academicians and scientists whose contributions have enriched this volume. We also express our deep sense of gratitude to our parents whose blessings have always prompted us to pursue academic activities deeply. It is quite possible that in a work of this nature, some mistakes might have crept in text inadvertently and for these we owe undiluted responsibility. We are grateful to all authors for their contribution to present book. The Editor Rajan Kumar Gupta is thankful to University Grants Commission, New Delhi and to Uttarakhand Council for Science and Technology, Dehradun, UK for providing financial assistance in the form of project. Rajan Kumar Gupta wish to place on record his special thanks to his wife Mrs Alka and two daughters Akriti and Ayushi and his research team for their cooperation in all his academic and scientific endeavours. Nasim Akhtar and Deepak Vyas gratefully acknowledge their institutions and family without their support this work was not possible. Finally, we will always remain debtor to all our well wishers for their blessings without which this book would not have come to light. Rajan Kumar Gupta Nasim Akhtar Deepak Vyas

6 Preface We are living in revolutionary era of information technology, industrial technology and biotechnology that has significantly transformed all spheres of life and the lifestyle. The selective breeding of dogs dates back over 14,000 years ago and about 10,000 years ago, human being extended his control over other life forms to include the domestication of animals. Much before the beginning of civilization our ancestors were fermenting grains and fruits to create alcoholic beverages. This applied aspect of micro-organisms, like that of animals, was completely trivial based on taste, smell, and vision, and not on any knowledge of genetic mechanisms for selective breeding. Biological inventions towards the entire twenty century have changed the sustainability in the present century. The discovery of DNA structure in 1953, genetically modified tomato in 1995, cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996, and the sequencing of the entire human genome at the end of millennium testify awareness that the biotech miracle is inescapable today. Biotechnology is a diverse field dealing with the application of biological discoveries to transform industry, agriculture, and medicine in a new dimension. This biotechnological application is much hyped created by overzealous promotion of biotechnology companies gravitated by press and media to cure diseases, develop new drugs, and feed the world s hunger through genetically modified organisms, resulting in confusion over what is real and what is fanciful speculation. Biotechnology is variably portrayed as either the next dot-com ride for those with excess capital to invest or as simply not worth following as an investment vehicle. There is no debate that biotech is a global business phenomenon. Worldwide successes and failures of biotech companies are tracked even for a weak signal that could boom like dot-com boom of 1990s. As the investment in biotechnology varies considerably from one country to the next by virtue of corporate and government funding, variations in public acceptance of biotechnology products, and the country s political environment. The successful investors and business executives in the biotechnology space understand and capitalize on the global interdependencies in the industry. The success of applying

7 viii biotechnology to commercialize products still depends on substantial investment in R&D undertaken by private and public investors, researchers, and entrepreneurs. Being multidisciplinary nature, biotechnology does not necessarily offer the single, best route; rather it can effectively be used as one of the tools or integrated into other processes. The strict rules on selection of programs, organisms, methods, technologies and biosafety as well as new legislation on restricted use of genome modifications of vertebrates, higher plants, genetically modified food, patenting of transgenic animals or sequenced parts of genomes, biotechnology has emerged with a very high standard high-tech and safe technology. Definitely the application of biotechnology invariably has reduced either operating costs or capital costs or both. This has led to a more sustainable process with lowered ecological disturbances by reducing some or many energy use, water use, waste-water or greenhouse gas production. The ethical and social problems arising in agriculture and medicine are still controversial. The acceptance of Biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, food and pharma production has become a political matter all over the globe. The aim of this volume on Biotechnology: An Overview is to keep the reader informed on the latest progress made in microbiology, plant and animal cell culture to the extent of industrial technology. The volume is consisting of 28 different chapters contributed by the author(s) having vast experience in teaching and research in the wide arena of biotechnology. The present book comprised of 28 chapters on different aspect of Biotechnology. Chapter 1 st on quorum sensing is totally based on new frontier of Biotechnology and Microbial Communication System. Chapter 2 nd will provide latest information on Bio Fuel Technology. Chapters 3, 12, 17, 19, 21 are based on Environmental Biotechnology, which provide information not only on Ecosystem but also give an idea, how to commercialize the technique to improve the soil quality including phytoremediation. Chapters 4 and 25 gives an overview of microbial diversity and ultimately how these microbes are utilized commercially for the benefits of the human being. Chapter 5 Explains new concept of Bioinformatics related to plant world. Chapters 6, 26, 27 and 28: As we are aware of commercial aspect of plants and their role in controlling various environmental problems at one end and on other end they are the sources of food, medicine etc. many elements which are the source of nutrients for the growth of the plants more in Nano Size. Therefore, Nanotechnology though being a new science but in one way or other contributes not only in terms of information but also ultimately improvise commercial aspect of various plants, Whether they are used as agriculture crops, horticultural crops, floriculture or as wild plants. Similarly in Chapter 7 which is related to latest hot talk about GM crops related food. Since the present population of world is suffering from shortage of food and to overcome this problem, GM crops may provide some solutions for that. Chapters 8, 10 and 11 gives latest information about Biofertilizer Technology. Biofertilizer not only reduces the cost of chemical fertilizer but also enhances the soil quality. These days numbers of bio inoculants are available on commercial scale to enrich the soil health as well as plant health. Chapter 25 gives an account on Plant

