Environmental aspects of a biobased economy. Bram Brouwer, CEO of BioDetection Systems B.V. & Managing Director of BE Basic Foundation

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1 Environmental aspects of a biobased economy Bram Brouwer, CEO of BioDetection Systems B.V. & Managing Director of BE Basic Foundation

2 BE-Basic is focused on R&D & Innovation in Biobased processes (volume of 45 M /year) structured around integral biomass value chain & sustainability Biomass biodiversity land (use) fertiliser water soil/water/air quality & nutrient/carbon recycles agro/forestry harvest logistics & biorefining μ LS conversion & purification socio-economics,sustainability,training,comm chemicals materials food/feed energy fuels (s,l,g) nutrients CO2

3 BE BASIC focus on production of chemical building blocks and biofuels from biomass Focus on biofuels Focus mostly on building blocks OH butadiene O biomass fermentation OH methylethylketone 2,3-butanediol Production of butadiene and MEK from biomass

4 How to avoid agriculture and soil threats in a biobased economy? How can we monitor and use information on soil biodiversity to improve soil quality in a biobased economy? Decline in: soil carbon biological activity soil biodiversity nutrient retention Lead to: soil erosion soil compaction reduced resistance to pests eutrofication How can agricultural land be transformed from a source of greenhouse gases into a sink for carbon dioxide?

5 How to avoid global transport of pesticide residues in biobased production processes? Global use of pesticides in agriculture tons * Canada USA China Brazil Malaysia Chile Colombia India Korea Thailand Vietnam * Ecobichon D.J., Pesticide use in developing countries, Toxicol 2001, vol 160 (1-3), 27-33

6 How to control safety & quality of biowaste as feedstock for biobased processes?

7 Monitoring & assessment of the safety of bio-based raw materials, processes and chemicals Feedstock & waste safety HTS monitoring tools Product safety Feed stock biowaste Hazard identification product product Contaminant Removal & remediation Hazard reduction, bio-degradation Emission reduction

8 How to monitor cocktails of hundreds of natural compounds & chemical contaminants in biomass? Total ion chromatogram of 101 pesticides carrot extract analysis GCxGC-TOFMS How to interpret these complex analytical chemical patterns of compounds in terms of safety?

9 Solution: Paradigm shift from chemical to effect oriented analysis Chemical oriented, Compound by compound Effect oriented, complex mixtures AOAC meeting To know if our soup is safe, rather than what exactly is in it

10 Disruption of cell signalling pathways by chemicals: Targets for cell-based monitoring system development Nongenotoxic mechanisms Dioxins, PAH Toxic metals & metalloids PPAR activators Hormones and other endocrine disrupting compounds Dioxin receptor ROS Oxidative stress pathway Hormone receptors Carcinogenesis Endocrine disruption Apoptotic resistance (oxidative) DNA damage DNA damage pathway Genotoxic mechanisms Mutagens, clastogens, aneugens Developmental toxicity Reproductive toxicity

11 CALUX reporter gene assays Measure chemicals in complex mixtures and link this to hazards

12 Comparison of results from bioassay with analytical chemical methods DR CALUX vs HR-GC/MS Total dioxin-levels (PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like (dl)-pcbs) in fishoil y = x R 2 = DR-CALUX pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ/g fishoil HRGCMS

13 Case: Contamination of food by illegal mixing of animal feed with fats from biofuels production Biobased economy Environ- ment Food & feed, raw materials Pharma Chemical l safety

14 German Dioxin Crisis 2010/2011 NKVET

15 Contamination of technical Fatty acids 4 lots highly contaminated all lots above EU limit of 0.75 ng TEQ/kg for feed fat Source: German Ministry of food, agriculture and consumer protection. Presentation. Situation Report of the Federal Government & First Conclusions per 21. January 2011 NKVET

16 Which fat component was contaminated? Where did the dioxins originate from? For this biodiesel production, fat from different origin were used. Waste frying Destillate: Fatty acids Marketed as technical fat fats & Biodiesel production other Triglyceride + KOH food Bottom: + Methanol fat/oils Triglyceride (Transesterification) Bottom triglyceride was contaminated with dioxins NKVET

17 Possible source of dioxin contamination in Fatty Acids from biowaste The most probable source for the contamination of the oil are PCDD-contaminated pesticides on the basis of highly chlorinated phenols (or related aromatics with chlorophenol contamination/intermediates). In the current case chlorophenols/related pesticides might have been applied either as pesticides in plantations for oil crops or as fungicide for storage of seeds (oil palm, soya or rape seeds). NKVET

18 Monitoring of smoke stack emissions Biobased economy Environment Food Food & veterinar feed y risk Pharma Chemica Chemical l safety

19 Official use of dioxin bioassays in Japan for smoke stack emission control 19

20 Emissions (g-teq/year) Dioxin Emissions in Japan others Industrial Sources Unregulated Small-Scale Incineration Industrial Waste Incineration Municipal Waste Incineration 0 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 Target Year What is the impact of biofuels on dioxin emission?

21 Monitoring release of chemicals from food packaging & related polymers Biobased economy Environ- ment Food Food & veterinar feed y risk Pharma Chemical safety

22 Activity profiling of several plastic additives in the CALUX panel What is activity profile of biobased chemicals? 22

23 Example: Monitoring of bottled drinking water - Switzerland: Drinking water in PET- and glass bottles: 50% of the samples slightly exceeded the limit of 3.6 pg EEQ/l water measured by ER CALUX, but there was no significant difference between PET- and glass bottles (Brueschweiler et al 2011) - France: Drinking water in PET bottles were below the detection limit of the ER CALUX assay (80 pg EEQ/ l water, Narbonne et al. 2010) - Australia: All kinds of waters (recycles, bottled, tap, rain) showed a low activity in a panel of CALUX tests (+/- ER; +/- AR; +/-GR; TR and PR; Leusch et al. 2011) 23

24 Avoid contaminated biowastes to enter biobased processes by a monitoring scheme related to food safety control Proposed Integrated Safety screening Strategy (ITS) for biomass and biowastes Collect waste Routine chemical analysis or biomass Screen with in vitro bioassay + Identify toxicant by chemical analysis Exceed trigger values - No further testing required Remove/ remediate

25 Contact us BE-Basic Foundation Mijnbouwstraat RX Delft The Netherlands Tel: