Tactics that reduce the use of broad-spectrum insecticides.

Transcription

1 2.1. Development of Monitoring Tools for BMSB

2 2.1. Development of Monitoring Tools for BMSB Tools that provide accurate measurements of presence, abundance, and seasonal activity of BMSB. Growers can make informed management decisions. Tactics that reduce the use of broad-spectrum insecticides.

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4 Identification of Pheromone and Other Attractants Published Manuscripts Leskey T.C., B.D. Short., B.B. Butler, and S.E. Wright Impact of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in mid-atlantic tree fruit orchards in the United States: case studies of commercial management. Psyche. Article ID , DOI: /2012/ Weber, D.C., T.C. Leskey, G.C. Walsh, and A Khrimian. 2014; Synergy of aggregation pheromone with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6- decatrienoate in attraction of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål). Journal of Economic Entomology 07: Khrimian A, A. Zhang, D.C. Weber, H.-Y. Ho, J.R. Aldrich, K.E. Vermillion, M.A. Siegler, S. Shirali, F. Guzman, and T.C. Leskey Discovery of the aggregation pheromone of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) through the creation of stereo isomeric libraries of 1-bisabolen-3-ols. Journal of Natural Products 77: Leskey, T.C., A. Agnello, J. C. Bergh, G. P. Dively, G. C. Hamilton, P. Jentsch, A. Khrimian, G. Krawczyk, T. P. Kuhar; D. Lee, W. R. Morrison III, D. F. Polk, C. Rodriguez-Saona, P. W. Shearer, B. D. Short, P. M. Shrewsbury, J. F. Walgenbach; D. C. Weber, C. Welty, J. Whalen, N. Wiman and F. Zaman Attraction of the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Traps Baited with Semiochemicals Stimuli across the United States. Environmental Entomology (in press). Leskey, T.C., A. Khrimian, D.C. Weber, J.C. Aldrich, B.D. Short, D.-H. Lee and W.R. Morrison III Behavioral responses of the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) to traps baited with stereo isomeric mixtures of 10, 11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol. Journal of Chemical Ecology 41:

5 One Attractant Available Prior to 2012 Methyl (2E, 4E, 6Z)- decatrieonate is an attractant produced by the Asian stink bug, Plautia stali. Cross attractive to BMSB and other pentatomids.

6 Serious Limitations For Season-Long Monitoring Mean No. Per Trap Serious Early-Season Adult Invasion Period Sample Date Leskey et al. 2012

7 Identification and Commercialization of BMSB Aggregation Pheromone

8 BMSB Aggregation Pheromone Breakthrough 9-30 September a Mean No. Per Trap b b b b 0 #2 #6 #9 #10 Unbaited Treatment

9 Is #10 Attractive in the Early Season? Pre-Trial (March 20-April 17, 2012)

10 Early Season Attraction Documented for BMSB March 20-April 17, 2012 N = 77 BMSB N = 8 BMSB

11 Two-Component BMSB Aggregation Pheromone Identified Khrimian et al. 2014

12 Broad Validation Across The Country Is BMSB attracted to the pheromone in the early season? Is BMSB attracted to the pheromone season-long? How attractive is this stimulus relative to MDT and unbaited traps? Traps evaluated in over 12 states across the country.

13 General Protocol Black pyramid traps Three odor treatments 1) BMSB Pheromone (10 mg) 2) MDT (119 mg) 10X greater 3) unbaited control Traps are deployed between wild host habitat and agricultural production areas. Traps were deployed in mid-april and left in place season-long.

14 2012 Summary Results Leskey et al. 2015a

15 Two-Component BMSB Aggregation Pheromone and Synergist Main component of BMSB aggregation pheromone (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol Minor component of BMSB aggregation pheromone (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol + Methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate (MDT) acts as a synergist for BMSB pheromone = Synergism Weber et al. 2014

16 General Protocol Black pyramid traps Three odor treatments 1) #10 (10 mg) 2) #10 (10 mg) + Rescue MDT (119 mg) 3) #10 (10 mg) + AgBio MDT (66 mg) 4) Unbaited control Traps are deployed between wild host habitat and agricultural production areas. Traps were deployed in mid-april and left in place season-long.

17 2013 Summary Results Leskey et al. 2015a

18 Do Pheromone Lures Need to Be Highly Purified? BMSB pheromone comprised of 3.5:1 mixture of (3S,6S,7R,10S)- 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol and (3R,6S,7R, 10S)-10,11-epoxy-1- bisabolen-3-ol. Two stereoisomers of a natural sesquiterpene with a bisabolane skeleton, potentially existing in 16 stereoisomeric forms.

19 No Significant Difference in BMSB Responses to Varying Levels of Purity #11 off-ratio mixture of two components. #13 all 16 stereoisomers including two components (purified once). #14 all 16 stereoisomers including two components (no purification) Leskey et al. 2015b

20 BMSB Attracted to Non-BMSB Stereoisomers #1,2,3,4,5 and 7 are non-bmsb stereoisomers. Traps baited with #2, 3, and 5 produced captures greater than control. Less attractive compared with BMSBstereoisomers Leskey et al. 2015b

21 Optimization of Pheromone and Kairomone Dispensers Collaborations with commercial companies throughout the project. Provided commercial collaborators with samples of BMSB pheromone for formulation and testing. Coordinated lure trials in 2014 and 2015 with current commercial formulations. Most lures perform as well as experimental standard.

22 2015 Results From Season-Long Trial Mean No. Per Trap/Week Relative To USDA Standard Adults Nymphs Other SBs 3 0 AgBio Form A (n=156) AgBio Std (n=281) Control (n=259) Rescue (n=187) Scentry Form. 2 (n=237) Trece 1241 (n=57) Trece 1242 (n=57) Trece 1243 (n=57) Trece Std (n=259) USDA Std (n=57)

23 Next Steps Standardized dose/release rate for monitoring lures. Need enough captures to be biologically relevant, but not excessive such that trap maintenance becomes a burden. Standardized dose/release rate for exclusion/detection lures. Reliable detection under low density situations. Biological information generated by baited traps translated into thresholds and recommendations. Traps and lures are optimized to establish industry standards for monitoring and management. New synergist.

24 Refining Utility of Light-Based Traps Published Manuscripts Wallner, A.M., Hamilton, G.C., Nielsen, A.L., Hahn, N., Green, E., and Rodriguez-Saona, C.R Landscape factors facilitating the invasive dynamics and distribution of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), after arrival in the United States. PLoS ONE 9(5): e doi: /journal.pone Leskey, T.C., D-H. Lee, D.M. Glenn and W.R. Morrison Behavioral responses of the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) to lightbased stimuli in the laboratory and field. Journal of Insect Behavior. (in press).

25 Landscape-Level Monitoring With Blacklight Traps New Jersey Seasonal and annual trends in populations

26 Blacklight Traps Used To Predict Spread and Risk Factors Figure 2. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) graphs of the density of Halymorpha halys captured from black light traps placed throughout New Jersey from (A) 2004, (B) 2005, (C) 2006, (D) 2007, (E) 2008, (F) 2009, (G) 2010, (H) Wallner AM, Hamilton GC, Nielsen AL, Hahn N, Green EJ, et al. (2014) Landscape Factors Facilitating the Invasive Dynamics and Distribution of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), after Arrival in the United States. PLoS ONE 9(5): e doi: /journal.pone

27 Identification of attractive visual stimuli including color and light

28 Can we augment ordinary pyramid traps with light sources and capture BMSBs reliably?

29 Night View

30 White light sources were most attractive in the field, but blue light sources were most specific for BMSB

31 Active Space of Traps, Efficient Trap Designs, and Deployment Strategies Published Manuscripts Acebes-Doria, A.L., T.C. Leskey and J.C. Bergh Development and comparison of trunk traps to monitor movement of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs on host trees. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. (accepted). Morrison, III W.R., J.P. Cullum, and T.C. Leskey Evaluation of trap design and deployment strategy for capturing Haylomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. DOI: Joseph, S., C. Bergh, S.E. Wright and T.C. Leskey Factors affecting captures of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in baited pyramid traps. Journal of Entomological Science. 48: Leskey T.C., S.E. Wright., B.D. Short. and A. Khrimian Development of behaviorally based monitoring tools for the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in commercial tree fruit orchards. Journal of Entomological Science. 47:

32 Can we make trapping simpler for growers? Visual Stimulus Large black pyramid (trunkmimicking stimulus) Olfactory Stimulus PHER + MDT Capture Mechanism Tapered pyramid attached to inverted funnel jar with DDVP strip Deployment Strategy Traps placed in peripheral row or border area

33 Can we utilize other trap styles? Experimental Standard Wooden Pyramid Coroplast Pyramid Small Pyramid (Ground) Small Pyramid (Limb) Small Pyramid (Hanging) Rescue (Hanging/ Foilage) Are captures similar among other trap types and deployment strategies compared with our experimental standard? Baited with BMSB Pheromone + MDT synergist. Two years of data from commercial orchards.

34 Season-Long Trap Captures / Sensitivity Mean H. halys Trap / Week (±SE) C Adults Nymphs c B Rescue Small Limb Small Ground b B b B bc Small Hanging B ab Wooden Pyramid A a Coroplast Pyramid H. Halys Trap Type (Morrison et al. 2015)

35 Coroplast vs. Standard Wooden Pyramids Spearman Rank Correlation ρ=0.735 P < Mean Adults Per Date (Wooden) y = x Mean Adults Per Date (Coroplast) (Morrison et al. 2015) Spearman Rank Correlation ρ=0.900 P < Mean Nymphs Per Date (Wooden) y = 0.575x Mean Nymphs Per Date (Coroplast)

36 Coroplast vs. All Others Coroplast Pyramid Small Pyramid (Ground) Small Pyramid (Hanging) Small Pyramid (Limb) Rescue (Hanging/ Foilage) SIG. SIG. SIG. NS (Morrison et al. 2015) SIG. SIG. SIG. SIG.

37 New Trap Comparisons Delta Trap Yellow Sticky Card Standard Coroplast Pyramid Small Black Pyramid Pipe Trap Modified Jar Top Pyramid

38 Season-Long Trap Captures / Sensitivity Mean H. halys Trap / Week (±SE) H. Halys Trap Type

39 Standard Pyramid vs. All Others Delta Trap Yellow Sticky Card Standard Coroplast Pyramid Small Black Pyramid Pipe Trap Modified Jar Top Pyramid SIG. SIG. SIG. SIG. SIG. NS SIG. SIG. SIG. SIG.

40 PSU Trap comparison for monitoring BMSB Traps lure combinations: - Dead Inn Pyramid trap (Ag-Bio) x Ag-Bio BMSB X-tra lure - Clear sticky trap (AlphaScent) x Rescue lure - Rescue Stink Bug Trap (Sterling Int.) x Rescue lure Project description: - Two commercial fruit orchards - Three replicates per orchard - Two locations (inside/outside) for each trap/lure combination per replicate Observations period : May 01 - Oct 14, 2015

41 Number of stink bugs/trap/week All traps combined Apr 17-May 6-Jun 26-Jun BMSB Trap Comparison PSU Orchard No Jun 16-Jul 5-Aug 25-Aug Seasonal activity Adult Nymph Native 0 25-Aug 14-Sep 4-Oct 24-Oct Cumulative # of stink bugs/trap Apr 17-May 6-Jun 26-Jun Jun 16-Jul 5-Aug 25-Aug Aug 14-Sep 4-Oct 24-Oct Cumulative captures per period Trap data from all traps combined, n=18 traps per location

42 Number of stink bugs/trap/week May-June Apr 17-May 6-Jun 26-Jun BMSB Trap Comparison PSU Orchard No June - Aug Jun 16-Jul 5-Aug 25-Aug 25-Aug 14-Sep 4-Oct 24-Oct Aug - Oct Adult Nymph Native Seasonal activity Cumulative # of stink bugs/trap 2.0 May-June Apr 17-May 6-Jun 26-Jun June - Aug Jun 16-Jul 5-Aug 25-Aug 25-Aug 14-Sep 4-Oct 24-Oct 5 Aug - Oct Adult Nymph Native Cumulative captures per period Trap data from all traps combined, n=18 traps per location

43 BMSB Trap Comparison PSU 2015 Average number of stink bugs/trap/week a Orchard No. 1 AB a b B b a A Clear Pyramid Rescue a Adult Nymph Native Average number of stink bugs/trap/week a Orchard No. 2 A a b A a ab A Clear Pyramid Rescue a Adult Nymph Native Trap data from all traps combined, n=6 traps per location; Bars within the same category (adults, nymphs and native) for the same location with the same letter are not different (ANOVA, sqrt transformation, LSD All pairwise, p < 0.05)

44 Monitoring Nymphal Movement Have been used successfully to document nymphal dispersal onto and from host trees season-long. Implications for importance of diet-mixing. (Acebes-Doria et al. 2015)

45 Other Monitoring Tools Understanding the temporal patterns of abundance and dispersal of BMSB adults and nymphs among wild and cultivated hosts will enhance our understanding of the risk posed to specialty crops throughout the growing season. (Rice et al. 2015)

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47 What We Didn t Accomplish Though We Have Preliminary Data Identification of other attractants (additional synergists and host plant volatiles). Optimized pheromone dispensers. Standardized dose/release rate for monitoring particular crops. Use of combination light and pheromone-based stimuli. Distance of response to baited traps. Optimized trap design and deployment strategy for specific specialty crops. Simpler trap designs.

48 Next Steps Continued collaboration with commercial companies to ensure reliable pheromone-based products and traps are available. Further validations of pheromone-based trapping in commercial orchards and other crops. Attract and kill strategies for spatially precise management and overall population reduction.