8 ix which is greatest sources of medicine and drug. Taxol an important drug of cancer from Taxus bacata. Fungi are Achlorophylls Plants are store house of many medicines and industrially important enzymes. An application of new biotechnological tools or molecular marker; certainly help us to explore new vistas of science. Chapters 16, 18 and 20 deals with plant Cell Factory, Bioreactor and, Microbial Mega Cell in advancement of biological processes provides commercial aspect of plants and microbial system. Chapters 22, 23 and 24 deals with risk associated with Transgenic Plants, Biosensors and their commercial aspect and molecular mechanism, which enhance drought tolerances in plants and ultimately, such plant valued for commercial purpose. Rajan Kumar Gupta Nasim Akhtar Deepak Vyas

9 Contents Acknowledgements Preface v vii 1. Quorum Sensing: Microbial Communication System 1 Santosh Kumar Karn 2. Micro-algae: A Potent Candidate for Carbon Sequestration and Biofuel Production 9 Shiv Shanker Pandey, Vivek Ambastha and Budhi Sagar Tiwari 3. A Brief Introduction to Ecosystem: Its Structure and Functions 21 Fouzia Ishaq, Amir Khan and M. Salman Khan 4. Microbial Diversity: A Review of Different Approaches for its Study 31 Ranjana Bhatia, Gaurav Kakkar, Varun Bansal and Neeru Narula 5. Bioinformatics Resources for Plant Science 53 Raghunath Satpathy 6. Nanotechnology and its Applications 67 Akhilesh Kumar 7. Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? 79 S.K. Katiyar 8. Role of Biofertilizers in Agriculture 89 U.K. Chaturvedi and Iqbal Habib 9. Biochemical Approaches for Next Generation Biofuel Production 101 Akhlash Pratap Singh

10 10. Azotobacter: A Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria as Biofertilizer in Organic Farming 113 S.K. Sethi and S.P. Adhikary 11. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Geo-Engineers 129 Deepak Vyas, Meenakshi Singh, Pradeep Kumar Singh, Rajan Kumar Gupta and Mohd. Irfan 12. Phytoremediation: An Ecofriendly Approach for Environmental Cleanup 157 Indu Bajwa and Anjali Pandey 13. Biotechnological Production of Promising Anticancerous Drug Taxol 179 Nivedita Srivastava 14. Application of Genetic Engineering in Fungal Biotechnology 185 Koushalya Dangwal 15. An Overview on the Transformation and Gene Manipulation in Filamentous Fungi 203 Madhuri Kaushish Lily 16. Plant Cell Factory for Molecular Farming of Therapeutic Proteins 223 Nasim Akhtar 17. Soil Remediation and Disposal 279 Madhuri Kaushish Lily 18. Application of Oxygen-Vectors in Improving the Performance of Submerged Aerobic Fermentation for the Production of Industrially Important Molecules in Bioreactors 291 Umesh K Narta, Rajesh Azad and Wamik Azmi 19. Pesticides and their Degradation 301 Ashutosh Bahuguna 20. Microbial Megacell in Advanced Biological Processes 317 Rajesh K. Srivastava 21. Study on Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil 353 Maryada Goyal and Suneel Kumar Singh 22. Risks Associated with the Use of Transgenic Plants 361 Anil Kumar Dhiman 23. Biosensors: A Commercial Aspect 375 Vibhu Sharma and Ashish Bhardwaj xii

11 24. Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms that Decipher Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants 387 D. Easwar Rao, K. Divya, G. Venkata Ramana and K.V. Chaitanya 25. Biotechnology for Discovery of New Drugs from Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 399 Nivedita Srivastava 26. Role of Nanotechnology in Materials Science 405 Vijendra Lingwal 27. Applications of Nanoparticles in the Field of Medicine 417 Ramna Tripathi and Akhilesh Kumar 28. Nanotechnology as Clean Energy and Resources for the Future 425 Akhilesh Kumar and Ramna Tripathi xiii Index 441

12 Biotechnology: An Overview (2015) Pages 1 71 Editors: Rajan Kumar Gupta, Nasim Akhtar and Deepak Vyas Published by: DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE, NEW DELHI Quorum Sensing: Microbial Communication System Santosh Kumar Karn* Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala , Haryana Chapter 1 ABSTRACT Quorum sensing (autoinduction) is a term that describes an environmental sensing system that allows bacteria to monitor their own population density. Autoinduction relies upon the interaction of a small diffusible signal molecule (the autoinducer) with a transcriptional activator protein. These signal molecules diffuse from bacterial cells and accumulate in the environment as a function of cell growth. Once a threshold concentration is reached, these signals serve as co-inducers to regulate the transcription of a set of target genes. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing communication circuits to regulate a diverse array of physiological activities like symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm formation. In Gramnegative bacteria, most autoinducer belong to the family of N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHL). Gram-positive bacteria use processed oligo-peptide to communicate. Cell-to-cell communication has played an important role in many diverse community based function it also helps the establishment of a population in changing environment according to the requirement. This sensing can be put to numerous uses such as in controlling plant and animal diseases, regulation of the production of useful/toxic fermentation products, etc. in the future. Keywords: Quorum sensing, Cell-to-cell communication, Autoinducer, N-acylhomoserine lactones, Oligo-peptides. * Author: santoshkarn@gmail.com

13 2 Biotechnology: An Overview Introduction Quorum sensing is a process by which micro-organisms communicate and interact with each other through the use of pheromone like molecules (Bassler, 1999). This type of communication system is used by multiple species of microbe to essentially count their neighbours and once at a critical density, co-ordinate a variety of different group activities through control of gene expression at population level (Bassler, 1999). In this way, bacteria are able to essentially act as a multicelullar organism. These bacterial communication systems were considered anomalous, and in general bacteria as a whole were not believed to use cell-cell communication. The exchange of chemical signals between cells/organisms was assumed to be a trait highly characteristic of eukaryotes. The recent advance in the field of cell-cell communication in bacteria has now shown that many bacteria probably communicate using secreted chemical molecules to coordinate the behaviour of the group. Furthermore, we now know that different classes of chemical signal are employed by the some bacteria, use more than one chemical signal and/or more than one type of signal to communicate, that complex hierarchical regulatory circuit have evolved to integrate and process the sensory information, and that the signals can be used to differentiate between species in consortia. It seems clear now that the ability to communicate both within and between species is critical for bacterial survival and interaction in natural habitats. The signal molecule used for communication was dubbed as autoinducer, owing to its origin inside the bacterial cell. The desired response can be arrived at by attainment of quorum employing the autoinducer and the process was labeled as autoinduction. In other words, the whole circuit relies on the intracellular production and export of a low-molecular mass signalling molecule, the extracellular concentration of which grows with the population density of the producing organism. The signaling molecule can be sensed and reimported into these cells, thus allowing the whole population to respond to changing environment/requirement once a critical concentration (cell density) has been achieved. Several classes of microbial-derived signaling molecules have now been identified. Broadly, these can be divided into two main categories (i) amino acids and short peptide derivatives commonly used by Gram-positive bacteria (Lazazzera and Grossman, 1998) and (ii) fatty acid derivatives called homoserine lactones (HSL) frequently used by Gram-negative bacteria (Whitehead et al., 2001). Whatever may be the nature of the signal molecule, the whole network functions by its reentry into the cell either via diffusion or an active transport (Whitehead et al., 2001). The signaling mechanism involves subsequent interaction of the signal with intracellular effectors that will induce the pathway for the concerned phenotype. In the past decade quorum sensing circuits have been identified in over twenty five species of Gram-negative bacteria (Parsek and Greenberg, 2000). In every case except those of Vibrio harveyi and Monocentris xanthus the quorum sensing circuits identified in Gram negative bacteria resemble the canonical quorum sensing circuit of the symbiotic bacterium V. fischeri. Specifically, these Gram-negative bacterial quorum sensing circuits contain, at a minimum, homologues of two V. fischeri